NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography (Fundamentals of Human Geography) Chapter 3 Human Development

NCERT
SOLUTIONS
CLASS - 12th

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Book : Fundamentals of Human Geography Ncert Solutions | Chapter - 4 Social Science Geography

Class : 12th

Subject : Geography

Chapter : 4

Chapter Name : Human Development

Q1 Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below.

(i) Which one of the following best describes development?

(a) an increase in size

(b) a constant in size

(c) a positive change in quality

(d) a simple change in the quality

(ii) Which one of the following scholars introduced the concept of Human Development?

(a) Prof. Amartya Sen

(b) Ellen C. Semple

(c) Dr Mahabub-ul-Haq

(d) Ratzel

(i) (c) a positive change in quality

(ii) (c) Dr Mahabub-ul-Haq

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Book : Fundamentals of Human Geography Ncert Solutions | Chapter - 4 Social Science Geography

Page : 29 , Block Name : Multiple Choice Questions

Q2 Answer the following questions in about 30 words.

(i) What are the three basic areas of human development?

(ii) Name the four main components of human development?

(iii) How are countries classified on the basis of human development index?

(i) The three basic areas of human development:

● Health: the longevity of people in a country depicts that healthcare services are
available. Countries with high life expectancy have high Human Development
Index.
● Literacy: Adult Literacy rate & gross enrolment ratio represent access to
knowledge.
● Access to Resources: It is an indicator of economic condition and a person’s
ability to purchase item of demand.

(ii) The four components of Human development are:

● Equity: It means equal opportunities should be made available to everyone.
● Sustainability: It is continuity in the availability of opportunity.
● Productivity: It is human labour productivity in terms of human work.
● Empowerment: It means power to make choices.

(iii) Countries are classified into four categories on HDI’s basis:

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Book : Fundamentals of Human Geography Ncert Solutions | Chapter - 4 Social Science Geography

HDI No of Countries Score in Development
Index

Very high Human 49 >0.808
Development

High Human Development 53 0.700 to 0.807

Medium human 42 0.556 to 0.699
development

Low human development 43 <0.555

Page : 21 , Block Name : Short Answer Question

Q3 Answer the following questions in not more than 150 words.

(i) What do you understand by the term human development?

(ii) What do equity and sustainability refer to within the concept of human development?

(i) Dr Mahbub-ul-Haq was the first person to introduce the concept of human
development. He described it as development that enlarges the choices of people and
leads to an improvement in their lives. Under this concept, people are central to all
types of development that is taking place in a country. These choices keep on changing
from time to time and are not fixed. Human Development’s basic goal is to keep certain
conditions where the people of a region can lead meaningful lives.

A meaningful life doesn’t mean that a life should be long only. It should be a life with
purpose. It means that people should be healthy, be capable to participate in society
and develop different talents and should be free to achieve their goals. They should get
full access to education, health facilities and different resources.

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Book : Fundamentals of Human Geography Ncert Solutions | Chapter - 4 Social Science Geography

Due to deprivation of certain life chances, there should not be any hindrance in the
progress of a person. They should be able to lead a healthy and long life, get a chance
to gain an education and lead a decent life. It enlarges the choices of people.

(ii) Equity means equal access of opportunities to every person. The equal opportunities
should be made available to every person irrespective of their income, race, gender and
caste (only in the context of India). It aims to provide equal opportunity to everyone who
do not have any special privilege or restriction to a person or group. It is important for
human development to ensure access to resources so that choices could be fulfilled
and people could lead a meaningful life.

For example, one should note to which group the school dropouts belongs to in a
particular country. It would then lead to understanding of such behaviour. In a country
like India, people especially women belonging to socially and economically backward
families drop out of schools. It shows how people’s choices get limited since there is a
lack of education.

Sustainability refers to use of resources in such a way that it fulfills the requirement of
the present generation without compromising on its availability for future people. Each
generation must get equal opportunities to maintain sustainability. Example, if you keep
using coal in excess amount in present, then the future people would have to struggle
for it.

Page : 21 , Block Name : Long Answer Question

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