NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography (India - People and Economy) Migration: Types, Causes and Consequences [Old Book]

NCERT
SOLUTIONS
CLASS - 12th

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Book : India- People and Economy Ncert Solutions | Chapter - 2 Social Science Geography

Class : 12th

Subject : Geography

Chapter : 2

Chapter Name : MIGRATION Types, Causes and Consequences

Q1 Choose the right answers of the following from the given options.

(i) Which one of the following is the main reason for male migration in India?

(a) Education

(b) Business

(c) Work and employment

(d) Marriage

(ii) Which one of the following states receives maximum number of immigrants?

(a) Uttar Pradesh

(b) Delhi

(c) Maharashtra

(d) Bihar

(iii) Which one of the following streams is dominated by male migrants in India?

(a) Rural-rural

(b) Urban-rural

(c) Rural-urban

(d) Urban-Urban

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Book : India- People and Economy Ncert Solutions | Chapter - 2 Social Science Geography

(iv) Which one of the following urban agglomerations has the highest share of migrant
population?

(a) Mumbai UA

(b) Delhi UA

(c) Bengaluru UA

(d) Chennai UA

Answer.

(i) (c) Work and employment

(ii) (c) Maharashtra

(iii) (c) Rural-urban

(iv) (a) Mumbai UA

Page : 22 , Block Name : Multiple Choice Questions

Q2 Answer the following questions in about 30 words.

(i) Differentiate between life-time migrant and migrant by last residence.

(ii) Identify the main reason for male/female selective migration.

(iii) What is the impact of rural-urban migration on the age and sex structure of the place of
origin and destination?

Answer.

(i) As per Census of India, if the place of birth of a person is different from the place of
enumeration at the time of census, migrant is known as life-time migrant and if the place of last
residence of the person is different from the place of enumeration, then the migrant is known as
migrant by place of last residence.

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Book : India- People and Economy Ncert Solutions | Chapter - 2 Social Science Geography

(ii) Males migrate from rural to urban areas for education, employment opportunities and better
standards of living. Female migration is mainly intra-state due to marriage.

The female population is dominant in both inter-state as well as intra-state migration as far as
rural-rural migration is concerned whereas the male population dominates the rural-urban
migration did to economic reasons.

(iii) Migration of population especially rural-urban migration is one of the important factors
contributing to population growth of cities mainly due to poverty, lack of basic infrastructural
facilities, natural disasters etc. Therefore, people tend to move from a place of low opportunity
and low safety to a place of higher opportunity and better safety.

Rural-urban migration is generally undertaken by the people who belong to the age group of
16-50 years, considered as the working group. So the rural areas are left with women, children
and aged people. Thus there is a huge change in the demographics of the rural areas.

On the contrary, the destination where the population migrates to, gets overcrowded which in
turn leads to over exploitation of resources, many a times it leads to unplanned growth of urban
settlement and formation of slums, etc.

Page : 22 , Block Name : Short Answer Questions

Q3 Answer the following questions in about 150 words.

(i) Discuss the consequences of international migration in India.

(ii) What are the socio demographic consequences of migration?

Answer.

(i) According to Census 2001 more than 5 million people have migrated to India from other
countries. 96 per cent came from the neighbouring countries: Bangladesh followed by Pakistan
and Nepal. There are around 20 million people of Indian Diaspora, spread across 110 countries.

Consequences of international migration in India are :-

Positive Consequences

➔​ Remittances from abroad helps in bringing in much needed foreign currency, thus
increasing India’s forex reserves and helps in balance of payment crisis.

➔​ Migration leads to mingling of people from diverse cultures which leads to composite culture
and wide mental horizon of the people at large.

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Book : India- People and Economy Ncert Solutions | Chapter - 2 Social Science Geography

Negative Consequences

➔​ The loss of human resources particularly highly skilled people i.e. Brain drain

➔​ This results in long term loss of talent for India and slows down the development process.

(ii) Migration is the movement of people from one place to another in search of better
opportunities. It redistributes population over space and time.There are many reasons why
people migrate like work, employment, marriage, better opportunities or forced migration like
natural calamities. The socio demographic consequences are :-

➔​ Demographic Consequences

Age and sex selective out migration from the rural area have adverse effect on the rural
demographic structure. High out migration of young males from source states like Uttarakhand,
Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Eastern Maharashtra have brought serious imbalances in
these states. Similar imbalances are also brought in the destination states like Gujarat, Tamil
Nadu, Andhra Pradesh etc. Male population increases in urban areas while female population
increases in rural areas and leads to feminisation of agriculture.

➔​ Social Consequences

Migrants are catalyst of social change, they enable inter-cultural exchange related to new
technologies, new ideas like family planning, girl’s education, etc. This is called ‘Social
Remittances’. This brings in positive contributions such as evolution of composite culture and
breaking through the narrow considerations and also widens the mental horizon of the people at
large. However negative consequences like crime and drug abuse are also seen.

Page : 22 , Block Name : Long Answer Questions

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