NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography (India - People and Economy) Human Development [Old Book]

NCERT
SOLUTIONS
CLASS - 12th

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Book : India- People and Economy Ncert Solutions | Chapter - 3 Social Science Geography

Class : 12th

Subject : Geography

Chapter : 3

Chapter Name : HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

Q1 Choose the right answers of the following from the given options.

(i) Which one of the following is India’s rank in terms of Human Development Index among the
countries of the world in 2016?

(a) 126

(b) 134

(c) 128

(d) 131

(ii) Which one of the following states of India has the highest rank in the Human Development
Index?

(a) Tamil Nadu

(b) Punjab

(c) Kerala

(d) Haryana

(iii) Which one of the following states of India has the lowest female literacy?

(a) Jammu and Kashmir

(b) Arunachal Pradesh

(c) Jharkhand

(d) Bihar

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Book : India- People and Economy Ncert Solutions | Chapter - 3 Social Science Geography

(iv) Which one of the following states of India has the lowest female child sex ratio 0-6 years?

(a) Gujarat

(b) Haryana

(c) Punjab

(d) Himachal Pradesh

(v) Which one of the following Union Territories of India has the highest literacy rate?

(a) Lakshadweep

(b) Chandigarh

(c) Daman and Diu

(d) Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Answer.

(i) (d) 131

(ii) (c) Kerala

(iii) (d) Bihar

(iv) (b) Haryana

(v) (a) Lakshadweep

Page : 31 , Block Name : Multiple Choice Questions

Q2 Answer the following questions in about 30 words.

(i) Define Human Development.

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Book : India- People and Economy Ncert Solutions | Chapter - 3 Social Science Geography

(ii) Give two reasons for low levels of Human Development in most of the Northern States of
India.

(iii) Give two reasons for declining child sex ratio in India.

Answer.

(i) “Human development is the process of enlarging the range of people’s choices and
opportunities.This includes opportunities related to education, health care, income etc. which
enable economic, social and political freedom of individuals.”

(ii) There are several socio-political, economic and historical reasons for such a state of affair.
The two main reasons for low levels of Human Development in most of the Northern States of
India are :-

➔​ Lower level of economic and social development and lower literacy levels

➔​ Lack of proper employment opportunities and joblessness

(iii) Two reasons for declining child sex ratio in India are :-

➔​ Patriarchal mindset of society makes people prefer male children over female as males are
seen as natural heir and support for old age.

➔​ Practice of female foeticide, sex selective birth practices are prevelant in many regions still.

Page : 31 , Block Name : Short Answer Questions

Q3 Answer the following questions in about 150 words.

(i) Discuss the spatial patterns of female literacy in India in 2011 and bring out the reasons
responsible for it.

(ii) Which factors have caused spatial variations in the levels of Human Development among the
states in India?

Answer.

(i) Overall literacy in India is approximately 74.04 per cent (2011) while female literacy is only
65.46 per cent. It is seen that southern states of India like Kerela and Tamil Nadu have a higher

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Book : India- People and Economy Ncert Solutions | Chapter - 3 Social Science Geography

literacy rate than the national average. Kerala (2011) holds the first rank in the country in female
literacy with 94% in comparison to Rajasthan with 66.10%. And Bihar with 61.80% .

Fig. Spatial distribution of female literacy in India

The main reason behind this spatial difference are-

➔ States like Kerala and Tamil Nadu have consistently invested in education and health of
females. These states have well functioning schemes and programs to support the female child.

➔​ States like Rajasthan and Bihar have lagged behind due to their regressive practices and for
their patriarchal outlook.

➔ Low investment towards the girl child and her education due to the mindset, is one of the
major reasons of low female literacy rate in India.

➔​ Lack of accessibility to school in rural areas is responsible for low literacy rate. Parents do
not prefer to send girls to schools if these are located at a far distance from their village or
home.

➔ Lack of sanitation facilities due to which parents do no prefer sending their daughters to
school.

➔ Enrolment rate of girls in school is low and drop out rate is high which leads to low retention
rate of females in school.

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Book : India- People and Economy Ncert Solutions | Chapter - 3 Social Science Geography

(ii) The factors that have caused spatial variations in the levels of Human Development among
the states in India are socio-political, economic and historical :

Socio-Political Reasons

1. The difference in literacy rates like kerala achieved near 100 percent literacy.States like
Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Assam and Uttar Pradesh very low literacy show very
low value of HDI.
2. The literacy rates in North Indian states are lower as compared to South Indian states.
3. Government will and initiatives like MNREGA, Skill India , Mahila-E haats etc enhance
the well being of people. Eg. West Bengal has introduced many successful initiatives to
improve women's empowerment.

Economic Reasons

1. Levels of economic development play significant impacts on HDI. Economically
developed states like Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Punjab and Haryana have higher
value of HDI as compared to states like Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, etc.
2. This directly affects the level of economic opportunities available and sophistication of
social and industrial infrastructure in the region.

Historical Reasons

1. Regional distortions and Social disparities​ ​which developed during the colonial period
continue to play an important role in the Indian economy, polity and society.
2. The Government of India has made concerted efforts to institutionalise the balanced
development with its main focus on social distributive justice through planned
development.

Page : 31 , Block Name : Long Answer Questions

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