NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography (India - People and Economy) Chapter 1 Population: Distribution, Density, Growth and Composition
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Page 1
NCERT
SOLUTIONS
CLASS - 12th
aglase .co
SOLUTIONS
CLASS - 12th
aglase .co
Page 2
Book : India- People and Economy Ncert Solutions | Chapter - 1 Social Science Geography
Class : 12th
Subject : Geography
Chapter : 1
Chapter Name : POPULATION : Distribution, Density, Growth and Composition
Q1 Choose the right answers of the following from the given options.
(i) India’s population as per 2011 census is :
(a) 1028 million
(b) 3182 million
(c) 3287 million
(d) 1210 million
(ii) Which one of the following states has the highest density of population in India?
(a) West Bengal
(b) Kerala
(c) Uttar Pradesh
(d) Punjab
(iii) Which one of the following states has the highest proportion of urban population in India
according to 2011 Census?
(a) Tamil Nadu
(b) Maharashtra
(c) Kerala
(d) Goa
Page 1 of 6
Class : 12th
Subject : Geography
Chapter : 1
Chapter Name : POPULATION : Distribution, Density, Growth and Composition
Q1 Choose the right answers of the following from the given options.
(i) India’s population as per 2011 census is :
(a) 1028 million
(b) 3182 million
(c) 3287 million
(d) 1210 million
(ii) Which one of the following states has the highest density of population in India?
(a) West Bengal
(b) Kerala
(c) Uttar Pradesh
(d) Punjab
(iii) Which one of the following states has the highest proportion of urban population in India
according to 2011 Census?
(a) Tamil Nadu
(b) Maharashtra
(c) Kerala
(d) Goa
Page 1 of 6
Page 3
Book : India- People and Economy Ncert Solutions | Chapter - 1 Social Science Geography
(iv) Which one of the following is the largest linguistic group of India?
(a) Sino – Tibetan
(b) Indo – Aryan
(c) Austric
(d) Dravidian
Answer.
(i) (d) 1210 million
(ii) (a) West Bengal
(iii) (b) Maharashtra
(iv) (b) Indo – Aryan
Page : 13 , Block Name : Multiple Choice Questions
Q2 Answer the following questions in about 30 words.
(i) Very hot and dry and very cold and wet regions of India have low density of population. In this
light, explain the role of climate on the distribution of population.
(ii) Which states have large rural population in India? Give one reason for such large rural
population.
(iii) Why do some states of India have higher rates of work participation than others?
(iv) ‘The agricultural sector has the largest share of Indian workers.’ – Explain.
Answer.
(i) Climate plays a very crucial role in the distribution of population. Rainfall and temperature
directly influence the population density and spatial distribution. Extreme weather conditions in
states like Jammu and Kashmir, where the temperature falls below freezing point or in the Thar
desert where temperatures are soaring high have low population density due to the harsh living
conditions.
Page 2 of 6
(iv) Which one of the following is the largest linguistic group of India?
(a) Sino – Tibetan
(b) Indo – Aryan
(c) Austric
(d) Dravidian
Answer.
(i) (d) 1210 million
(ii) (a) West Bengal
(iii) (b) Maharashtra
(iv) (b) Indo – Aryan
Page : 13 , Block Name : Multiple Choice Questions
Q2 Answer the following questions in about 30 words.
(i) Very hot and dry and very cold and wet regions of India have low density of population. In this
light, explain the role of climate on the distribution of population.
(ii) Which states have large rural population in India? Give one reason for such large rural
population.
(iii) Why do some states of India have higher rates of work participation than others?
(iv) ‘The agricultural sector has the largest share of Indian workers.’ – Explain.
Answer.
(i) Climate plays a very crucial role in the distribution of population. Rainfall and temperature
directly influence the population density and spatial distribution. Extreme weather conditions in
states like Jammu and Kashmir, where the temperature falls below freezing point or in the Thar
desert where temperatures are soaring high have low population density due to the harsh living
conditions.
Page 2 of 6
Page 4
Book : India- People and Economy Ncert Solutions | Chapter - 1 Social Science Geography
In contrast, the regions of northern plains, deltas and coastal regions are regularly rain fed and
are influenced by moderate climate which allows for better irrigation and agricultural
development thereby resulting in higher population density.
(ii) According to the Census 2011 India has 640,867 villages out of which 597,608 (93.2 per
cent) are inhabited. States like Bihar and Sikkim have very high percentage of rural population.
This is because they are in the first and second stage of the demographic transition where the
majority of the people are engaged in agricultural activities and manufacturing sector is still
evolving keeping their rural base high. Whereas States like Goa and Maharashtra have only a
little over half of their total population residing in villages since they are fairly developed.
Therefore the level of development of state economies and their occupational stage influence
their rural-urban concentration.
(iii) The work participation rate in India is dependent on the occupational engagement of its
people and the economic robustness of each state. Like in the areas of lower levels of economic
development more number of manual workers are needed to perform the subsistence economic
activities. Such trend is seen in rural areas and states like Bihar, Jharkhand and Orissa.
Further lopsided development which established only few growth poles like Rourkela, Bhilai and
Durgapur which led to high growth of certain regions while other areas remained relatively
undeveloped. This led to regional disparity where few states like Maharashtra,Tamil Nadu and
Gujarat became economically prosperous while other states namely BIMARU (Bihar, Madhya
Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh) stayed behind. Thus, some states of India have higher
rates of work participation than others.
(iv) As per the Census 2011, 68.8% of Indian population resides in its rural areas. Agriculture,
with its allied sectors, is the largest source of livelihoods in India and 70 percent of its rural
households still depend primarily on agriculture for their livelihood, with 82 percent of farmers
being small and marginal.This sector contributes 17% to the Indian GDP and consists of
landowners, tenant farmers, dairy poultry and fishery, and agricultural and milk producers along
with labourers and daily wage workers. The agriculture sector therefore employs people of
varied competencies, this sector is also high for its disguised and seasonal employment rates.
However it has more people engaged and less productivity per household. This has also led to
livelihood loss, poverty and misery for many.
There is a need to revive and strengthen the agricultural sector along with diversification and
expansion in manufacturing and service sector to absorb and provide better livelihood
opportunities to people.
Page : 14 , Block Name : Short Answer Question
Page 3 of 6
In contrast, the regions of northern plains, deltas and coastal regions are regularly rain fed and
are influenced by moderate climate which allows for better irrigation and agricultural
development thereby resulting in higher population density.
(ii) According to the Census 2011 India has 640,867 villages out of which 597,608 (93.2 per
cent) are inhabited. States like Bihar and Sikkim have very high percentage of rural population.
This is because they are in the first and second stage of the demographic transition where the
majority of the people are engaged in agricultural activities and manufacturing sector is still
evolving keeping their rural base high. Whereas States like Goa and Maharashtra have only a
little over half of their total population residing in villages since they are fairly developed.
Therefore the level of development of state economies and their occupational stage influence
their rural-urban concentration.
(iii) The work participation rate in India is dependent on the occupational engagement of its
people and the economic robustness of each state. Like in the areas of lower levels of economic
development more number of manual workers are needed to perform the subsistence economic
activities. Such trend is seen in rural areas and states like Bihar, Jharkhand and Orissa.
Further lopsided development which established only few growth poles like Rourkela, Bhilai and
Durgapur which led to high growth of certain regions while other areas remained relatively
undeveloped. This led to regional disparity where few states like Maharashtra,Tamil Nadu and
Gujarat became economically prosperous while other states namely BIMARU (Bihar, Madhya
Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh) stayed behind. Thus, some states of India have higher
rates of work participation than others.
(iv) As per the Census 2011, 68.8% of Indian population resides in its rural areas. Agriculture,
with its allied sectors, is the largest source of livelihoods in India and 70 percent of its rural
households still depend primarily on agriculture for their livelihood, with 82 percent of farmers
being small and marginal.This sector contributes 17% to the Indian GDP and consists of
landowners, tenant farmers, dairy poultry and fishery, and agricultural and milk producers along
with labourers and daily wage workers. The agriculture sector therefore employs people of
varied competencies, this sector is also high for its disguised and seasonal employment rates.
However it has more people engaged and less productivity per household. This has also led to
livelihood loss, poverty and misery for many.
There is a need to revive and strengthen the agricultural sector along with diversification and
expansion in manufacturing and service sector to absorb and provide better livelihood
opportunities to people.
Page : 14 , Block Name : Short Answer Question
Page 3 of 6
Page 5
Book : India- People and Economy Ncert Solutions | Chapter - 1 Social Science Geography
Q3 Answer the following questions in about 150 words.
(i) Discuss the spatial pattern of density of population in India.
(ii) Give an account of the occupational structure of India’s population.
Answer.
(i) India has a very uneven pattern of population distribution on account of physical,
socio-economic and historical factors. Population density is expressed as number of persons
per unit area. According to Census 2011, The density of population in India is 382 persons per
sq km. This ranges from as low as 17 persons per sq km in Arunachal Pradesh to 11,297
persons in the National Capital Territory of Delhi.
In the case of northern Indian States, Bihar (1102), West Bengal (1029) and Uttar Pradesh
(828) have higher densities, while Kerala (859) and Tamil Nadu (555) have higher densities
among the peninsular Indian states. While the States like Assam, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh,
Haryana, Jharkhand, Odisha have moderate densities. The hill states of the Himalayan region
and North eastern states of India (excluding Assam) have relatively low densities.
Climate along with terrain and availability of water determine the pattern of the population
distribution like in the north indian plains, deltas and Coastal regions higher proportion of
population is found than in the interior districts of southern and central Indian States and
Himalayas. However, development of irrigation (Rajasthan), availability of mineral and energy
resources (Jharkhand) and development of transport network (Peninsular States) have resulted
in moderate to high concentration of population in areas which were previously very thinly
populated.
The socio-economic and historical factors which govern population density include evolution of
settled agriculture and agricultural development; pattern of human settlement; development of
transport network, industrialisation and urbanisation. Further, the urban regions of Delhi,
Mumbai, Kolkata, Bengaluru, Pune, Ahmedabad, Chennai and Jaipur have high concentration
of population due to industrial development and urbanisation drawing a large number of
rural-urban migrants.
Page 4 of 6
Q3 Answer the following questions in about 150 words.
(i) Discuss the spatial pattern of density of population in India.
(ii) Give an account of the occupational structure of India’s population.
Answer.
(i) India has a very uneven pattern of population distribution on account of physical,
socio-economic and historical factors. Population density is expressed as number of persons
per unit area. According to Census 2011, The density of population in India is 382 persons per
sq km. This ranges from as low as 17 persons per sq km in Arunachal Pradesh to 11,297
persons in the National Capital Territory of Delhi.
In the case of northern Indian States, Bihar (1102), West Bengal (1029) and Uttar Pradesh
(828) have higher densities, while Kerala (859) and Tamil Nadu (555) have higher densities
among the peninsular Indian states. While the States like Assam, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh,
Haryana, Jharkhand, Odisha have moderate densities. The hill states of the Himalayan region
and North eastern states of India (excluding Assam) have relatively low densities.
Climate along with terrain and availability of water determine the pattern of the population
distribution like in the north indian plains, deltas and Coastal regions higher proportion of
population is found than in the interior districts of southern and central Indian States and
Himalayas. However, development of irrigation (Rajasthan), availability of mineral and energy
resources (Jharkhand) and development of transport network (Peninsular States) have resulted
in moderate to high concentration of population in areas which were previously very thinly
populated.
The socio-economic and historical factors which govern population density include evolution of
settled agriculture and agricultural development; pattern of human settlement; development of
transport network, industrialisation and urbanisation. Further, the urban regions of Delhi,
Mumbai, Kolkata, Bengaluru, Pune, Ahmedabad, Chennai and Jaipur have high concentration
of population due to industrial development and urbanisation drawing a large number of
rural-urban migrants.
Page 4 of 6
Page 6
Book : India- People and Economy Ncert Solutions | Chapter - 1 Social Science Geography
Fig. :- Spatial pattern of Population Density of India
(ii) The population of India, according to occupational status, can be classified as main workers,
marginal workers and non-workers. The proportion of workers (main and marginal) is only 39.8
per cent (2011). This indicates an economic status in which there is a larger proportion (60%) of
dependent population.
Proportion of working population ranges from about 39.6 per cent in Goa to about 49.9 per cent
in Daman and Diu.The states with larger percentages of workers are Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim,
Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur and
Meghalaya. Among the Union Territories, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu have
higher participation rate.
In India, the work participation rate is higher in the areas of lower levels of economic
development since in these regions more number of manual workers are needed to perform
subsistence economic activities. This is also because India is largely a labor-intensive country.
The primary sector employs much larger proportion of people than the manufacturing and
tertiary sector. About 54.6 per cent of total working population are cultivators and agricultural
labourers, whereas only 3.8% of workers are engaged in household industries and 41.6 % are
other workers including non-household industries, trade, commerce, construction and repair and
other services. There is a need for diversification and shift in this trend.
Page : 14 , Block Name : Long Answer Question
Page 5 of 6
Fig. :- Spatial pattern of Population Density of India
(ii) The population of India, according to occupational status, can be classified as main workers,
marginal workers and non-workers. The proportion of workers (main and marginal) is only 39.8
per cent (2011). This indicates an economic status in which there is a larger proportion (60%) of
dependent population.
Proportion of working population ranges from about 39.6 per cent in Goa to about 49.9 per cent
in Daman and Diu.The states with larger percentages of workers are Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim,
Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur and
Meghalaya. Among the Union Territories, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu have
higher participation rate.
In India, the work participation rate is higher in the areas of lower levels of economic
development since in these regions more number of manual workers are needed to perform
subsistence economic activities. This is also because India is largely a labor-intensive country.
The primary sector employs much larger proportion of people than the manufacturing and
tertiary sector. About 54.6 per cent of total working population are cultivators and agricultural
labourers, whereas only 3.8% of workers are engaged in household industries and 41.6 % are
other workers including non-household industries, trade, commerce, construction and repair and
other services. There is a need for diversification and shift in this trend.
Page : 14 , Block Name : Long Answer Question
Page 5 of 6
Page 7
Book : India- People and Economy Ncert Solutions | Chapter - 1 Social Science Geography
Page 6 of 6
Page 6 of 6
Document Details
| Board / Org | NCERT |
| Exam | Class 12 |
| Type | Solution |
| Pages | 7 |
| Updated | 22 Jul 2026 |