NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography (Fundamentals of Human Geography) Chapter 5 Secondary Activities

NCERT
SOLUTIONS
CLASS - 12th

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Book : Fundamentals of Human Geography Ncert Solutions | Chapter - 6 Social Science Geography

Class : 12th

Subject : Geography

Chapter : 6

Chapter Name : Secondary Activities

Q1 Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below.

(i) Which one of the following statements is wrong?

(a) Cheap water transport has facilitated the jute mill industry along the Hugli.

(b) Sugar, cotton textiles and vegetable oils are footloose industries.

(c) The development of hydro-electricity and petroleum reduced, to a great extent, the
importance of coal energy as a locational factor for industry.

(d) Port towns in India have attracted industries.

(ii) In which one of the following types of economy are the factors of production owned
individually ?

(a) Capitalist

(b) Mixed

(c) Socialist

(d) None

(iii) Which one of the following types of industries produces raw materials for other industries?

(a) Cottage Industries

(b) Small-scale Industries

(c) Basic Industries

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Book : Fundamentals of Human Geography Ncert Solutions | Chapter - 6 Social Science Geography

(d) Footloose Industries

(iv) Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched ?

(a) Automobile industry … Los Angeles

(b) Shipbuilding industry … Lusaka

(c) Aircraft industry … Florence

(d) Iron and Steel industry … Pittsburgh

Answer.

(i) (b) Sugar, cotton textiles and vegetable oils are footloose industries.

(ii) (a) Capitalist

(iii) (c) Basic Industries

(iv) (d) Iron and Steel industry … Pittsburgh

Page : 54 , Block Name : Multiple Choice Questions

Q2 Write a short note on the following in about 30 words.

(i) High-Tech industry

(ii) Manufacturing

(iii) Footloose industries

Answer.

(i) High-Tech industries are the latest development in the manufacturing industries of our current
generation. It combines the application of development and massive research into product

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Book : Fundamentals of Human Geography Ncert Solutions | Chapter - 6 Social Science Geography

manufacturing which are of advanced engineering and scientific character. The large share of
total workforce comprises of professional (white collar) workers.

(ii) It transforms raw materials into finished goods of high value for its sale in different markets.
In this way, it adds value to natural resources. It involves production on full scale such as
moulding iron, handicrafts, stamping out plastic toys, assemble computer components or space
vehicles that are delicate.

(iii) We can locate footloose industries in various places. They do not depend on specific weight
losing, raw materials or anything as such. Mostly, they depend on component parts which one
can obtain from anywhere.

Page : 54 , Block Name : Short Answer Question

Q3 Answer the following in not more than 150 words.

(i) Differentiate between primary and secondary activities.

(ii) Discuss the major trends of modern industrial activities especially in the developed countries
of the world.

(iii) Explain why high-tech industries in many countries are being attracted to the peripheral
areas of major metropolitan centres.

(iv) Africa has immense natural resources and yet it is industrially the most backward continent.
Comment.

Answer.

(i)

Primary Activities Secondary Activities

Such activities are directly dependent on the With the help of such activities, values are
environment. provided to natural resources. Here raw
materials are transformed into raw products.

People work outdoors mostly. People work with machines and latest
technologies.

They are called ‘red collar’ workers since they They are called ‘Blue Collar workers.
work outdoors.

It involves processes such as agriculture, It involves industry sectors such as
mining, building things, fisheries, quarrying, processing, manufacturing, construction, etc.

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Book : Fundamentals of Human Geography Ncert Solutions | Chapter - 6 Social Science Geography

etc.

These activities are common in poor and Such activities are mostly found in developed
developing countries. countries.

(ii) In the Modern times manufacturing industries have flourished in major concentrations in
many places. They cover around 10% of total global area. These countries are centre of political
and economic power. In terms of total area covered, sites of manufacturing are less
concentrated on small areas of agriculture due to higher intensity of processes. For example an
American corn belt whose size is 2.5 sq km has four farms and employs around 15 workers and
support almost 100 persons. However, if the same area had some integrated factories it could
have employed thousands of workers.

Few characteristics of modern industries in the modern world are:

● Mechanisation: It involves gadget use to accomplish certain tasks. Advanced stage of
mechanisation is automation.
● Technological Innovation: They are done through development and research strategy
and are required aspect for eliminating inefficiency and waste, quality control and to
combat pollution.
● Organisational structure and Stratification: Following factors characterise modern
manufacturing:

-large organisation

-executive bureaucracy

-a complex machine technology with extreme specialization and labour division in order
to produce goods at less effort and low costs

-capital in vast amount

(iii) High tech industries are the latest generation of manufacturing industries. Professional
workers make a large percentage of total workforce in this space. These workers are primarily
based in urban areas. Since central areas of cities have high rents they have situated
themselves in a periphery.

Another reason why this industry is situated in the periphery is because of low rent and its
closeness to the urban centres which can provide them with workers availability whenever
required. Dispersed, modem, neatly spaced, office lab buildings instead of massive storage
areas, factories, assembly structures completes an industrial space which is high-tech.

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Book : Fundamentals of Human Geography Ncert Solutions | Chapter - 6 Social Science Geography

For massive setups, large areas are needed which is not available in major metropolitan cities
cities since they have high population. Therefore, these industries are set up near the urban
centres where adequate space is easily available. Since such industries are situated near urban
space, one can get easy access to the urban markets. Example Hinjewadi IT park near Pune is
a major tech hub.

(iv) Africa has natural resources in abundant amount in terms of its water, forest and land
resources apart from the mineral and energy resources. Its human resources are also not
properly developed. It lacks all those characteristics that marks an industrially developed
nation. Following are few reasons which explains why Africa is not developed industrially:

● Mechanization and Technological Innovation: Industries in Africa are not connected with
competing industries across the globe. Here sharing of technologies doesn’t takes place
on a large scale due to which innovation doesn’t take place. Since the mechanization
level is low, production also faces a cut.
● Specialization of skills and methods of production: The industries in Africa still use
primitive methods of production. Due to which, their yield is low. Workers have a lack of
training and opportunities. Due to this their human capital is still low-skilled.
● Government Policies: Several African countries are facing or have faced political turmoil
in the past where millions of people were killed. Due to this a long term and healthy
government policies towards industries is absent in such countries. Due to this, even
foreign MNCs hesitate to invest here.
● Access to Labour Supply: Since Africa is populous, there are plenty of Blue collar
workers available. There is a shortage of skilled labour. Due to this industries suffer on
technological and managerial fronts.

Page : 54 , Block Name : Long Answer Question

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