NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Psychology Chapter 2 Self And Personality

NCERT
SOLUTIONS
CLASS - 12th

aglase .co

Book Name : Psychology Ncert Solutions | Chapter-2 Psychology

Class : 12th
Subject : Psychology
Chapter : 2
Chapter Name : Self And Personality

Q1 What is self? How does the Indian notion of self differ from the Western notion?

Answer. Self refers to our existence. It also refers to our behaviour that we show to others. Self
somehow we can say our identity. Self is of two types: personal self and social self.
● According to the Western notion, it draws a boundary that is relatively fixed. But in Indian
notion, there is no such boundary, it only includes the shifting of nature for behaviour.
● In western notion, they differentiate between self and others. In such Indian notion there
is no such type of difference.
● The western culture explains the difference between self and others. We can clearly find
the distinction. While in Indian culture self is not separated from one's own group.
● That is why, many Western cultures are characterized as individualistic whereas many
Asian cultures are characterized as collectivistic.

Q2 What is meant by delay of gratification? Why is it considered important for adult
development?

Answer. Gratification is a feeling of satisfaction. Delay of gratification is also called deferred
gratification. It means when the subject does not accept the reward in the preference for the
better reward later. We can say that it is associated with the denial for the smaller one in order
to receive a larger one later.
Delayed gratification is one of the most effective traits of people. It's not the easiest skill to
achieve. But choosing to have something that might feel you good but making an effort for
better that can result in a bigger better reward in the future is one of the best things for an adult.
Because for an adult it's important to choose better then they have now. So it's important to
make yourself that match table the du denied the small reward so you can achieve better in
future.

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Book Name : Psychology Ncert Solutions | Chapter-2 Psychology

Q3 How do you define personality? What are the main approaches to the study of personality?

Answer. The word "personality" is derived from the Latin word persona. Personality is how a
person is able to adjust in a different environment.
Allport defined personality as the "dynamic organization within the individual of those
psychophysical systems that determine his characteristic behaviour and thought."
Different type of approaches of personality are:
● Type approach: defines the personality types that used to represent different types of
behaviour based on similarities.
● Trait approach: it focuses on the psychological attributes of a person. It means what type
of trait a person has for example arrogant or calm.
● Interactional approach: sometimes people change their behaviour because of external
rewards or threats. They behave according to a particular situation.

Q4 What is trait approach in personality? How does it differ from type approach?

Answer. Trait approaches in personality is how a person behaves in a situation. We can assume
the traits of a person by seeing him one trait. For example when we see a person is not sociable
then we see him that he will not be cooperative, not be so friendly and will not make his hand
help things.
● Gordon Allport gave his theory . Allport's trait theory in which he categorised into 3 types:
Cardinal trait, Central trade and Secondary trade.
● Raymond Cattell also gave his theory that is Cattle Personality factors. In which he gave
16 personality factors. Those 16 personality factors come under source traits and
surface traits.
Type Approach of personality is used to represent expected behaviour based on similarity.
These efforts have been made since ancient times that we categorise people on the basis of
which type of they are . For example, if a person is introverted then we can categorise him into

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Book Name : Psychology Ncert Solutions | Chapter-2 Psychology

that you will always live in lonely space, withdraw yourself from conflicts ,not sociable, shyness
is also present in his behaviour. People categorised by type A personality, type B personality,
type C personality and type D Personality.
● In type A personality a person with high motivation, in a great hurry, lack of patience, etc.
come under . Such people find it difficult to make them relax.
● Type b personality can be understood by the absence of type A personality traits.
● Type C personality consists of those people who are cooperative, patient and they
suppress their high pitch emotion that is anger or loud voice etc.
● Type D personality includes those people who are highly complex and variable.

Q5 How does Freud explain the structure of personality?

Answer. Freud gave the theory of personality. In which he gives three elements that are id, ego
and superego. He explains these three elements in a very subtle way.
● Id : Id is considered as a pleasure principal per person. It is a room that tells that person
wants to seek pleasure and try to avoid pain. It includes gratification of primitive need,
sexual desire and aggressive impulses.
● Ego : Ego is considered as a reality principle as ego. Directs the ID towards the more
appropriate way of behaving. It always conflicts between ID and superego and it
supports it more than superego.
● Superego : Superego is a moral principle. is described that it will always tell it what is
right or what is wrong. What should be done by it is in the right way or not. It helps
control the id by internalizing the parents authority.

Q6 How would Horney's explanation of depression be different from that of Alfred Adler?

Answer. Horney was another disciple of Freud who developed a theory that deviated from basic
principle. She adopted an optimistic view of human life with emphasis on human growth and self
actualization. According to her sex has attributed to be admired by the other. Explain that sex

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Book Name : Psychology Ncert Solutions | Chapter-2 Psychology

can't be viewed is superior inferior. She counted that women affected by social and cultural
factors more than biological factors. Har involvement is also called legal disorder because she
explains psychological disorders were caused by disturbing interpersonal relationships during
childhood. When behaviour towards a child of parents is indifferent, discouraging that means
the child will adopt a feeling of basic anxiety.
In contrast, Alfred Adler who focuses on lifestyle and social interest gives his theory known as
individual psychology. Explain that everyone has the capacity to choose your creation. Three
main elements he includes are personal goals, inferior complexes and social beings. Personal
goals providers secure feeling and also help in overcoming the inadequacy in one's
development of personality.
In his view when individuals have the feelings of inadequacy that is inferior complex which arise
from childhood. It is essential to overcome inferiority complexes for the development of
personality. We viewed human beings as a social being that means we socialize with others for
the desire of freedom and striving for justice and truth.

Q7 What is the main propositional of humanistic approach to personality? What did Maslow
mean by self actualization?

Answer. Humanistic approach was given by Abraham maslow and Carl Rogers. The most
important Idea proposed by Rogers is that of a fully functioning person he believes that when a
person is fulfilled by everything that is work as a motivation power for personality development.
In this approach it was believed that self is the main and major concept for personality
development. As it is suggested that each person has a concept of real self and ideal self. Real
self is what is the real personality of a person or what a person is in real life and I didn't selfies
what a person would like to be. As it can say that the real self is a person most probably he is in
the past but definitely in the present but an ideal self is what you want to be in the future.
Maslow gave a detailed account of a psychologically healthy person in the terms of self
actualization. Self actualization is a term which means when a person is fully attained by his
potential. That person used his fullest potential to reach out to achieve something. Masood
described self actualization by the motivation that rule na life. Explain that biologicals secured
and belongingness needs are commonly found. And everyone wants to achieve our needs and

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Book Name : Psychology Ncert Solutions | Chapter-2 Psychology

to achieve that need we need power motivation that is power potential level. That fullest point of
potential level we want to reach or by which want to reach that is self actualization. He had a
positive personality. He was an optimistic person so his humanistic approach emphasizes the
significance of the positive aspects of life.

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Q8 Discuss the main observational method used in personality assessment. What problems do
we face in using these methods?

Answer. The main obsereviational method used in personality assessment are interview,
observation, behavioural ratings, nomination and situational test :

1. Interview : which is a commonly used method for assessing personality diagnostic
interviews in general involves in-depth interviewing which seeks to go beyond the replies
given by a person. Also which is the easiest method to observe which is that I was a call
just sitting in front of his client and taking an interview while in mean time we can
observe the emotions expressions of our subject.
2. Observation :observation is another method which is commonly used for assessment of
personality. It is a very sophisticated procedure that cannot be carried out by untrained
people.
3. Behavioural ratings: DJ frequently used for assessment of personality in education and
industrial settings. It is generally taken from people who I have interacted with over a
period of time the chance to observe that person.
4. Nomination: this method is often used in obtaining peer assessment in nomination each
person is asked to choose one or more person of the group with whom he wants to
work,playwright,study participate in competition activity,etc.

Observation method also faced by some problems or threats :
● Observational methods are only done by professionals.
● It is also time consuming.
● For obtaining valid data maturity of psychologist is a precondition.

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Book Name : Psychology Ncert Solutions | Chapter-2 Psychology

● When initiating observing different situations that will be more difficult because human
beings change their behaviour according to different situations and thus not obtain good
data.
● Sometime personal biases will also come between in this process.

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Q9 What is meant by a structured personality test? What are the two most widely used
structured personality tests?

Answer. Structured personality test is a self report measure that is the best method is a person
is by asking him about himself. These are fairly structured measures. In this method subject is
required to report objectively his own feelings with the various items respectively.
The two most widely used structured personality test are :
● The Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI) : this inventory is used widely in
four personality assessments. It consists of 567 statements. The subject has to judge
each statement is true or false. This test is divided into 10 subscales.

● Eysenck personality questionnaire (EPQ) : this questionnaire initially as to the dimension
of personality called introverted extrovert and emotionally stable emotionally unstable.
These dimensions are characterized by 32 personality traits. Later on eyes and third
dimension called psychoticism.

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Q10 Explain how projective techniques assess personality. Which projective tests of personality
are widely used by psychologists?

Answer. Projective techniques are also known as direct techniques because they tend to rely on
information directly towards a person. We get information directly from the person who clearly
knows his personality is being assessed.
projective techniques were developed to assess the unconscious feeling and emotions of a
person. projective technique is based on the assumption that lets structured or unstructured

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Book Name : Psychology Ncert Solutions | Chapter-2 Psychology

stimuli will allow the individual through project feelings. We can assess a person's personality by
drawing something ,by showing pictures,etc.
Projective techniques of personality used by psychologist are:
1. The Rorschach inkblot test
2. The Thematic Apperception Test(TAT)
3. Rosenzweig's Picture-Frustration Study(P-F Study)
4. Sentence Completion Test
5. Draw a person test

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Q11 Arthant wants to become a singer even though he belongs to a family of doctors. Do his
family members claim to love him but strongly disapprove of his choice of career. Using Carl
Rogers' terminology, describe the attributes shown by Arthant's family.

Answer. Carl Rogers works on self actualization. He defined an individual as a fully functioning
personality. Categorise self into two types ,that are, real self and ideal self.
According to this question, Arthant wants to become a singer is his ideal self personality. His
family doesn't want his career to be like this. As his family, the family of doctors , so they want
him to be a doctor. Carl Rogers describes that first a person sees himself. He tries to be real self
and real self is the career of a singer and ideal self is ,he wants to be a singer but here
extraneous variable to factors that is his family becoming a threat into his career. So according
to Carl Roger, they should support him in the career of a singer.

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