TIFR GS 2026 Question Paper with Answer Key Science Education

FOR TIFR GS EXAM PREPARATION

TIFR GS 2026
Question Paper ·
Science
EXAM YEAR TYPE SUBJECT DETAILS

TIFR GS 2026 Question Paper Science Education

Notes · Sample Papers · Previous Year Papers · Mock Tests

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a Education – 2026
Entrance Test for Ph.D. Programme in Science

Read the following instructions carefully.
• This paper has two sections. The section I (100 marks) is of multiple choice questions

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and section II is descriptive (50 marks).
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There are a total of 80 questions in section I distributed among different subjects as:
Q 1 to 25:.Quantitative reasoning, scientific literacy and technical comprehension. se
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25 to 40: Social and cognitive sciences and education.
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o agQ 41 to 80: Ten questions each on biology (41 to 50), chemistry (51 to 60), mathe-
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matics (61 to 70) and physics (71 to 80).
• Section I questions are of multiple-choice type with four options, out of which only one
option is correct. Each question carries equal weightage. A correct answer earns 2
marks. No negative marking.
• You may answer any 50 questions from section I. If more than 50 questions are
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attempted, the score obtained will be normalized to that corresponding to 50 questions.
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Section II is of 50 marks. It has 3 questions (Q 81, Q 82, Q 83)
o Q 81 is of 20 marks,
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o Q 82 and Q 83 are 15 a
marks each.

Please note
• You will need to click on ‘Submit’ at the end of Section I (followed by prompts for sub-
mission for marking) to access Section II for the first time. However, you can continue

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switching between sections anytime to edit/update your response.
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c. o• While typing in the text boxes, the following function keys CANNOTsebemused/operated:
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of the text matter already typed in that particular text box.] The text
and you do not need to do anything.

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Section I:
Multiple Choice Questions

Quantitative Reasoning, Scientific Literacy and Technical Comprehension

Question 1:

If the milkman does not deliver milk or the geyser does not work, only then Manoj will be
late for school and lunch will be cooked late. Suppose lunch was actually cooked on time.
Which of the following is true?

A) Manoj was late for school.
B) Geyser worked, as well as the milkman delivered the milk.
C) Geyser worked, but the milkman did not deliver the milk.
D) None of the statements are definitely true.

Correct Option: B

Question 2:

A) A and C B) B and D

C) C and D D) A and D

Correct Option: D

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Question 3: a

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A) Exactly 46 players have only 1 skill
B)
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Exactly 53 players have only 2 skills
C) Exactly 7 players have only 3 skills
D) Exactly 62 players have 2 or more skills
Correct Option: D

Question 4:

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A) mode < median < mean B) mode < mean < median

C) mean < median < mode D) median < mode < mean

Correct Option: A

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Question 5:

A) B) C) D)

Correct Option: A

Question 6:

A) B) C) D)

Correct Option: C

Question 7:

A) B) C) D)

Correct Option: A

Question 8:

A) B) C) D)

Correct Option: B

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Question 9: a

A) 146 B) 170 C) 182 D) 200

Correct Option: B
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Question 10:
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A) 3 B) 9 C) 27 D) 36

Correct Option: B

Question 11:

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A) 20 days
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B) 30 days C) 40 days D) 50 days

Correct Option: C

Question 12:

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B) C) D)
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Question 13:

A) A right-angled scalene triangle.

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B) An acute angled scalene triangle.
C) An acute angled isosceles right-angled triangle.
D) A right-angled isosceles triangle.
Correct Option: B

Question 14:

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

Correct Option: A

Question 15:

A) 99 B) 81 C) 72 D) 45

Correct Option: A

Question 16-20:

Read the passage carefully and answer questions based on the passage.

Since 1999, a “two hours a day” restriction has been recommended for screen time for children,
yet American households continue to consume far more media than such recommendations
allow. At the basis of such largely ignored admonitions is a dosage model of technology in
which a presumed homogeneous substance called “screen time” is the intervention; and
changes in some set of continuous and measurable variables (e.g., literacy, aggression, social
acuity, BMI) are the outcomes. However, to treat “screen time” as a meaningful unit of analysis
is to carve the world at the wrong ontological joints. If we want to make claims about what is
and is not good for children and counsel parents on how to regulate, mediate, and participate
in media use in the home, we need to understand the black box of screen time. We also need to

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unpack how technology is used in specific ways in specificamaterial and social contexts, and
the relationship of that activity to systems of meaning beyond the device or screen.
In this article, we unpack the notion of screen time as a way to problematize the dosage model
of media use and the regulatory admonitions given to parents based on it. In this investigation,
we use Stake's instrumental case study methods to examine in detail a single child's activity in
the videogame Madden — the meaning, function and context of this play; and how it is tied to
other forms of engagement and the activity of American football. Madden is our bounded case,
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but, as we will show, the meaning of playing Madden comes from its location within the

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Data collection and. analysis involved observations of a 7-year-old male's gameplay and se
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attending activities
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activity across
throughaobservations. Field notes and screenshots were taken on both informal and formal
observations. Findings of the case study illustrate how digital games, streamed and live video,
print documents, tangible manipulatives, and physical action are caught up in a single coherent
transmedia endeavor. Their means and instruments are constructed first, perhaps, by media
producers but then deconstructed and repurposed by users themselves. The video game as
practiced is a simulated system tied to the real world it represents, and, as such, play is deeply
embedded in a complex semiotic, material, and social context. We conclude that constructs

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such as screen time quantity distract us from other, more explanatory constructs such as

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productive practice, critical consumption, developmental progressions, and intertextuality.

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(Adapted from: Squire, K. D., & Steinkuehler, C. (2017). The problem with screen time. Teachers College Record: The

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Voice of Scholarship in Education Volume 11 (12))

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Question 16

According to the passage, why is the "dosage model" of screen time considered problematic
by the authors?
i) It fails to differentiate between children's age groups.

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ii) It treats screen time as a uniform phenomenon, detached from contextual nuances.
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iii)

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A) Statements i, ii, and iii B) Statements ii, iii, and iv

C) Statements ii and iv D) Statements iii and iv

Correct Option: C

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Question 17

Which of the following terms can replace "ignored admonitions" in the paragraph?
A) Uncertain assertions B) Overlooked observations
C) Dismissed recommendations D) Unheeded warnings
Correct Option: D

Question 18

How do the authors characterize the relationship between media producers and users in the
context of transmedia engagement?
A) Users deconstruct and repurpose media content within their own contexts.
B) Users passively absorb the meaning encoded by producers.
C) Media producers strictly control how content is consumed.
D) Producers discourage interactive or multi-platform engagement.
Correct Option: A

Question 19

What methodologies did the researchers adopt for the above study?
A) Ethnographic immersion involving peer-group observations, researcher participation
in gameplay sessions, and thematic coding of recorded interactions.
B) Longitudinal study involving observations during gameplay, informal chat and
planned interaction, and accompanying field notes.
C) One long lab session of gameplay with pre- and post-tests, followed by a
questionnaire, along with parent survey and video rating checklist.
D) Gameplay analysis using standardised performance metrics with statistical
comparison of the player’s behaviour.
Correct Option: B

Question 20

Which of the following best captures the authors’ critique of conventional media guidelines
given to parents?
A) They are scientifically accurate but difficult to enforce.
B) They fail to recognize the complexity and context of media use.

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C) They are only suitable for educational screen content. a
D) They undervalue the entertainment value of games like Madden.

Correct Option: B

Question 21-25:
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Read the passage carefully and answer questions based on the passage.

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Recent years have seen a rising interest in understanding the trends and dimensions of inequality
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across countries as well as within countries. However, in most discussions on global inequality,
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emerging countries have found little mention, partly due to the lack of comparable long-term
data but also due to differences in the economic and social structures between emerging
economies and the developed countries. The absence of long-term time series data on personal
tax, incomes and wealth have been obstacles in understanding the nature of inequality and its
interaction with the process of growth in the emerging economies.

However, analysis of inequality within emerging countries is now seen as important not just
for concerns on growth and well-being in the developing countries but also for global growth
and development. Concerns about rising inequality have been flagged by the World Bank,
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International Monetary Fund and the Asian Development Bank. Reducing inequality has also
been added as one of the Sustainable Development Goals adopted by the United Nations.

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In most of the emerging economies, the role of inequality is not only important in

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understanding growth trajectories of these countries but is also important for understanding the
distribution of income across various population groups and between labour and capital. These
are driven by a combination of factors such as the level of informality in the economy, the
nature of the labour market, fiscal policies and tax structures, redistributive transfers as well as
capital and labour market regulations. This is much more important in the case of India where
the inequality is not only visible and has seen a rising trend in recent decades on the
conventional indicators of income and consumption, but there is also increasing disparity
between social and economic groups in access to education, health and public services.

However, the trend of rising inequality has received far less attention in the Indian context
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despite a clear rising trend since 1991. This is partly because a lot of focus on income

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distribution in India has remained limited to poverty rather than inequality. A much larger

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reason for this has been the belief that inequality is less of a problem in an economy which is

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growing so rapidly. In some ways, popular writing on inequality has justified rising inequality

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as a necessary byproduct of growth in developing countries. The fact that measured inequality
a on consumption expenditure in India appears to be lower than most of the developing countries
has meant that concerns on inequality have remained on the periphery. However, there is now
a renewed interest in understanding the drivers of inequality its impact on growth, mobility and
welfare in India.
(Adapted from ‘India inequality report 2018: Widening gaps’ prepared by Himanshu for Oxfam India)

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Question 21

Which of the following factor is NOT categorically mentioned as one of factors contributing
to rising inequality in emerging economies?

A) Increase in global commodity prices
B) Differences in the labour and capital market regulations
C) Differences in governments fiscal policies and tax structures
D) Level of informality in the economy

Correct Option: A

Question 22

Based on the passage, what might be a key reason why such data is more readily available in
developed countries compared to emerging economies?

A) Developed countries have more advanced technology for collecting tax and income
data.
B) Informal economies are less prominent in developed countries, making data easier to
track.
C) Emerging economies have more effective fiscal policies, reducing the need for
detailed data.
D) Developed countries focus more on poverty rather than inequality, making tax data
irrelevant.
Correct Option: B

Question 23
According to the passage, emerging economies like India were given less attention from
global inequality discussions mainly because:

A) They were considered less important for global economic trends.
B) Reliable and comparable long-term data were lacking
C) International agencies focused only on social inequality, not economic inequality.
D) Policy restrictions in developing countries prevent data collection and sharing.

Correct Option: B

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Question 24 a
What does the author imply about the common perception of inequality in a rapidly growing
economy like India?
A) It is viewed as a sign of failure in fiscal policy and tax structures.
B) It is generally ignored because poverty has already been reduced.
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C) It is often rationalized as an unavoidable part of the growth process.
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D) It is considered more serious than unemployment or inflation.

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Correct Option: C

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Question

The passage suggests that earlier studies and policies in India focused more on poverty than
on inequality. What consequence does the author hint at because of this focus?

A) The needs of the wealthiest groups have been neglected.
B)
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Economic growth has slowed down due to lack of strict tax regulations.
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Disparities in access to essential public services have remained underexplored.
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Poverty rates were overestimated in official statistics.

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Correct Option: C

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Social Sciences, Cognitive Sciences and Education

Question 26

Which of the following is a key objective of the NIPUN Bharat Mission launched by the
Ministry of Education?
A) Improving foundational literacy and numeracy for holistic development of children by the

end of Grade 8, by 2026–27.

B) Teacher Capacity Building for advanced mathematics curricula by 2026-27.

C) Improving foundational literacy and numeracy by the end of Grade 3 (by age 8), by 2026–

27

D) Enhancing interest in mathematics and technology education of children in the age group

of 10-12.

Correct Option: C

Question 27
The introduction of the Common University Entrance Test (CUET) sparked significant
national debates primarily because it:
A) Replaced existing internal assessment systems for admissions
B) Standardized entry processes, raising concerns regarding equity and access
C) Designed exclusively for admissions to research-oriented institutions
D) Assessed only language proficiency without evaluating broader academic competencies
Correct Option: B

Question 28

How do experiments typically interact with theoretical models in the process of knowledge
construction in science?

A) Experiments aim to dismantle theoretical models to build new ones.
B) Experiments confirm theoretical models as absolute truths.
C) Experiments act as the arbiter of theoretical models.
D) Experiments and theoretical models operate independently, rarely intersecting.

Correct Option: C

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Question 29

During a research methodology seminar, students are encouraged to design their own
investigations, defend their methodological choices, and critically evaluate evidence to
support their conclusions. This practice primarily reflects:
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A) The learner’s active capacity to construct, evaluate, and justify knowledge claims.
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C) The institutional
D) The a
student-centric processes used to grade or moderate individual research outputs.

Correct Option: A

Question 30

In many schools, students from certain socio-cultural backgrounds perform better not only

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because of resources at home but because their families expose them to language, values, and
. expect. This situation best represents:
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habits that closely match what the school stakeholders
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A) Differences in inherited intellectualg
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B) Equal learning opportunities provided in formal school setting.
C) Standardization of curriculum leading to the uniform student outcomes.
D) Transmission of cultural advantages that sustain social inequalities.

Correct Option: D

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key criterion that distinguishes scientific theories from non-scientific
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ones, according to

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B) Are widely accepted by the scientific community.
C) Make predictions that can be tested and potentially falsified.
D) Provide a comprehensive explanation for all observed phenomena.

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Question 32

In the year 2026, science will celebrate a major milestone - the 100 th anniversary of a
groundbreaking idea that changed our understanding of the atomic world. Which event is
being commemorated?

A) Einstein's theory of relativity B) Discovery of X rays

C) Dirac's quantum field theory D) Schrödinger's wave mechanics

Correct Option: D

Question 33

The results of the National Achievement Survey (NAS) are frequently reported in newspapers
to indicate:

A) The overall quality and adequacy of science laboratories (and related infrastructure) in
colleges across regions
B) Patterns in students’ achievements and teachers’ recruitment and within different
education systems
C) Students’ learning outcomes and achievement levels across various school grades and
subjects.
D) Trends in dropout rates specifically observed in private educational institutions

Correct Option: C

Question 34

Which psychologist is associated with the idea that behavior is primarily shaped by
environmental stimuli and reinforcement?

A) Jean Piaget B) Lev Vygotsky

C) Sigmund Freud D) Burrhus F. Skinner

Correct Option: D

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Question 35 a
Which of the following is NOT a guiding principle of the Right to Education (RTE) Act,
2009?
A) Free and compulsory education for ages 6–14.
B) No detention and no board examination till Grade 8.
C) Neighbourhood schooling.
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D) Specific funds per student per year earmarked for innovative teaching-learning
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Correct Option: D
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Question

When children begin to reason logically about tangible objects and familiar situations, yet
struggle to deal with abstract or hypothetical ideas, their thinking reflects:
A) Egocentric reasoning focused mainly on their own perspective
B) Logical thought that is limited to concrete and observable experiences
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C) The ability to engage in abstract and hypothetical reasoning
D)
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Question 37

According to Bruno Latour, what is a key factor influencing the construction of knowledge in
science?
A) Objective observation and empirical evidence alone.
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B) The influence of social networks and negotiations among scientists.
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Pure logical reasoning detached from social and material contexts

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Correct Option: B

Question 38
During a problem-solving activity, a student pauses midway to reflect on whether the strategy
they are using is effective and decides to adjust it for better results. In cognitive science, this

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reflective process is best described as:
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A) Recalling information from previous learning experiences
B) Thinking about and regulating one’s own thinking processes
C) Applying logical steps/protocol to reach a definite conclusion
D) Using language skills to articulate understanding of a task

Correct Option: B

Question 39

Critiques of India’s expanding “coaching/tuition industry” highlight which of the following
structural concerns in education?
(1) Commodification of learning and inequitable access to opportunity
(2) Diminishing value of school-based learning
(3) Enhanced student agency through competitive preparation

A) (1) only B) (1) and (2) only

C) (2) and (3) only D) All (1), (2), and (3)

Correct Option: B

Question 40

After the COVID-19 pandemic, major educational concerns frequently highlighted in media
reports was:
(1) Overcrowding of classrooms due to rapid student re-enrolment
(2) Widening digital divide and significant learning loss among disadvantaged students
(3) Teachers’ reduced workload during work-from-home / online teaching
(4) Growth in the in-person collaboration within schools and academic institutions
(5) Students’ advancement to higher grades despite dismal learning outcomes

A) (2) only B) (2) and (5) only

C) (1) and (3) D) (1), (3) and (5)

Correct Option: B

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Biology a
Question 41:

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A) Student 1 is correct because salmon appears near lizard on the phylogenetic tree.
B) Student 2 is correct as there is an ancestor common to cat and lizard.
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C) Both are correct since rotation at nodes changes the topology of the phylogenetic tree.
D)
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Neither is correct because phylogenetic trees show only genetic distance, not ancestry.

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Correct Option: B
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Question 42:

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A) ii and i B) ii and iii C) i and iii D) i and iv

Correct Option: C

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Question 43:

A) (1), (2) only B) (2), (4) only

C) (1), (2), and (4) D) (1), (2), and (3)

Correct Option: C

Question 44:

A) S, M, G0, G1 B) M, G1, S, G2

C) S, G2, M, G1 D) G1, S, G2, M

Correct Option: C

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Question 45: a

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A) small, dilute B) large, concentrated
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Correct Option: D

Question 46:

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A) (i) B) (ii) C) (iii) D) (iv)

Correct Option: C

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Question 47:

A) Vacuole; Cell wall; Ribosomes; Endoplasmic reticulum
B) Endoplasmic reticulum; Ribosomes; Vacuole; membrane bound organelles
C) Number of DNA molecules; can be viewed using compound microscope; histones;
membrane bound organelles
D) Number of DNA molecules; membrane bound organelles; histones; can be viewed us-
ing compound microscope

Correct Option: D

Question 48:

A) Associative learning B) Habituation
C) Reflex action D) Sensitisation

Correct Option: A

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Question 49: a

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A) 5474: 1850 B) 925: 5474: 925
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C) D) 1825: 3649:1850

Correct Option: D

Question 50:

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B) (i) and (iii) C) (i) and (ii)

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Correct Option: C

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Chemistry

Question 51:

A)

B)

C)

D)

Correct Option: B

Question 52:

A) 7.0 B) 7.7 C) 9.1 D) 11.7

Correct Option: C

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Question 53: a

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A)

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C)

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D)

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Correct Option: D

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Question 54:

A)

B)

C)

D)

Correct Option: D

Question 55:

During a lab experiment, a 500 mL bottle containing concentrated sulfuric acid slips from

your hand and shatters on the floor. The step that will ensure safety and minimize damage to

things and the people around is:

A) Pour NaOH solution over the spill to neutralize it quickly.

B) Wipe it up fast with paper towels or tissues to prevent more spreading.

C) Flood the area with a lot of water immediately to dilute the acid.

D) Add solid sodium bicarbonate, and wait for some time before cleaning.

Correct Option: D

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Question 56: a

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A) (i) and (iv) B) (ii) and (iii) C) (ii) only D) (i) and (iii)
Correct Option: C . c
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Question 57: ag
Thin Layer Chromatography is a technique for checking the purity of products in organic

synthesis. The technique consists of running the reaction mixture using a solvent as an eluent

and looking for developed spots under UV light. The incorrect statement regarding the

technique is – m
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long distance on the plate.
D) If a polar solvent is used as an eluent and the product has low polarity, it will travel a short
distance on the plate.

Correct Option: D
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Question 58:

A) trigonal pyramidal (P) and trigonal pyramidal (Q)

B) trigonal planar (P) and trigonal planar (Q)

C) trigonal planar (P) and trigonal pyramidal (Q)

D) trigonal pyramidal (P) and trigonal planar (Q)

Correct Option: B

Question 59:

A) (i) only B) (ii) and (iv) C) (iii) and (iv) D) iii only
Correct Option: C

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Question 60: a

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A)
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B)
a

C)

D)
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Mathematics

Question 61:

A) 64 B) 68 C) 72 D) 80

Correct Option: C

Question 62:

A) I and II B) I, II, and IV C) Only I D) I, II, and III

Correct Option: B

Question 63:

A) 180 B) 90 C) 360 D) 45

Correct Option: C

Question 64:

A) 150 B) 300 C) 230 D) 210

Correct Option: A

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Question 65: a

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A) 100 C) 200 D) 201
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Question 66:

A) 340 B) 361 C) 513 D) 527

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Question 67:
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A) B) C) D)

Correct Option: C

Question 68:
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a

A) 17 B) 19 C) 23 D) 36

Correct Option: B

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a For more Question Papers, Sample Papers, Notes & Syllabus visit Page 29 of 36

Question 69:

A) B) C) D)

Correct Option: B

Question 70:

A) Lies between 12 and 16.

B) Lies between 11 and 15.

C) Is an irrational number.

D) Cannot be determined from the given information.

Correct Option: A and C

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Physics a
Question 71:

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a

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a)

b)

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c)
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a

Correct Option: B

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Question 72:

A)

B)

C)

D)

Correct Option: C

Question 73:

A) 628 lm B) 1256 lm

C) 942 lm D) Cannot be determined based on the given data

Correct Option: A

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Question 74: a
A planet has 4 times the mass of the Earth and a radius 16 times that of the Earth. What is the

escape velocity from the planet?

A) The escape velocity from the planet is double as that of Earth.

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C) The escape velocity from the planet is 4 times as that of Earth.
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Question 75:

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B)

C)

D)

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Correct Option: B
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a In a hypothetical experiment, 64 drops of same size are charged at 220 V each. They combine

to form a single bigger drop. Calculate the potential of the bigger drop.

A) 220 V B) 1760 V C) 3520 V D) 14080 V

Correct Option: C

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Question 77:

A) B) C) D)

Correct Option: D

Question 78:

Astronomers have discovered a planet orbiting a nearby star. It is estimated that the mass of

this planet is 4 times that of our earth and its density is half of the earth’s density. Assume that

planets are spheres of uniform density. If your weight on the earth is 500 N, then your weight

on this planet would be

A) 250 N B) 500 N C) 1000 N D) 2000 N

Correct Option: B

Question 79:

A 1 mm tall object is placed upright on the axis of a thin convex lens having focal length of 20

cm. How far away from the lens must the object be placed so that the image is 4 mm in length?

A) Only 15 cm. B) Only 25 cm.

C) Either 15 cm or 25 cm. D) Either 26.67 cm or 16 cm.

Correct Option: C

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Question 80: a

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A) The voltage difference across the resistor is 6V and that across the switch is zero.

B) The voltage difference across the resistor is zero and that across the switch is 6V.

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C) The voltage difference across the resistor is 5V and that across the switch is zero.

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D) The voltage difference across the resistor is 5V and that across the switch is 1V.

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Correct Option: B

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Section II
Critical reasoning

Question 81:
Describe briefly any research topic of your interest in science education, OR mathematics
education, OR technology education. (Provide arguments for why that research is important,
and outline the possible educational outcomes of the research you have described.) Please stick
to a word limit of approximately 300 words.

Question 82:
Write a short essay (approximately 250 words each) on any ONE of the following three
themes/question/issue in science education. Present your reasoning when possible. Mention
your essay title / number from the list at the start.

1) Are ‘word-problems’ needed in the learning of mathematics?
2) Should students learn about topics like ‘Fires in Amazon basin’, ‘Arctic sea ice levels’ in
Indian science classrooms?
3) What are some inclusive practices in science classes which you have noticed/read about?

Question 83:
Write a short essay (approximately 250 words each) on any ONE of the following three
topics. Present your reasoning when possible. Mention your essay title / number from the list
at the start.

1) ‘All models are wrong, but some are useful.’ What does this quote mean in the context of
knowledge construction in science?
2) Should students be allowed to use generative AI (eg. chatGPT) in schools/colleges?
3) Should High-school Teacher Education curricula consider teachers’ role in preparing
students for competitive entrance exams?

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