NEET Biology Question Bank - Reproduction in Organisms

33 Reproduction in Organisms
All organisms do other physiological processes like they do reproduction as important physiological
process, in which an organism gives birth to offspring similar to itself. The offspring grow, mature and
then produce new offspring. Thus there is a cycle of birth, growth and death. Reprodution enables the
retention continuity of the species, from generation to generation. The genetic variation is created and
inherited during reproduction.
There is a large diversity in the biological world and each organism has evolved its own mechanism to
multiply and produce offspring. The organism's habitat, its internal physiology and several other factors
are collectively responsible for how it reproduces. There are two types of reproduction in organisms.
(1) Asexual reproduction and (2) Sexual reproduction.
Asexual reproduction: From a single parents, without formation of gametes offspring are formed so
it is called asexual reproduction. Mitosis and amitosis like cellualr reproduction involved in it.
Sexual Reproduction: When two opposite sex parents. involved and form male and female gametes
so it is called sexual reproduction. Meiosis and mitosis like cellular divisions take place in it.
(1) Physiological activities, means ........ .
(A) Physiological process in living organisms. (B) Chemical reaction in living organism
(C) Physical reaction in living organism (D) complex of physical, chemical and
biological processes in living organisms.
(2) Which physiological process is important for the formation of offsprings ?
(A) Copulation (B) Digestion
(C) Nutrition (D) Assimilation
(3) When young ones can reproduce ?
(A) by obtaining nutrition (B) by growth
(C) by attaining maturity (D) by nutrition, growth and maturity
(4) Which is correct sequence for living ?
(A) Birth, death, growth, maturity (B) Birth, growth, maturity. death
(C) Death, maturity, Birth, Growth (D) Growth, maturity, Birth, growth
(5) What is the definition of continuity of life ?
(A) observing variation from one generation to next.
(B) continuous similarity and some variation from one generation to next.
(C) Similarities from one generation to next
(D) None
(6) What is reason for genetic variation ?
(A) Preservation of discontinuous characters (B) Preservation of continuous characters
(C) Some characters preseved by reproduction (D) Preservation of inherieance.
(7) On the basis of which factors reproduction method is determined
(A) Habitat, other factors (B) Internal physiological processes of livings.
(C) Habitat, physiological interactions, other factors (D) only effective factors.

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(8) Which is proper sentence for the Asexual reproduction ?
(A) offsprings obtained from one parent. (B) gamete formation occurs
(C) offsprings obtained from single parent without gamete formation. (D) Meiosis
(9) What is proper for sexual reproduction ?
(A) Two different parents are essential
(B) Forms two similar gametes
(C) Offsprings are exact copy.
(D) Two different parents forms two different gametes, mostly similar offspring obtained.
(10) When is meiosis occur in sexual reproduction ?
(A) At the time of parent cells (B) At the time of gamete formation
(C) At the time of offspring formation (D) At the time of somatic cells formation
Answers : (1-D), (2-A), (3-D), (4-B), (5-D), (6-C), (7-C), (8-C), (9-D), (10-B)
Asexual reproduction : In asexual reproduction a single, parent is involved and is capable of producing
offspring. As a result the offsprings that are produced are not only identical but also exact copies of their parent.
Asexual reproduction is common among single-celled organisms and in plants and animals with relatively simple
organizations. It is also seen in multicellular organisms.
Asexual reproduction in Animals : In animals asexual reproduction methods have seen as simply
Fission, sporulation, Budding, Fragmentation.
(1) Fission : This method is observed commonly in protists and monerans types of organism groups.
Three phases of fission. In it first of all division of nucleus occurs, than division or distribution of cytoplasm
and finally two identical size of individual daughter cells are formed. This type of fission process is like mitosis.
From the single maternal or paternal cell two identical daughter cells are formed so that process is called
binaryfision. It occurs in three ways : (1) Simple binaryfision (2) Transverse binaryfission and (3) Longitudinal
binary fission.
Simple binary fission : When the cytoplasmic division passes through any directions the fission is called
simple binary fission. e.g. Amoeba. In that first nucleus become elongated or cylindrical, groove formed in cell
membrane then division of cytoplasm occur in any direction.

Nucleus

Transverse Binary Fission : It is the plane of ctoplasmic division coincides with the transverse axis
of the individual, the fission is termed transverse binary fission. eg. Paramoecium and planaria. Their phases
are : (1) macronucleus becomes cylindrical (2) Groove formation occur in macronucleus (3) Oral groove
disintegrate (4) Amitotic division occurs of macronucleus (5) Formation of new oral groove (6) Formation of
new vacuoles (7) Origin of internal groove in plasmamembrane (8) Division occurs in cytoplasm (9) Formation
of two individual daughter cells.
Longitudinal binary fission : In euglena and vorticella, the plane of cytoploymic division coincides with
the longitudinal axis of the individual. This kind of fission is designated as longitudinal binary fission. Phases
of that type of binary fission are as. follows : (1) Elongation of cylindrical nucleus takes place (2) organisation
occur in nucleus, ie nucleus groove (3) Formation of longitudinal groove in plasmamembrane. (4) Division
occurs in cytoplasm (5) Formation of two individual daughter animals.
Longitudinal binary fission in Euglena : In binary fission only mitotic division take place. (cell
division = cellular reproduction for the unicelluler organism.) Resultant progenies are genetically identical with
the parental generation, ie from the single parent originated offsprings are identical genetically, which are
considered as genetical clones of parents.
Multiple Fission : In this type of fission, dominancy of cell division is amitotic division. The nucleus
divides several times by amitotic nuclear division. Thus large numbers of nucleus are formed. Cytoplosm does
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not divide during this period. Then cytoplasm collects around each nucleus. Thus, within one maternal cell,
innumerable unicellular and uninucleate offspring are formed. In course of time they live as independent
unicellular organisms. This method of reproduction is called multiple fission. Multiple fission is observed in
Amoeba and paramoecium.

(11) What is sequence of development for asexual reproduction in animals ?
(A) Fragmentation, Budding, sporulation, fission
(B) Buddingm sporulation fission fragmentation
(C) Sporulation, Budding, fragmentation, fission
(D) Fission, Sporulation, Budding, fragmentation,
(12) What is the sequence of development for fission stages ?
(A) Division of nucleus - Division of cytoplasm - 2 daughter cells
(B) Division of cytoplasm - Division of nucleus - 2 daughter cells
(C) Division of nucleus - 2 daughter cells - Division of cytoplasm
(D) Division of nucleus - 2 daughter nuclei - 2 daughter cells
(13) Simple cell division, in which two daughter cells formed is called ........, it is which type of cell division ?
(A) Binary fission, mitosis (B) Binary fission, Amitosis
(C) Binary fission, meiosis (D) Binary fission, cellulardivision
(14) Which sentence is proper for eukaryotic unicellular irregular shaped protozoans ?
(A) Division of cytoplasm in mid-longitudinal axis
(B) Division of cytoplasm transversely
(C) Division of cytoplasm, longitudinally
(D) Division is irregular.
(15) Select proper option for development stage of cell division for eukaryotic, unicellular irregularly shaped
protozoans.
(A) Nucleus tubular enlarges - nuclear ridge formed - nucleus divided into two - Internal
projection in plasmamembrane - cytoplasm divides.
(B) Internal projection formed in plasma membrane - cytoplasm divides - nucleus
tubular - Nuclear ridge formed - nucleus divided into two.
(C) Internal projections formed in plasmamembrane - nucleus divided - nuclear ridge
forms - nucleus tubular - nucleus divided into two
(D) Nuclear ridge formed - nucleus tubular - nucleus division - Internal projections in
plasma membrane - cytoplasm divided.
(16) In lower form of eukaryotic regular shaped protozoan and platyhelminthes at the time of binary fission,
division of cytoplasm is at ........ axis
(A) Mid longitudinal (B) Transverse (C) longitudinal (D) A and C
(17) Which option is proper for nuclear divisional stages in transverse binary fission ?
(A) micronuclei become tubular ® internal groove in micronuclei ® two daughter nuclei formed.
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(B) Macro nuclei become tubular ® internal groove in macro nuclei ® two daughter nuclei formed.
(C) Internal groove in micronuclei ® micronuclei tubular ® two daughter nuclei formed.
(D) Internal groove in micronuclei ® micronuclei tubular ® two daughter nuclei formed.
(18) Which option is proper for lower form, regular shape eukaryotic protozoans and platyhelminthes for
developmental sequence in division of cellular matrix ?
(A) Disappearance of oral groove ® New oral groove formed ® Internal groove develop in
plasma membrane ® New contractile vacuoles formed - division of cytoplasm.
(B) New oral groves formed ® internal groove develop in plasma membrane ® oral
groove disappears ® new contractive vacuole formed ® division of cytoplasm.
(C) Disappearance of oral groove ® new oral grooves formed ® new contractile vacuoles
formed - internal groove develop in plasma membrane ® division of cytoplasm
(D) Disappearance of oral groove ® new oral groove develops ® internal groove develop
in plasma membrane ® Division of cytoplasm - new contractile vacuoles formed.
(19) Which two earlier stages are found in paramoecium and planaria, in which transverse division give rise
to two daughter cells
(A) Division of nucleus ® Divison of cytoplasm
(B) Internal groove in meganucleus ® internal groove in plasma membrane
(C) Internal groove in plasma membrane division of cytoplasm.
(D) New oral grooves formed, new contractile vacuoles formed.
(20) Select option in which Euglena divides longitudinally to form two daughter cells
(A) Nucleus become tubular ® nuclear groove formed longitudinarly groove in plasma membrane -
division of cytoplasm
(B) Nuclear groove formed ® Nucleus become tubular - longitudinal groove in plasma membrane
division of cytoplasm.
(C) Division of cytoplasm ® longitadinal groove in plasma membrane - nuclear groove formed -nucleus
become tubular.
(D) Longitadinal groove in plasmd membrane - division of cytoplasm - nucleus tubular - nuclear groove formed
(21) Which option is proper for genetic similarity ?
(A) Similarity in number of genes (B) Similarity in shape
(C) Similarity in physiology (D) genetic, morphological, physiological similarities.
(22) In which division processes, Amitosis is main ?
(A) Simple division, transverse binary division (B) Simple division, longitudinal binary division
(C) Simple division, multiple fission (D) Transverse binary fission, mltiple fission
(23) In multiple fission which process occurs frequently and which do not occur ?
(A) Amitosis, division of cytoplasm (B) Mitosis Division of cytoplasm
(C) Mitosis, Division of cytoplasm (D) Amitosis, division of nucleus.
(24) In multiple fission, during amitosis which substage observed frequently ?
(A) G1 (Gap - 1) (B) G2 (Gap - 2 )
(C) S = DNA replication (D) all of above
(25) offsprings formed as a result of multiple fission from one maternal cell is .....
(A) innumerable, coenocytic (B) innumerable, uninucleated
(C) innumerable, unicellular, uninucleated (D) innumerable, coenocytic.
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(26) Which organisms show multiple fission ?
(A) plasmodium, planaria, Amoeba (B) Plasmodium, Amoeba, paramoecium
(C) Plasmodium, Euglena, paramoecium (D) Plasmodium, Euglena, Vorticella.
Answers : (11-D), (12-A), (13-A), (14-D), (15-A), (16-B), (17-B), (18-C), (19-C), (20-A), (21-D),
(22D), (23-A), (24-C), (25-C), (26-B)

(1) Sporulation : Sporutation occurs during unfavorable conditions. In lower animals to maintain for
continuation of life. Amoeba is irregular in shape, uninucleated protist organisms Amoeba withdraw their
pseudopodia and become round in shape and form spore like structure, They create a hard protective three
layered cyst around themselves, this process is called encystations. When Conditions become favorable, the
nucleus in amoeba undergoes multiple divisions and a large number of amoeba are formed. These are called
pseudopodiospores. This process is called Sporulation. When the cyst ruptures all new Amoebae are released.
In plasmodium this proces occurs at a specific stage in its life cycle.

(2) Budding : In this method, first of
all, cells of some part of the body of the animal Exogenous Bud In Hydra
Mass of
repeatedly undergo mitotic divisions and the Archacocytes
Tentacle
raised regions of cell masses, called bud are
formed. From such a bud a young animal
develops. It separates from the parent body
and lives as an independent animal.
If such a bud is produced on the Bud Spicule
outer surface of the body it is called
Internal bud in Spongilla
exogenous budding. In Hydra, exogenous
budding is observed.

In Fresh water sponge eg. spongilla and marine sponge eg. Sycon specialized cell masses are produced
surrounds the inside of the body. An envelope surrounds this cell mass. Such structures are called internal buds
or gemmules. Each gemmule gives rise to a new animal. This is
called endogenous budding.
(3) Fragmentation : In this method of asexual
reproduction, the body becomes fragmented into several distinct
parts. Each part develops the remaining body parts and becomes a
complete animal. This capacity is known as regeneration
Fragmentation is observed as regenetation capacity. E.g. lower
platyhelminthus - Planaria, coelenterata - Hydra, Animal of
ehinodermata - Starfish.
Regeneration in Planaria
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(27) Which option is proper for Amoeba ?
(A) It is irregular, unicellular, coenocytic pseudopodial, protozoa.
(B) It is irregular, unicellular, uninucleated pseudopodial protozoa.
(C) It is irregular coenocytic, uninucleated pseudopodial protozoa.
(D) It is irregular, unicellular, uninucleated, protozoa without pseudopodia.
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(28) Irregular, unicellular, uninucleated, protozoa shows sporulation in which condition ?
(A) Favourable (B) Normal
(C) Unfavourable (D) specific.
(29) In unfavourable situation, how is round structure formed in amoeba like organisms ?
(A) Showing morphological changes
(B) Spreading of plasmamembrane in periphery
(C) Due to atmospheric pressure - effect.
(D) Pseudopodia contracts and spore formation occurs.
(30) How is cellular capsule ?
(A) Three layered, strong. (B) Three layered, strong, permeable membrane
(C) Three layered (D) Three layered, strong, impermeable
(31) What is encapsulation ?
(A) Three layered, strong, impermeable capsule formation surrounding round structure of spores
(B) Formation of two layered, strong, impermeable capsule surrounding round structure of spores
(C) Formation of three layered smooth, impermeable capsule surrounding round structure of spores.
(D) Formation of capsule, which is three layered smooth, semipermeable surrounding round spores.
(32) Pseudopodiospores possess which structures ?
(A) Nucleus (B) Nucleus + cytoplasm + Plasma membrane
(C) Cytoplasm + nucleus (D) Nucleus + cytoplasmic organelles
(33) Which option is proper for formation of exogenous bud ?
(A) Any organ of parent body divides frequently mitotically to form bud.
(B) All organs of parent body frequently divides mitotically to form bud.
(C) Any organ of parent body frequently divides mitotically as aresult bud forms as an outgrowth
(D) Any organ of parent body frequently divides amitotically, bud froms as an outgrowth.
(34) In which animal group and which type of animal exogenous bud formation is common ?
(A) Coelenterata polygonal shape (B) Coelenterata, tubular
(C) Coelenterata, round (D) Coelenterata, Multicellular
(35) What are gemmules or endogenous buds ?
(A) Bud which is formed outside the parent body
(B) Bud which is developed longitudinally on parent body.
(C) Bud which is developed transversally on parent body.
(D) Specific cell groups encircle to form bud on parent body
(36) What is fragmentation ?
(A) Parent body breaks into smaller, larger parts, and required parts regenerate to form complete organism.
(B) Parent body longitudinally divides in equal parts, required parts regenerate and complete
organism is formed.
(C) Parent body tranasversely divides into equal parts, required parts regenerate to form complete animal.
(D) Parent body alternately divides longitudinally and tranasversely, remaining parts regenerated to form
complete organism.

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(37) What is regeneration ?
( A) Complete organism develops from fragmented segment or organ
(B) Complete organism develops from any cell.
(C) Complete organism develops from any tissue
(D) Complete organism develops from any system.
(38) What is called totipotency ?
(A) Complete organism develops from any broken part or organ
(B) Complete organism develops from any differentiated cell.
(C) Complete organism develops from any tissue.
(D) Complete organism develops from any system.
(39) Which organisms shows asexual reproduction by fragmentation ?
(A) Lizard, crocodile, bird (B) Anaconda, crocodile, calotes
(C) Cockroach, Locust, housefly (D) Hydra, planaria, starfish
(40) Complete totipotency is observed in which animal group ?
(A) Platyhelminthes, housefly (B) Annelida, Arthropoda
(C) Coelenterata, Mollusca (D) Porifera, coelenterata
Answers : (27-B), (28-C), (29-D), (30-D), (31-A), (32-C), (33-C), (34-B), (35-D), (36-A), (37-A),
(38-B), (39-D), (40-D)
-Asexual Reproduction in plants :
The common mode of asexual reproduction in plants is like fission, Budding, fragmentation, spore
formation.

(1) Fission : This method is simplest method of asexual
reproduction. In which unicellular maternal cell divides by
the mitosis Two daughter cells are formed. Each eventually
grow into an independent mature organism. This simple
fission process has stages as follows. (1) Enlargment area
of nucleus (cylindrical) (2) formation of nucleus groove
(3) Formation of two daughter nuclei (4) Inversion of
plasmamembrane by the formation of internal groove. (5)
Distribution of cytoplasm. (6) Two independent daughter
cells are formed. This simple fission method commonly
found in lower level plant groups eg. monera (Bacteria =
Schizophyta), Algae Fungi, Bacteria/schizophyta are
prokaryotic, while Algae and fungi are eukaryotic.
(2) Budding : In plants amitotic divisions are responsible for
asexual reproduction by this method. In that adventitious
branches or buds like structures are formed which are Fission in Bacteria
attached to parent body. Finally bud forms new organism

Buds
Buds in Yeast

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independently. Some algae produce adventitious branches eg. Dictyota, Fucus by the amitotic divisions.
Protosiphon algae produce bud. Even yeast like fungi by amitotic division produce bud.
(3) Fragmentation : In plant this type of asexual reproduction break up into small segments due to mechanical
pressure and each segment is capable of growing into a new mycelium or orgranism. In some algae e.g
ulothrix, oedogonium, spirogyra and zygnema froms smaller or bigger segments of the vegetative thallus
due to mechanical pressure. While mucor, Rhizophus, saprolegnia like fungus hyphae break up into small
segment due to mechanical pressure. Each segment is capable of growing into a new mycelium.
(4) Spore formation : In plants in this method of asexual reporduction various types of spores are formed.
Spores mainly are two types (1) Zoospores (2) Conidiospores.
Flagella

Pyrenoid

Nucleus

Chloroplast

Zoospores
Zoospores of chlamydomonas
Zoospores in Ulothrix

Ciliated motile spores called zoospores are produced by algae and fungi which swim in water for some
time with the help of their flagella and then directly develop into new independent individuals. e.g
Ulothrix, chlamydomonas, oedogonium.

Conidia

Sterigmata

Conidiophore

Spore Formation
Conidia in Aspergillus Conidia in Penicillium

Non flegellated and non-motile spores/conidia of various kinds are most common among terrestrial fungi.
Such spores are light, dry and provided with a tough coat, and are well adapted for dispersal by wind
e.g. Penicillium, Aspergillus.
True spores are always borne by sporophyte. Thus the sporophyte mass reproduces asexually by spores.
Similarly ferns (Nephrolepis) bear spores and reproduce asexually by them. These plants are

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homosporous (bear only one kind of spores) while in selaginella (a pteridophyte) and gymnosperms they
are heterosporous (bears two types of spores).

(41) Select proper option to understand evolutinary sequence for asexual reproduction method in plants
(A) Fission, Bud formation, fragmentation, spore formation
(B) Fission, fragmentation, sporeformation, Bud formation
(C) Bud formation, spore formation, fragmentation, fission
(D) Fission, spore formation, Bud formation, fragmentation
(42) In which plants fission process takes place ?
(A) Unicellular, prokaryotic cell (B) Multicellular, Eukaryotic cell
(C) Unicellular / Multicellular, prokaryotic cell (D) Unicellular / multicellular, prokaryotic /
Eukaryotic cell
(43) Which option is proper in plants for development sequence of nuclear division during fission ?
(A) Nuclear region increases - nuclear ridge formed - two daughter nuclei formed.
(B) Nuclear region increases - two daughter nuclei formed - nuclear groove is formed.
(C) Two daughter nuclei formed - nuclear groove formed - nuclear region enlarges
(D) Two daughter nuclei formed - nuclear region enlarges - nuclear groove formed.
(44) Which option is proper for development sequence of cytoploasmic division ?
(A) Invagination of plasmamembrane forms internal ridge - Equal distribution of cytoplosm - Two
daughter cells are formed
(B) Invagination of plasma membrane forms internal ridge - two daughter cells formed - equal
distribution of cytoplasm.
(C) Equal distribution of cytoplasm - internal groove formed by invagination of plasma membrane - Two
daughter cells are formed
(D) Two daughter cells formed - equal distribution of cytoplasm - Internal groove formed by invagination
of plasma membrane.
(45) In plants during fission, invagination of plasma membrane and internal groove formation occur during
which stage ?
(A) Increase in nuclear region (B) Formation of nuclear region
(C) Two daughter nuclei formed (D) Equal distribution of cytoplasm occurs.
(46) In which plant group fission process occurs ?
(A) Algae lichen, Fungi (B) Monera Bryophyta, Pteriophyta
(C) Monera, algae, fungi (D) Pteridophyta, Gymnosperm, Angiosperm
(47) Which type of cellular structure shown by lower plants, shows fission process ?
(A) Unicellular (B) Multicellular
(C) Acellular (D) Unicellular / multi cellalar
(48) Which structure forms by repeated amitosis in parent thallus ?
(A) Adventitions branches (B) Buds
(C) Adventitions branches or buds (D) Adventitious branches and buds.
(49) Which algae develops adventitious branches during bud formation ?
(A) Dictyota, Fucus (B) Dictyota, Protosiphon
(C) Fucus, Yeast (D) Fucus, Protosiphon
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(50) Which algae and fungi sequentially forms bud by fission ?
(A) Dictyota and fucus (B) Dictyota and protosiphon
(C) Fucus and yeast (D) Protosiphon and yeast.
(51) Which plant organ experiences mechanical stress during fragmentation ?
(A) Vegetative thallus (B) Vegetative cells
(C) Spores (D) Reproductive cells
(52) Which group of algae shows asexual reproduction by fragmentation ?
(A) Ulothrix, oedogonium, spirogyra, zygnema
(B) Ulothrix, oedogonium penicillium, Aspergillus
(C) Ulothrix, oedogonium, spirogyra, dictyota
(D) Ulothrix, oedogonium, spirogyra, fucus.
(53) Which fungi show asexual reproduction by fragmentation ?
(A) Mucor, Rhizopus, saprolegnia (B) Mucor, yeast, penicillium
(C) Mucor, yeast, Aspergillus (D) Mucor, penicillium, Aspergillus
(54) In spore formation which are main type of spores ?
(A) Round spores, oval spores (B) Motile spores, non motile spores
(C) Motile spores, Round spores (D) Non-motile spores, oval spores
(55) What is pecularity of motile spore ?
(A) Flagellated (B) Without flagella
(C) Anuclear (D) Flagellated with locomotory capacity
(56) In which algae motile spores are formed ?
(A) Ulothrix, Chlamydomonas, oedogonium (B) Chlamydomonds, Ulothrix, Dictyota.
(C) Ulothrix, Chlamydomonas, Fucus (D) Ulothrix, Chlamydomonas, Protosiphon
(57) Non motile spore, conidia have which pecularity based on structure ?
(A) Light and dry
(B) Without flagellum with strong envelop
(C) Pollination by wind
(D) Inumerable, light, dry, non-flagellated, wind pollinated
(58) Which are known examples of terrestrial fungi which produces conidia ?
(A) Penicillium, Aspergillus (B) Penicillium, oodogonium
(C) Penicillium, Aspergillus (D) Penicillium, ulothrix
(59) When are true spores formed in plants which have alternate gametophytic and sporophytic life cycle?
(A) Sporophytic stage (B) Gametophytic stage
(C) Megasporangiam. (D) Gametes.
(60) Which are isogametes and heterogametes sequentially ?
(A) Same type of gametes - similar morphological physiological and genetically are isogametes.
Disimilar morphological physiological and genetically are heterogametes.
(B) Isogametes - genetically similar but physiological and morphologically different.
Heterogametes - genetically different but morphological and physiological similar
(C) Isogametes - morphological, physiological similarity, genetic difference.
(D) None of above.
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(61) Select proper option for classifying nephrolepis, selaginella, cycus, maize and bean for isogametic or
Heterogametic
(A) Isogametic - Nephrolepis, selaginella Heterogametic - cycus, maize, Bean
(B) Isogametic - Nephrolepis, cycus Heterogametic - selaginella, maize, Bean
(C) Isogametic - Nephrolepis Heterogamctic - selaginella, cycus, maize Bean.
(D) Isogametic - Nephrolepis, cycus, maize, Bean. Heterogametic - Selaginella.
(62) Which is proper option for development sequence for conidia ?
(A) Conidiophore - Sterigmata - Conidia
(B) Sterigmata - Conidia - Conidiophore
(C) Conidia - Sterigmata - Conidiophore
(D) Conidia - Conidiophore - Sterigmata
Answers : (41-A), (42-D), (43-A), (44-A), (45-B), (46-C), (47-D), (48-C), (49-A), (50-D), (51-A),
(52-A), (53- A), (54-B), (55-D), (56-A), (57-D), (58-A), (59-A), (60-A), (61-C), (62-A)
(1) Vegetative propagation / vegetative reproduction :
Vegetative organs of plant asexual reproduction occur so it is vegetative propagation. It is one type of
asexual reproduction for Amimals and lower level organisms. Vegetative propagation - vegetative
reproduction takes place by various vegetative organs by natural ways. Even vegetative propagation by
artificial means can be induced. i.e. vegetative reproduction is divided in two main methods (1) Natural
method and (2) Artificial method.
(2) Natural methods of vegetative propagation : In natural methods of propagation, the development
of a new plant from some organ of the mother plant under suitable environmental conditions is very
common. In this method root, stem, leaf, floral bud are such reproductive organs.
Vegetative Reproduction by root : Sweet potato like plant vegetative reproduction by adventitious
root for food storage occurs. Thus adventitious root becomes fleshy. This type of food storage occurs
in adventitious root of root base middle part and rootapex. Food storage is less in root apex and root base
but middle part of the root food storage is more. This type of root store food in the form of starch and
sucrose molecules. So it called simple tuberous root. This type of adventitious root in Asparagus and
Dahlia also store food in cluster form. Such roots are called fasciculated tuberous root. They too involve
in vegetative propagation.

Stem

Root tuber swollen
adventitious root

Roots of Dahlia

Sweet Potato
Vegetative Reproduction by Root

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Vegetative reproduction by stem : Ginger, Turmeric like plants store food in underground stem. Such
prostrate underground stem possesses nodes, internodes, scaly leaves, axillary buds and terminal bud.
This type of food storing underground stem is called rhizome; by which new daughter plants are formed.
while in Amorphophallus food storage occur in only one internode of underground stem so it is called
Corm by which vegetative reproduction occur. In patato food storage occur in scaly leaf of apical bud
of underground stem which is called tuber stem. Which produce meristem vegetative bud, it is called
'eye'. by it vegetative propagation can occur. In an onion food storage occur in leaf base of scaly leaf
stem is underground, disc like and pointwise, flatten so apical and axillary buds growth would be stunted,

it is called simple tunicated bulb. By this simple
tunicatedbulb vegetative reproduction can occur.
Vegetative propagation by leaf : In Bryophyllum bud
like plants vegetative propagation by leaf. Leaf
margins of leaf of this plant vegetative meristem
buds can occur. which make the contact with ground
/soil and form daughter plant by vegetative
reproduction. This types of buds are known as
adventitious buds. Thus in bryophyllum vegetative
propagation occured by adventitous buds.
Vegetative Reproduction by Buds : Agave has Vegetative Reproduction by Leaf in Bryophyllum

longest inflorescence in the plantkingdom, even in oxalis food storage occurs in floral buds. Such food
storing floral buds becomes fleshy and weight increses, which fall in the ground and in favourable
condition new daughter plant develops by vegetative propagation. Thus, in Agave, oxalis vegetative
propagation occur by floral bud and converted into floral bulbil. Same in Dioscorea like plant food storage
occur in axillary bud. so it becomes fleshy, heavy, which falls on ground and produce new daughter plant
in favourable conditions. So, in Dioscorea vegetative reproduction occur in axillary bud and converted
into axillary bulbil.
Other specific methods like natural methods are also available for vegetative propagation. These
modifications are of subaerial stems. A part of the stem is underground and the remaining part is above
the ground. In Grass, oxalis and Hydrocotyl, thin long, branches develops. They possess internodes and
run parallel to the ground. The nodes which come in contact with ground develop new plants. This
modification is called runner. In aquatic plants like pistia, marsilea from the node of stem branch is
formed for vegetative propagation which is called offset.
while in mint branch of stem partially underground and partially aerial which do vegetative propagation
by suckers. While in fern or nephrolepis and strawberry branch of underground -stem grows away from
the ground level and take curve and then enter into soil and develops new plant, such branch is called
stolon. Hence in fern (nephrolepis) and strawberry vegetatives propoagation occur by stolon.
(63) What is vegetative reproduction ?
(A) Asexual reproduction by vegetative organs of plants
(B) Asexual reproduction by reproductive organs of plants
(C) Asexual Reproduction by plant organs such as fruits, seeds
(D) Asexual reproduction by flower, microspores megaspores of plants.

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(64) In which organisms asexual reproduction is very prominent ?
(A) Lower organism and animals. (B) Lower category plants and animals
(C) Lower category prokaryotic organism (D) Lower category Eukaryota and animals.
and animals.
(65) Which plant organ participate in vegatative reproduction ?
(A) Root, stem, leaf (B) Root, stem, leaf, floral bud
(C) Root, stem, leaf, flower (D) Root, stem, leaf, flower.
(66) Which vegetative organ of sweet potato transforms into ....... for vegetative reproduction
(A) Adventitions root, simple tuberous root. (B) Primdry root - simple tuberous root
(C) Adventitious root - simple repeated structure (D) Primary root - composite, covered root.
(67) What is called modified structure of underground stem for storage of food in ginger or turmeric and
Amorphophallus ?
(A) Rhizome, tuberous stem (B) Rhizome, simple tunicated bulb.
(C) Rhizome, simple tuberous (D) Rhizome, corm.
(68) Which modified structure formed by food storage in underground part of potato and onion ?
(A) Rhizome, Tuberous stem (B) Tuberous stem, Rhizome
(C) Tuberous stem, simple, tunicated bulb (D) Tuberous stem, compound tunicated bulb.
(69) Ginger, Amorphophallus potato and onion , food is stored in which part of the plant sequentially ?
(A) Rhizome, Nodes and internodes of rhizome, scaly leaf of apicalbud of under ground stem, base of
scaly leaf
(B) Rhizome, Nodes of rhizome, scaly leaf of axillary bud of rhizome, Base of scaly leaf
(C) Rhizome, Nodes and internodes of rhizome, scaly leaf of apical bud of rhizome, scaly leaf apex.
(D) Base of rhizome, nodes of rhizome, scaly leaf of apical bud of rhizome, scaly leaf base.
(70) Which option is proper for vegetative roproduction in Bryophyllum ?
(A) Axillary buds at the leaf margin - vegetative reproduction - adventitious buds.
(B) At the leaf margin vegetative, meristematic buds - food storage - vegetative reproduction -
adventitious buds.
(C) Buds on lamina - vegetative reproduction - Adventitious buds.
(D) Buds at leafbase - vegetative reproduction - adventitious buds/
(71) Bulbils are ........
(A) Only do vegetative reproduction (B) Climbing and vegetative reproduction
(C) Food storage and vegetative reproduction (D) Support and vegetative reproduction
(72) Which is proper modified structure for vegetative reproduction for hydrocotyl, Eicchornia, Mint and
Nephrolepis respectively ?
(A) Runner, offset, sucker, stolon (B) Offset, Sucker, Stolon, Runner
(C) Stolon, offset, Runner (D) Stolon, Offset, Runner
(73) What is main difference in Runner and stolon for vegetative reproduction ?
(A) Branch develops parallel to soilsurface, branch develops in the soil

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(B) Branch of underground stem develop parallel to soil surface, Branch of underground stem develops
above soil-surface again come in contact with soil.
(C) Branch of underground stem remains in semi soil sub aerial and parallel to underground stem
(D) No Difference.

Answers : (63-A), (64-A), (65-C), (66-A), (67-D), (68-C), (69-A), (70-B), (71-C) , (72-A), (73-B)

Artificial methods of vegetative Reproduction : Methods are developed for artificial vegetative
propagation in which some part of the plant organ is utilized for obtaining a new complete plant. Amongst
them the most common methods are. Cutting, Layering
and Grafting.
(1) Cutting Method : By the root and stem this type of
artificial method induce as a vegetative reproduction. Cut
the pieces of root and are planted in moist soil, development
of adventitions roots, is artificially indcued. New plants are
developed in this way in lemon and tamarind.
Proper sizes of stem pieces are obtained and are planted
in moist soil to develop into new plants. (xylem in contact
with the soil surface). From the underground parts of
stem, adventitions roots develop and buds on the aerial
parts of stems sprout. The plant, so developed is called
'cutting'. Later, there cutting are transplanted in proper
Layering
places. eg. Rose, sugarcone, croton, china-rose and
chrysanthemum plants.
(2) Layering Method : The lower branches of the plant are bent and pressed under the soil in such a way
that the tip of the branch remains outside the soil and middle portion is buried inside the soil. When
adventitions roots develop from this buried region of plant stem; this branch is cut and separated from
the parent plant. Thus, a new plant is obtained. This method is employed in the cultivation of Rose,
lemon, Grape Hibiscus and Jasmine.
(3) Grafting method : Grafting is practiced in plants which do not root easily, or have a weak root system.
In this method a union is established between two plant of the same or different kinds. Such a union is
estabhished between tissues of the two plants. This process can be induced more successfully amongst
those plants which possess meristematic tissue (Dicots)
The main supporting plant or which plant cannot develope root system easily or which plant has weak
root system, is called stock plant. The plant which is being grafter on it is called scion. A plant possessing
higher and desirable characters is selected as 'scion' various methods of grafting scion are practiced.
Grafting may be of different types, named budgrafting, side grafting, tongue grafling wedge grafting /
clift grafting and crown grafting depending on the methods of uniting the two parts. mango, Apple,
pear, citrus, Guava, litchi and many other fruit - yielding plants are thus obtained and maintained.

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Significance of vegetative Reproduction :
(1) Vegetative reproduction is an ideal method Scion Scion
of reproduction in plants in which it is
desirable to maintain the same characteristice
in the offspring which are present in the
parents.
Stock
(2) Plants showing reduced power of sexual
reproduction, long dormant period of seed or
Stock
poor viability can also be multiplied easily
through this method.
(3) Vegetative reproduction also helps in
removing common infections from the parent 
Bud-Grafting

Clift-Grafting

plant.
(4) In the plants raised through grafting, it is even possible to bring together the desired characters from
plants. even best species are cultured by this method.

(74) Which plant tissue is kept in contact with soil during cutting ?
(A) Parenchyma (B) Phloem (C) Xylem (D) Conductive tissue.
(75) When is cutting become ready ?
(A) When Root system develops (B) Adventition root system, Buds and leaf lets develop.
(C) When Buds develop (D) When leaf-lets develop.
(76) In which plants cutting is done by root parts ?
(A) Lemon and Tamarind (B) Rose and sugarcane
(C) Chrysanthemum and china rose (D) Croton, Rose
(77) Which plant group do not show vegetative reproduction by stem cutting ?
(A) Lemon, Tamarind (B) Rose and sugarcane
(C) Chrysanthemum, China Rose (D) Croton, Rose
(78) Why during cutting, xylem tissue, is kept in contact with soil, which type of force developed ?
(A) Capillary force for ascent of sap (B) Capillary force for transpiration
(C) Osmosis, Passive transport (D) Active transport, suction pressure
(79) In which plant group layering is done ?
(A) Rose, Lemon, grapes (B) Hibiscus, Jasmine, Grape
(C) Sugarcane, Chrysanthemum, Croton (D) Lemon, Tamarind sugar-cane
(80) Which option is proper for grafting ?
(A) Between two different or same species of plants, artificial vegetative reproduction for obtaining
desired characters.
(B) Artificial vegetative reproduction between two similar species of plants to obtain undesired
characters.
(C) Artificial vegetative reproduction between two different species to remove disease causing factors.
(D) Artificial vegetative reproduction between two similar species type plants to maintain hormonal
balance.
(81) Which pecularities considered in plants for grafting method ?
(A) Stock possess developed root system, scion possess buds and leaflets and stock and scion has meristematic tissue
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(B) Stock possess meristematic tissue scion possess buds and leaflets. Both stock and scion has
developed rootsystem
(C) Stock possess developed root system, scion has only meristematic tissue and stock and scion both
has Buds and leaflets.
(D) Stock and scion undifferentiated, both possess meristematic tissue.
(82) Grafting method is beneficial for whom ?
(A) Fruit production (B) Garden
(C) Horticulture (D) Decoration
(83) Which sentence is improper for importance of vegetative reproduction ?
(A) Decreasing work efficiency of sexual reproduction is avoided by vegetative reproduction.
(B) To remove prolonged dormancy of seed vegetative reproduction is beneficial.
(C) Disease causing factors do not enter reproduction is beneficial.
(D) To retain unwanted characters of parent plant, vegetative reproduction is useful.
Answers : (74-C), (75-B), (76-A), (77-A), (78-A), (79-A), (80-A), (81-A), (82-A), (83-D)

- Sexual Reproduction : Sexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female gametes, either
by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex. These gamete fuse to form the
zygote which develops to form the new organism. It is complex and slow process as compared to
asexual reproduction. Because of the fusion of male and female gametes, sexual reproduction results
in offspring that are not identical to the parents or amongst themselves.
Though the plants, animals or fungi differ in external morphology, anatomy and physiology, yet their
sexual mode of reproduction is similar in pattern. All organism reach a certain rate of growth and
maturity in their life before they can reproduce sexually. This period is called the juvenile phase and in
plants it is known as vegetative phase.
After attaining maturity, all asexually reproducting organisms show events and processes which have
fundamental similarity, but the Structures associated with sexual reproduction are quite different. In all
cases, the sexual reproduction is characterized by the fusion of the male and female gametes of the
species. For convenience there sequential events may be grouped into three distinct stages namely, the
(1) Pre-fertilization (2) Fertilization and the (3) post - fertilization events.
- Pre-fertilization Events : The pre-fertilization events of sexual reproduction are found prior to the fusion
of gametes. The two main pre-fertilization events are (1) gametogenesis and (2) gamete transfer.
(1) Gametogenesis : Gametogenesis is the process of formation of gametes. Generally gameter are of two
types. i.e. male and female gametes. Gametes are haploid (n) cells. In some algae where two gametes
are similar in appearance they are called isogametes or homogametes. It is morphologically and
physiologically similar and usually motile and has flagellat e.g. clodophora, Ulothrix. However in a
majority of sexually reproducting organisms the gametes produced are of two types. Morphologically
and phyiologically distinct types which are known as heterogametes or anisogametes. The male gametes
are smaller and active whereas the female gametes are large and sluggish. In such cases the male
gamete is called anthrozoid or sperm and the female gamete is called the egg or ovum.
(1) Isogametes of cladophora (2) Heterogametes of fucus (3) Gametes of Human beings.

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Male gamete

Isogametes of Heterogametas of Fucus
Cladophora
Gametes of Human beings
Gametes

Gametes are always haploids, but the parent body from which they arise may be either haploid or diploid
A haploid parent produces gametes by mitotic division. Several organisms belonging to monera, fungi,
Algae and Bryophyta have haploid plant body but in majority of organisms belonging to pteridophyta,
Gymnosperms, Angiosperms and most of the animals, the parental body is diploid. Here meiosis
takes place to produce haploid gametes.
In diploid organisms the meiocytes (gamete mother cells) undergo meiosis. At the end of meiosis, only
one set of chromospmes (n) gets incorporated in each gamete. Table showing diploid and haploid
chromosome numbers of organisms.
Sr. Name of Chromosome Chromosome Number in
No. Organisms in Meiocyte (2n) Gamete (n)
1. Apple 34 17
2. Maize 20 10
3. Onion 32 16
4. Potato 48 24
5. Rice 24 12
6. Cat 38 19
7. Dog 78 39
8. Human beings 46 23
9. House fly 12 06

(1) Gamete Transfer : After formation, the male and female gametes are brought together to facilitate
fertilization. In a majority of organisms, male gamete is motile and the female gamete is stationary. There
is a need for a medium through which the male gametes move. In Algae, Bryophytes and preridophytes,
water is the medium through which this gamete transfer takes place. A large numger of the male
gametes, however, fail to reach the female gametes. To compensate this loss of male gametes during
transport, the number of male gametes produced is several thousand times the number of female
gametes produced.
In Angiosperms pollen grains are the carrier of male gametes and ovule has the egg cell. Pollen grains
are produced in anthers and are transferred to stigma, a phenomenon which is known as pollination. This

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phenomenon requires the involvement of external agents such as insects, animals, wind and water. Pollen
grains germinate on the stigma and the pollen tubes carrying the male gametes reach the ovule and
discharge two male gametes near the egg cell.
- Fertilization : The fusion of two similar or dissimilar gametes is called syngamy and in its result diploid
zygote is formed. This process in known as fertilization.
In majority of algae, fishes and amphibians, syngamy occurs in the external medium i.e. water (outside
the body of the organism).This type of gametic fusion is called external fertilization. This happens in the
bonyfishes and frogs where a large number of offspring are produced. A major disadvantage is that the
offspring are extremely vulnerable to predators threatening their survival upto adult hood.
In plant groups (i.e. Fungi, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes) as well as Reptiles, Birds and Mammals, syngamy
occurs inside the body of the organism, hence the process is called internal fertilization. In this process,
male gametes are motile and have to reach and fuse with egg. this takes place inside the female body.
- Post-fertilization Events : The formation of zygote and the process of development of embryo
(embryogenesis) are called post-fertilization events.
(1) Zygote : Formation of zygote (2n) is common in all sexually reproducing organisms. In organism with
external fertilization, zygote is formed in the external medium (water), whereas in those exhibiting
internal fertiliation, zygote is formed inside the body of organism. Further development of zygote depends
on the type of life cycle the organism possesses and the environment to which it is exposed. In
organisms, such as algae and Fungi, zygote develops a thick wall that is resistant to desiccation and
damage commonly it indergoes a period of rest prior to germination.
Some unicellular protist animals (e.g. Paramoecium) exhibits sexual reproduction by forming male and
female gamete nuclei. Which they exchange through temporary cytoplasmic bridge, later the
cytoplasmic bridge disappears and the gametes nuclears of one individual fuses with that of the other
to form zygote nucleus. This mode of sexual reproduction is known as conjugation.
Zygote is the vital link that ensures continuity of species between organisms of one generation and
the next.
(2) Embryogenesis : Embryogenesis is the process of development of embryo from the zygote. During
embryogenesis. Zygote undergoes cell division (mitosis ) and cell differentiation.
Cell division increases the number of cells in the devleoping embroys while cell differentiation helps
group of cells to under go certain modifications to form specialized tissues and organs to form an
organism.
In animals, when the devleopment of zygote takes place outside the body of the female parent, it is called
oviparous, while when it develops inside then it is called viviparous.
In oviparous animals like Reptile and Birds, the fertilized eggs are covered by hard calcareous shell are
laid in a safe place in the environment, after a period of incubation, young ones hatch out. On the other
hand, in viviparous animals like Mammals including human beings the zygote develops into a young one
inside the body of the female organism. After attaining a certain stage of growth, the young ones are
delivered out of the body of the female parent. Because of proper embryonic care and protection, the
chances of survival of young ones is greater in viviparous organisms.

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In Angiosperms, the zygote is formed
inside the ovule. After fertilization the
sepals, petals and stamens of the flower
fall off. The pistil however, remains attached
to the plant, The zygote develops into the
embryo and the ovules develops into the
seed. The ovary develops into the fruit
which develops a thick wall called pericarp
that is protective in function. After dispersal P = Pericarp S = Seed

seeds germinates under favourable condition
to produce new plants.

(84) In between which organisms sexual reproduction occur ?
(A) Organisms of same species
(B) Organisms of two different species.
(C) Same species / different species organism
(D) Two independent organisms.
(85) How is zygote formed in sexual reproduction ?
(A) After formation of male and female gametes and their union.
(B) Due to formation of male and female gametes
(C) Distraction of male and female gametes
(D) Union of male, female and somatic cells.
(86) How is sexual reproduction compares to asexual reproduction ?
(A) Simple and speedy (B) Simple and slow
(C) Complex and speedy (D) complete and slow
(87) Which type of offspring obtained at the end of sexual reproduction ?
(A) Similar to parent generation (B) Possess characteristics like parent generation.
(C) Totally different than parent generation (D) None of above.
(88) Plants, animals and fungi have difference in morphology, physiology but have similarity in ..........
(A) Asexual reproduction (B) Embryology
(C) Sexual reproduction (D) Structure
(89) What is called juvenile phase ?
(A) After birth of organism upto growth, development and death time birth of organism
(B) Time period, after birth of organism showing growth development and maturity
(C) Time period, after birth of organism growth, development and obtaining aging.
(D) Time period after birth of organism growth, development and production of offspring
(90) Organism, who has obtain maturity, shows similarities and differences in .....
(A) Mature organisms show structurally similarity in sexual reproduction and difference in the structure
produced during sexual reproduction.
(B) Mature organisms, physiologically similar in asexual reproduction and similar in structures
produced during sexual reproduction.
(C) After attaining maturity, organisms do not show similar events and processes during sexual reproduction.

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(D) Organisms who has not obtained maturity, structurally show similarity in sexual reproduction and
disimilarity in structure formed during sexual reproduction.
(91) How is the structure of gametes ?
(A) Haploid, unicelleular, uninucleated (B) Haploid, unicellular, coenocytic
(C) Diploid, unicellular, uninucleated. (D) Haploid, multicellular, uninucleated.
(92) What are isogametes ?
(A) Gametes which show difference in morphology, physiology, Flagellated and motile
(B) Gametes which show similarity in physiology and morphology, flagellated and motile.
(C) Gametes which show difference in physiology, morphology, unflagellated and nonmotile.
(D) Gametes whaich show similarity in morphology and physiology, unflagellated and non-motile.
(93) Which of the following algae is isogametic ?
(A) Chlamydomonas, chlorella (B) Volvox chalamydomonas
(C) Cladophora, ulothrix (D) Spirogyra, Anabaena
(94) In 'aplanospore (Heterogametes), which type of difference is observed ?
(A) Morphology and physiology (B) Working pattern and physiology
(C) Embryology and anatomy (D) All of above
(95) What is characteristics of male gametes ?
(A) Large active, unicellular uninucleated.
(B) Small active, unicellular, haploid, uninucleated.
(C) Small, active, haploid, unicellular, uninucleatd.
(D) Small, active, diploid, unicellular, coenocytic
(96) What is pecularity of female gamete ?
(A) Haploid, unicellular, uninucleated, small, nonmotile.
(B) Haploid, uninucleated, unicellular, large non-motile.
(C) Diploid, uninucleated, unicellular, large, non motile
(D) Haploid, unicellular, uninucleated, large, motile.
(97) In pteridophyta, Gymnosperm and angiosperm, generally parent plant body is - type
(A) n (B) 2n (C) 3n (D) 4n
(98) Select true option based on number of chromosomes in gametes of cat, Dog, Man and housefly and
in meiotic cell of Apple, maize, onion, potato and rice.
(A) 17, 10, 24, 16, 12, 19, 39, 23, 06 (B) 34, 20, 32, 48, 24, 19, 39, 23, 06
(C) 34, 20, 32, 48, 24, 38, 78, 46, 12 (D) 17, 10, 16, 24, 12, 38, 76, 46, 12
(99) Why male gametes are more in number and female gametes less in number ?
(A) To show fertilization process speedy
(B) To show speedy transport of male gametes.
(C) Gametes are destroyed fertilization to prove it.
(D) Male gametes are wasted in transport of male gamete to suppot it.
(100) By whom sequentially male gametes and female gametes are formed ?
(A) Anther megasporophyll (B) Anther and carpel.
(C) Pollen and ovule (D) Pollen sac and megasporophyll.

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(101) At the time of pollination, pollen grain is released and transferred to which place ?
(A) It is released from Anther and transferred to carpel
(B) Released from pollen and transfered to carpel.
(C) Released from pollen sac and transfered to ovule
(D) Released from pollen sac and transfered to stigma
(102) Which option show proper sequence of living and non-living carriers for pollen grain ?
(A) Wind, water, insects, animals (B) Insects, wind, Animals, water
(C) Animals, wind, Insects, water (D) Animals, water, wind, insects.
(103) By which gamete conjugation occur ?
(A) Due to conjugation of two similar gamete (B) Conjugation of two disimilar gametes
(C) Two similar and disimilar conjugation of gametes (D) None.
(104) Which animal group show External fertilizaion ?
(A) Algae, Fungi, arthropoda (B) Algae, Fish, Birds
(C) Algae, Fish, Amphibia (D) Fungi, Fish, amphibias
(105) Which animal group show External fertilization ?
(A) Algae, Fungi, lichen (B) Algae, Fungi, Bryophyte
(C) Algae, Bryophyta, pteridophyta (D) Pteridophyta, Gymnosperm, Angiosperm
(106) Which animal group show internal fertilization ?
(A) Fish, Amphibia, Reptilia, (B) Amphibia, Reptiliam Birds
(C) Reptilia, Birds, mammals (D) Mollusca, Echinodermata, Fish
(107) In seed bearing plants which type of male gametes are seen ? How are they transported ?
(A) non motile, pollen tube (B) Motile, Pollentube
(C) Flagellated, pollen tube (D) Ciliated, pollentube
(108) Which are proper sequential stages of sexual reproduction ?
(A) Pre Fertilization, Fertilization, post Fertilization.
(B) Fertilization, pre fertilization, post Fertilization
(C) Post fertilization, fertilization, pre fertilization
(D) Pre fertilization, post. fertilization, post fertilization
(109) Which are stages of post fertilization ?
(A) Gamatogenesis, Embryogenesis (B) Transport of gametes, zygote formation
(C) Zygote formation, Embryogenesis (D) Embryogenesis, Transport of gametes
(110) Which sentence is improper for sexual reproduction by conjugation ?
(A) Micronuclei is responsible for sexual reproduction in paramoecium.
(B) During conjuction, temporarily conjugation tube is formed, male and female gamete transfer take
place through cytoplasmic bridge.
(C) Eukaryota - porifera
(D) Akaryota - virus
(111) Which sentence is improper for sexual reproduction in paramoecium.
(A) Micronuclei is responsible for sexual reproduction in paramoecium.
(B) During conjuction, temporarily conjugation tube is formed, male and female gamete transfer take
place through cytoplasmic bridge.
(C) After exchange of nucleus, cytoplasmic bridge disappear and conjugation tube disintegrates.
(D) In paramoecium, always transfer of two similar type nucleus through cytoplasmic bridge and conjugation
tube occurs.
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(112) During embryogenesis, zygote passes through which processes and converted into multicellular form
from unicellular form ?
(A) Cell formation, cell enlargement (B) Mitosis, cell enlargement
(C) Meiosis, cell differentiation (D) Mitosis, cell differentiation
(113) What is called when zygotic development occurs inside female body and outside female body
sequentially ?
(A) Gamopary, oviparous (B) Oviparous, viviparous
(C) Viviparous, oviparous (D) None.
(114) Due to development of zygote, embryosac and wall of embryosac which structures formed
sequentially ?
(A) Seed, Fruit, seed coat (B) Seed, fruit, Fruit coat (Epicarp)
(C) Fruit, seed, seed coat (D) Fruit seed, epicarp
(115) Teacher wants to explain various stages of sexual reproduction in higher organism so which are points
included in which sequence ?
(A) Gametogenesis, Transfer of gametes, fertilization zygote formation, Embryogenesis
(B) Gametogenesis, Transfer of gametes zygote formation, Embryogenesis, Fertilization
(C) Gametogenesis, Embryogenesis, Transfer of gametes, zygote formation, fertilization
(D) Transfer of gamete, zygote formation, gametogenesis, fertilization.
Answers : (84-C), (85-A), (86-D), (87-D), (88-C), (89-B), (90-A), (91-A), (92-B), (93-C), (94-D),
(95-C), (96- B), (97-B), (98-B), (99-D), (100-C), (101-D), (102-A), (103-D), (104-C),
(105-C), (106-C), (107-A), (108-A), (109-C), (110-B), (111-D), (112-D), (113-B),
(114-B), (115-A)
· A - Statement R - Reason A - R type questions Answer of following question, select from
following option.
(A) A and R both true, R is explanation of A
(B) A and R both true, R is not explanation of A
(C) A is true R is false
(D) A is false R is true.
(116) Statement A : Gamete formation occur from independent, diploid or haploid parent, Gametes
are always haploid.
Reason R : Gamete formation occur from diploid by mitosis and meiosis process, where as
in haploid parent show only meiosis
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(117) Statement A : Grafting method is important in plants where roots are not formed easily
Reason R : In Jasmine and Hibiscus grafting method is important.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(118) Statement A : Gametogenesis and transfer of gametes are main Prefertilization events.
Reason R : Isogametes and heterogametes formed during gametogenesis
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(119) Statement A : Reptiles and Aves are oviparous
Reason R : Zygote develops in the body of reptiles
(A) (B) (C) (D)
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(120) Statement A : Vegetative reproduction is best for maintainance of desirable characters of
parents into offspring.
Reason R : Vegetative reproduction removes infection of parent plant into offsprings.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(121) Statement A : True spores are formed by sporulation
Reason R : Nephrolepis plants have isogamete
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(122) Statement A : Offsprings produced by sexual reproduction is copy of parent.
Reason R : Offsprings formed by asexual reproduction differs from parent.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(123) Statement A : Motile gametes fromed from ulothrix, develops as independent organism
Reason R : Bud formation by protosiphon is due to mitosis
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(124) Statement A : In sexual reproduction of paramoecium exchage of gametes take place by cyto
plasmic bridge.
Reason R : Majority of organism in sexual reproduction produces heterogametes.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(125) Statement A : Gametes of cladophora are similar, motile by morphology and physiology
Reason R : Majority of organism in sexual reproduction produces heterogametes.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(126) Statement A : In vorticella body of individual, cytoplasm divides longitudinally.
Reason R : New organism formed by longitudinal division in Euglena.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(127) Statement A : When condition become favourable in encysted hydra nucleus show multiple fission
Reason R : In spongilla cytoplasm divides transversely
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(128) Statement A : Gamete formation take place by individual haploid or diploid parent, Gamete are
always haploid.
Reason R : Gametes formation occurs in diploid parent by mitosis and meiosis, whereas in
haploid parent only by meiosis
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(129) Statement A : Gametes are always haploid.
Reason R : Gametes are always unicellular
(A) (B) (C) (D)
Answers : (116-C), (117-C), (118-A), (119-C), (120-A), (121-B), (122-D), (123-C), (124-C),
(125-B), (126-A), (127-D), (128-C), (129-B)
(130) Column I ColumnII Column III
(1) Maize (p) 48 (a) 10 (A) : (1 - s - a), (2 - q - c), (3 - p - d), (4 - r - b)
(2) onion (q) 32 (b) 12 (B) : (1 - p - a), (2 - q - b), (3 - r - c), (4 - s - d)
(3) Potate (r) 24 (c) 16 (C) : (1 - r - a), (2 - q - b), (3 - s - c), (4 - p - d)
(4) Peddy (s) 20 (d) 24 (D) : (1 - r - d), (2 - S - c), (3 - p - b), (4 - q - a)
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(131) Column I Column II
(1) Protosiphon (p) non-flagellated spores (A) : (1 - q), (2 - r), (3 - s), (4 -p)
(2) Sapro legnia (q) Bud (B) : (1 - r), (2 - s), (3 - p), (4 - q)
(3) Chlamydomonas (r) Fragmentation (C) : (1 - q), (2 - r), (3 - p), (4 - s)
(4) Aspergillus (s) Motile spores. (D) : (1 - s), (2 - p), (3 - q), (4 - r)
(132) Column I (Stage) Column II (Phenomenon)
(1) Juvenile (p) Formation of unicellular fertile cells (A) : (1 - q), (2 - p), (3 - r), (4 - s)
(2) Gametogenesis (q) period to reach reproductive stage (B) : (1 - q), (2 - p), (3 - s), (4 - r)
(3) Transfer of gametes (r) By fusion of haploid cells period (C) : (1 - r), (2 - s), (3 - p), (4 - q)
of obtaining diploid stage
(4) Fertilization (s) Motile Foreign cells reach (D) : (1 - s), (2 - r), (3 - q), (4 - p)
non-motile stage
(133) Column I (Stage) Column - II Phenomenon
(a) True spores (w) Through spores (A) : (a - y), (b - z), (c - x), (d - w)
(b) Nephrolepis (x) Heterosporic plants (B) : (a - x), (b - w), (c - z), (d - y)
(c) Selaginella (y) Produced by sporogenesis (C) : (a - x), (b - z), (c - y), (d - w)
(d) Asexual reproduction (z) Isosporic plant (D) : (a - w), (b - z), (c - x), (d - y)
(134) Column - I Column - II
(a) Mint (w) Vegetative reproduction by sucker (A) : (a - x), (b - w), (c - y), (d - z)
(b) Pistia (x) Vegetative reproduction by runner (B) : (a - y, (b - w), (c - z), (d - x)
(c) Hydrocotyl (y) Vegetative reproduction by stolon (C) : (a - w), (b - z), (c - x), (d - y)
(d) Nephrolepis (z) Vegetative reproduction by offset (D) : (a - x), (b - y), (c - w), (d - z)
(135) Column - I Column - II
(a) Reptiles and mammals (w) Post fertilization (A) : (a - z), (b - x), (c - y), (d - w)
(b) Embryogenesis (x) Development of body out side (B) : (a - y, (b - w), (c - x), (d - z)
(c) Paramoecium (y) Internal fertilization (C) : (a - y), (b - w), (c - z), (d - x)
(d) Oviparous (z) Sexual reproduction by conjugation (D) : (a - w), (b - x), (c - z), (d - y)
(136) Column - I Column - II
(1) Jasmine (p) Suckers (A) : (1 - u), (2 - t), (3 - s), (4 - q) (5 - p), (6 - r)
(2) Chrysanthemum (q) Stolon (B) : (1 - t), (2 - u), (3 - s), (4 - q) (5 - p), (6 - r)
(3) Bryophyllum (r) Floral bud (C) : (1 - t), (2 - u), (3 - s), (4 - p) (5 - q), (6 - r)
(4) Nephrolepis (s) Adventitious bud (D) : (1 - t), (2 - u), (3 - s), (4 - r) (5 - q), (6 - p)
(5) Mint (t) Cutting
(6) Oxalis (u) Layering

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(137) Column - I Column - II
(P) Asparagus (i) Vegetative propogation by floral bud (A) : (P - i), (Q - ii), (R - iii), (S - iv)
(Q) Turmeric (ii) Vegetative reproduction by leaf (B) : (P - ii), (Q - iii), (R - iv), (S - i)
(R) Bryophyllum (iii) Vegetative reproduction by rhizome. (C) : ((P - iv), (Q - iii), (R - ii), (S - i)
(S) Agave (iv) Vegetative reproduction by root (D) : (P - iii), (Q - iv), (R - ii), (S - i)
(138) Column - I Column - II
(a) Algae and Bryophyta (w) Plant body is diploids (A) : (a - z), (b - y), (c - x), (d - w)
(b) Pollengrain (x) Transports ovule (B) : (a - x), (b - z), (c - w), (d - y)
(c) Ovule (y) Transports gametes (C) : (a - y), (b - z), (c - x), (d - w)
(d) Pteridophytes (z) Plant body is haploid angiosperms (D) : (a - z), (b - w), (c - y), (d - x)
Answers : (130-A), (131-A), (132-B), (133-A), (134-C), (135-C), (136-A), (137-C), (138-A)

(139) What is indicated by S and P in the Fig 1
(A) Pericarp and fruit (B) Epicarp and seed
(C) Fruit and seed (D) Seed and pericarp Fig 1

(140) What is indicated by 'a' in the given Fig 2
(A) Nucleus (B) Conidia
a
(C) Zoospores (D) Chlorophyll c b Fig 2

(141) What is indicated by 'a' in the Fig 3 ?
a
(A) Chlorophyll (B) Pyrenoid
(C) Tentacles (D) Nucleus
Fig 3
a
(142) What is indicated by 'a' part surrounded by spicules in Fig 4
(A) Exogenous Bud (B) Nucleus
(C) Endogenous Bud (D) Cell body Fig 4

(143) In the given Fig 5 which is correct option for X and Y. X

(A) X - Conidiophore Y - Conidia (B) X - Sterigmata Y - Conidia
Y
(C) X - Conidia, Y - Sterigmata (D) X - mycellium, Y - Hyphae
Fig 5

(144) Which is proper option for given Fig 6 ?
(A) Tongue grafting (B) Cleft grafting
(C) Bud grafting (D) Whip grafting Fig 6

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(145) What is function of a in the given Fig 7 ? a
(A) Buds forms new organisms
(B) Shows fission in Bacteria
(C) Spore Formation
Fig 7
(D) adventitious branch is formed.
(146) Explain imp of b in the Fig 8.
A Photo synthesis B Vegetative reproduction
Fig 8
C Food storage D Climbing
(147) What is indicated in the given Fig 9 ?
A Vegetative reproduction by root
B Vegetative reproduction by stem
C Vegetative reproduction by leaf Fig 9
D Vegetative reproduction by flower

Answers : (139-D), (140-D), (141-B), (142-C), (143-C), (144-B), (145-A), (146-B), (147-C)

l Questions For NEET
(148) Chara is monoecious plant.
(A) Anther and carpel on the same plant
(B) On the same plant male sporophyll on upper part and female sporophyll on lower part
(C) On the same plant female sporophyll on upper part and male sporophyll on lower part
(D) Both male and female sporophyll on the same plant.
(149) Select false sentence from the following
(A) Heterogametes are different structurally functionally or behaviourly.
(B) In Heterogametes female gamete is small and motile, female gamete is large and non-motile
(C) Chlamydomonas shows isogametism and heterogametism. Fucus hetero gametism.
(D) Iso gametes similar, structurally, functionally and behaviour point.
(150) Presence of which is required in grafting between stock and scion ?
(A) Xylem (B) Phloem (C) Meristematic tissue (D) tissue.
(151) In monocot plant grafting is impossible because .......
(A) Scattered vascular bundle (B) Lack of meristematic tissue
(C) Colateral, open vascular bundle (D) Radial vascular bundle
(152) Before it is separated from maternal plant, root formation induced on the plant
(A) Grafting (B) layering (C) Stolon (D) Rhizome
(153) If branch of one plant is taken as scion, which is sweet and stock on which it is grafted is juicy. So
such plants by grafting gives which types of fruits ?
(A) Sweet and fibrous (B) Sweet and juicy
(C) Sour and juicy (D) Sour and fibrous

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(154) It stock has 58 chromosome and scion possess 30 chromosome, plant produced as a result has how many
chromosome in root and egg cell ?
(A) 30 and 29 (B) 15 and 58 (C) 58 and 15 (D) 29 and 30
(155) Isogametic, non-flagellated gametes are seen ?
(A) Spirogyra (B) Volvox (C) Fucus (D) Chlamydomonas
(156) What is called menthod by which plants prepared in large number ?
(A) Cutting (B) Organ formation (C) Micro propogation (D) Macro propogation.
(157) What is called study of anther ?
(A) Ethamology (B) Paleontology (C) Paleo-Botany (D) Omega - tatonomy
(158) In sporophytic stage of plants, where maturation is seen ?
(A) Gemma (B) Primary structure (C) Sporophyll (D) Egg cell
(159) During regeneration formation of one organ from another is called .....
(A) Morphogenesis (B) Epimorphosis
(C) Morpholaxis (D) Specialized cell growth
(160) In mint, vegetative reproduction is by .....
(A) Runner (B) Rhizome (C) Suckers (D) Stolon
(161) What is similarity in vegetative ropreduction and apomixis ?
(A) Both can be included in dicot plants.
(B) Both passes through flowering stage
(C) Both occur any time in the year
(D) Both produces offspring similar to parent plant
(162) If 2n female plant and 4n male plants are fertilized, what is poidy of endosperm ?
(A) 4n (B) 3n (C) 2n (D) 5n
(163) For 100 zygote / 100 seed formation of wheat, necessary meiosis number is .......
(A) 100 (B) 75 (C) 125 (D) 50

Answers : (148-C), (149-B), (150-C), (151-B), (152-B), (153-B), (154-C), (155-A), (156-C),
(157-B), (158-C), (159-B), (160-C), (161-D), (162-A), (163-C)

709

Reproduction in Organisms
® Binary fission
Asexual reproduction ® Budding
• It is the production of offspring by and single ® Strobilisation
parent wihtout the formation and fusion of Types
® gametes ®® Fragmentation
® Gemmae
® Regeneration
Natural vegetative reproduction ® Spore formation
• Examples are root tubers, suckers, Vegetative reproduction
¬
rhizomes, corm, bulbs, runners,
stolons, offsets, etc. • Formation of new plants from
vegetative units such as buds, tubers,
¬ rhizomes, etc.

Artificial vegetatitive reproduction
• Examples are cutting, layering, grafting,
micropropagation, etc.
Pre-fertilization
Sexual reproduction
• it is the process of development of new • This includes gametogenesis
® individual through formation and fusion male (process of formation of
and female gametes.
® gametes) and gamete transfer.
• It is grouped into three distinct stages
Fertilization
Internal
• It is complete and fertilizations
permanent fusion of two
gametes to form a diploid Enternal
zygote. fertilizations

Post-fertilization
• It is described under 2
headings :
¯
¯ ¯
Zygote Embryorgenesis
• It is formed after fertilization in all • It is the process of development
sexually reproducing organisms. of embryo from zygote.

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