ISC Class 11 Syllabus 2027 Biology

ISC YEAR 2027

INDIAN SCHOOL CERTIFICATE
EXAMINATION

BIOLOGY
(863)

February 2025
____________________________________________________________________________________________

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Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE)

MISSION STATEMENT

The Council for the Indian School Certificate
Examinations is committed to serving the nation's
children, through high quality educational
endeavours, empowering them to contribute towards
a humane, just and pluralistic society, promoting
introspective living, by creating exciting learning
opportunities, with a commitment to excellence.

ETHOS OF CISCE

Trust and fair play.
Minimum monitoring.
Allowing schools to evolve their own niche.
Catering to the needs of the children.
Giving freedom to experiment with new ideas
and practices.
Diversity and plurality - the basic strength for
evolution of ideas.
Schools to motivate pupils towards the
cultivation of:
Excellence - The Indian and Global
experience.
Values - Spiritual and cultural - to be the bedrock
of the educational experience.
Schools to have an 'Indian Ethos', strong roots in
the national psyche and be sensitive to national
aspirations.

BIOLOGY (863)

Aims
1. To enable candidates to acquire the knowledge and to develop an understanding of biological terms, concepts,
facts, principles, formulae, etc.
2. To develop the ability to apply the knowledge of biology in unfamiliar situations.
3. To develop experimental skills required in biology practical work.
4. To create awareness about the problems of the environment and the manner in which these problems can be
overcome.
5. To develop the ability to appreciate biological phenomena in nature and the contribution of biology to human
welfare.
6. To develop interest in plants and animals and in their respective environments.
7. To develop scientific attitude towards biological phenomena.
8. To create awareness of the fundamentals of human biology, food, health, nutrition and population control.

CLASS XI

There will be two papers in the subject: Paper II: Practical: 3 hours ... 15 marks
Paper I: Theory: 3 hours ...70 marks Project Work … 10 marks
Practical File … 5 marks

PAPER 1- THEORY: 70 Marks

S.NO. UNIT TOTAL
WEIGHTAGE
1. Diversity of Living Organisms 09 Marks
2. Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants 11 Marks
3. Cell: Structure and Function 15 Marks
4. Plant Physiology 17 Marks
5. Human Physiology 18 Marks
TOTAL 70 Marks

ISC Examination Year 2027 1

PAPER I –THEORY – 70 Marks Mycoplasma – three distinctive features.
Economic importance with reference to
Note: All structures (internal and external) are role of bacteria in sewage treatment,
required to be taught along with diagrams. antibiotics, energy production and house
hold products (curd and cheese only).
1. Diversity of Living Organisms (c) Kingdom Protista – only two general
(i) The Living World characteristics and two examples
of subgroups: (i) Chrysophytes
Need for classification; taxonomy and
(ii) Dinoflagellates, (iii) Euglenoids,
systematics; concept of species and
(iv) Slime moulds, (v) Protozoans (to be
taxonomical hierarchy; binomial
studied under rhizopods, flagellates,
nomenclature.
ciliates and sporozoans with two
Need for classification should be discussed. characteristics including modes of
Definition and explanation of the terms locomotion and two examples of each).
taxonomy (numerical taxonomy,
(d) Kingdom Fungi: general characteristics
cytotaxonomy and chemotaxonomy) and
and mode of reproduction of each
systematics. Concept of species. Major
(including types of spores and sexual
taxonomical hierarchies (phylum, class,
reproduction – definition of isogamy,
order, family, genus, species): definition and
anisogamy, oogamy, plasmogamy,
examples with reference to classification of
karyogamy and dikaryophase).
man, house fly, mango and wheat. Rules of
Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes,
binomial nomenclature and advantages of
Basidiomycetes, Deuteromycetes -
using scientific names.
characteristics with examples. Role of
Three systems of classification – artificial, fungi in the field of medicine, bakery and
natural and phylogenetic. environmental decomposition. Definition
(ii) Biological Classification of lichens and mycorrhiza (ecto and
Three domains of life; Five kingdom endo).
classification; s alient features and Life cycles not required.
classification of Monera, Protista, Fungi, (e) Virus (characteristic features – link
P l a n t a e and Animalia. Lichens, Viruses, between living and non-living, structure
Viroids and Prions. of TMV and bacteriophage and
(a) Three domains of life – distinguishing contribution of the following scientists:
features of (archaea, bacteria, eukarya). D.J. Ivanowsky, M.W. Beijerinck, W.M.
Five-kingdom system of classification and Stanley). Definitions of Viroid and Prions
characteristics of different kingdoms with (examples of the diseases caused by
examples. prions – BSE and CJD).
(b) Kingdom Monera: Bacteria - General (iii) Plant Kingdom
structure of a typical bacterial cell; (a) Algae - characteristics (morphology,
classification of bacteria according to common name, major pigments, stored
shape, nutrition and mode of respiration; food, composition of cell wall, flagellar
differences between gram +ve and gram number and position of insertion, habitat,
–ve bacteria; types of reproduction – mode of sexual reproduction) and
definition of fission, conjugation, examples of Chlorophyceae,
transduction and transformation (details Phaeophyceae, Rhodophyceae; Economic
not required). importance of algae – any five.
A brief idea of the role of different types of (b) Bryophyta – general characteristics,
archaebacteria (methanogens, halophiles distinctive features of liverworts and
and thermoacidophiles in their extreme mosses; graphic outline of life cycle of
environments). Funaria with reference to alternation of

ISC Examination Year 2027 2

generations. Economic importance of Stems – features (nodes internodes, buds),
bryophytes. modifications – underground (tuber,
rhizome, corm) aerial (tendril, thorn,
(c) Pteridophyta: characteristics;
Phylloclade, cladode) and sub-aerial
classification into classes: psilopsida (runner, sucker, stolon, offset).
(Psilotum), lycopsida (Selaginella,
Lycopodium), sphenopsida (Equisetum) Leaves - parts of a simple leaf, venation,
and pteropsida (Dryopteris, Pteris and types of leaves (simple and compound –
Adiantum). Graphic outline of life cycle of pinnate and palmate), phyllotaxy –
alternate, opposite, whorled (with an
a typical pteridophyte (fern). Definition of
example of each). Modifications for
homospory and heterospory with relevant mechanical support (tendril), protection
examples. Economic importance. (spine), storage (bulb), reproduction
(d) Gymnosperms: general characteristics (Bryophyllum); insectivorous plants
and graphic outline of life cycle of a (pitcher plant, Venus-fly-trap).
typical gymnosperm (Pinus). Economic (b) Morphology of flower. Structure of a
importance. typical flower, types of inflorescence
(iv) Animal Kingdom (racemose and cymose).
Animal Kingdom: levels of organisation – Structure of a typical flower,
(cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ bracteates/ebracteate, [symmetry
system level); body plan (cell aggregate plan, (actinomorphic, zygomorphic),
blind-sac plan and tube-within-tube plan), trimerous/tetramerous/pentamerous
symmetry (spherical, radial and bilateral complete/ incomplete, non-essential
symmetry), (diploblastic and triploblastic whorls (calyx: gamosepalous,
organisation in animals, coelom development- polysepalous, corolla: gamopetalous,
(acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, coelomate polysepalous, perianth, aestivation:
and haemocoelomate), segmentation. valvate, twisted, imbricate, vexillary),
Non-chordata - five distinguishing characters essential whorls (androecium: cohesion -
with two examples of Porifera, Cnidaria, syngenesious, synandrous,
Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda monadelphous, diadelphous,
(Aschelminthes), Annelida, Mollusca, polyadelphous; adhesion – epipetalous,
Arthropoda, Echinodermata, Hemichordata. epiphyllous; number of lobes –
monothecous, dithecous; Gynoecium:
Chordata – sub-classification of Chordata position of ovary – epigynous,
with reference to notochord - sub phyla hypogynous, perigynous, cohesion –
Urochordata, Cephalochordata. Vertebrata apocarpous, syncarpous, number of
(classes – cyclostomata, chondrichthyes, locules – unilocular, bilocular,
osteichthyes, amphibia, reptilia, aves and multilocular, placentation – axile,
mammalia) – three distinguishing characters marginal, parietal, free central, basal;
with two examples of each). types of inflorescence (racemose and
2. Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants cymose – definition, examples, and
(i) Morphology of Flowering Plants differences; subtypes not required).
(a) Morphology and modifications of root, (ii) Anatomy of Flowering Plants
stem, leaf. Plant Tissues: types of plant tissues:
Types of roots (tap, fibrous, adventitious), Meristematic tissues: classification of
regions, modifications of roots for storage meristematic tissue. Permanent Tissues:
(Tuberous – e.g. Mirabilis and sweet structure and function of simple tissues
potato; fusiform – e.g. radish; conical – (parenchyma, collenchyma and
e.g., carrot; napiform – e.g. turnip), sclerenchyma) and complex tissues (xylem
respiration (pneumatophores) and and phloem), tissue system. Internal structure
support (stilt and prop). of root, stem, and leaf.

ISC Examination Year 2027 3

Characteristics of meristematic tissue; Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, enzymes,
classification of meristems based on origin secondary metabolites.
and location; structure, function and Carbohydrates: general classification and
location of permanent tissues; simple and functions of: monosaccharides (glucose,
complex tissues; epidermal, ground and ribose and deoxyribose), disaccharides
vascular tissue systems. (maltose, lactose and sucrose),
Cellular diagrams of T.S. of roots and stem polysaccharides (glycogen, starch, cellulose,
and V.S. of monocot and dicot leaves are inulin, and chitin).
required. Proteins: amino acids – (structure: glycine,
(iii) Structural Organisation in Animals: Frog alanine, serine); amino acids as zwitter-ion;
examples of acidic, basic, neutral, sulphur
Morphology, anatomy and functions of containing amino acids; essential and non-
different systems (digestive, circulatory, essential amino acids; levels of protein
respiratory, excretory, nervous and structure (primary, secondary, tertiary and
reproductive) of frog a brief account only. quaternary); functions of proteins.
3. Cell: Structure and Function Lipids: classification, structure and functions
of fats and oils.
(i) Cell - the Unit of Life
Enzymes: general properties, nomenclature
Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life: and classification of enzymes according to
Structure of eukaryotic cells; Plant cell and type of reactions, co-factors (prosthetic
animal cell; cell envelope; cell membrane, groups, coenzymes and metal ions). Factors
cell wall; cell organelles – ultrastructure affecting enzyme activity - temperature, pH,
and function; endomembrane system, substrate concentration. Competitive
mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, inhibitors.
microbodies; cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella,
Definition and examples of secondary
centrioles; nucleus.
metabolites.
Historical aspects, cell theory, size and shape (iii) Cell Cycle and Cell Division
of cells.
Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis and their
General structure of eukaryotic cell, ultra- significance.
structure and function of cell wall (including
definition of plasmodesmata), cell Definition of C-value, different stages of cell
membrane (description of fluid mosaic cycle (Go, G1, S and G2 and M).
model; functions of the plasma membrane: Different stages of mitosis and meiosis
active and passive transport, brief (prophase – I) with diagrams. Significance of
explanation of facilitated diffusion (uniport, mitosis and meiosis. Differences between
symport and antiport) with one example]. mitosis and meiosis.
Mitochondria, nucleus (nuclear membrane,
chromatin, nucleolus, structure and types of 4. Plant Physiology
chromosomes on the basis of the position of (i) Photosynthesis in higher plants
centromere, satellite), types of plastids,
endomembrane system (endoplasmic Photosynthesis as a mean of autotrophic
reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes and nutrition; site of photosynthesis, pigments
vacuoles), ribosomes, microbodies, involved in photosynthesis (elementary
cytoskeleton (microfilaments, microtubules idea); photochemical and biosynthetic
and intermediate filaments), cilia, flagella phases of photosynthesis; cyclic
and centrioles; differences between and non-cyclic photophosphorylation;
prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell, plant chemiosmotic hypothesis; photorespiration;
cell and animal cell. C3 and C4 pathways; factors affecting
photosynthesis.
(ii) Biomolecules
Differences between absorption and action
spectra.

ISC Examination Year 2027 4

Brief idea of photosynthetic pigments gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene and abscisic
(difference between chlorophyll ‘a’&‘b’, acid – four effects of each); application of
carotenoids and xanthophyll), photochemical growth regulators.
phase - pigment systems, cyclic and non-cyclic 5. Human Physiology
photophosphorylation, chemiosmotic
hypothesis; biosynthetic phase - C3 cycle – (i) Breathing and exchange of gases.
graphic representation in correct sequence Respiratory organs in animals (recall only);
(carboxylation, glycolytic reversal and Respiratory system in humans; mechanism
regeneration of pentose); Kranz anatomy, of breathing - exchange of gases, transport
graphic representation of C4 cycle (Hatch and of gases and regulation of breathing,
Slack pathway); Differences between C3 and respiratory volumes; disorders related to
C4 plants, C3 and C4 cycles, Photosystems I respiration.
and II, Photorespiration pathway in brief;
significance of photorespiration; explanation Organs involved in respiration; mechanism
of how RuBP carboxylase acts as RuBP of pulmonary gas exchange; breathing
oxygenase. Blackman’s Law of limiting process should be explained showing the
factors, factors affecting photosynthesis action of diaphragm and intercostal muscles,
(light, CO2, temperature, and water). regulation of breathing ; transport of oxygen
in the blood, oxyhaemoglobin dissociation
(ii) Respiration in Plants curve; transport of CO2; chloride shift,
Exchange of gases; cellular respiration - pulmonary air volumes and lung capacities;
glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA disorders of respiratory system such as -
cycle a n d electron transport system asthma, emphysema, occupational
(aerobic); energy relations - number of ATP respiratory disorders.
molecules generated; amphibolic pathways;
respiratory quotient. (ii) Body fluids and circulation.
Types of respiration; mechanism of Composition of blood, blood groups,
respiration: glycolysis, Krebs’ cycle, ETS coagulation of blood; composition of lymph
(only flowchart). Oxidative phosphorylation and its functions; human circulatory system
– definition; Brief idea of fermentation and - structure of human heart and blood
Amphibolic pathway. Definition of vessels; cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG;
respiratory quotient and RQ values of double circulation; regulation of cardiac
carbohydrates, proteins and fats. activity; disorders of circulatory system.
(iii) Plant Growth and Development Composition of blood plasma, functions of
Seed germination; phases of plant growth; plasma proteins, blood corpuscles.
p l a n t g r o w t h r a t e ; differentiation, Importance of ABO groups in blood
dedifferentiation and redifferentiation; transfusion, Rh factor and its importance in
sequence of developmental processes in a transfusion and pregnancy; clotting of blood
plant cell; growth regulators - auxin, to be taught briefly; lymphatic system – a brief
gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA. idea of lymph (composition and function),
Difference between closed and open vascular
Definition of hypogeal, epigeal and system; external and internal structure of
viviparous germination with two examples of heart; working of the heart and blood flow
each. A brief idea about differentiation, through the heart during different phases
dedifferentiation and redifferentiation. should be described under the following
Phases of growth in meristems, growth rate – headings - auricular systole, auricular
definition; measurement of growth by direct diastole, ventricular systole, ventricular
method and use of auxanometer, factors diastole and joint diastole; definition of stroke
affecting growth. volume and cardiac output, regulation of
Discovery and physiological role of growth heart beat, ECG; arterial blood pressure
regulators in plants (such as auxins, (systolic and diastolic), double circulation.

ISC Examination Year 2027 5

The internal structure of artery, vein and Functions of human skeleton; different types
capillary. Importance of ABO groups in blood of joints - their location and function; general
transfusion, Rh factor and its importance in properties of muscles; structure of skeletal
transfusion and pregnancy; clotting of blood muscle - sliding filament theory of muscle
to be taught briefly; lymphatic system – a brief contraction; chemical events during muscle
idea of lymph (composition and function), contraction; definition of summation, tetanus,
lymphatic capillaries and lymph nodes; rigor mortis, differences between red and
disorders of the circulatory system such as white muscles.
hypertension, coronary artery disease,
Disorders of muscular and skeletal system:
angina pectoris and heart failure.
(i) Myasthenia gravis, (ii) Tetany, (iii
(iii) Excretory products and their elimination. Muscular dystrophy, (iv) Arthritis, (v)
Osteoporosis, (vi) gout.
Modes of excretion - ammonotelism,
ureotelism, uricotelism; human excretory (v) Neural Control and Coordination
system - structure and function; urine
Neuron and nerves; nervous system in
formation, osmoregulation; regulation of
humans - central nervous system; peripheral
kidney function, renin - angiotensin, atrial
nervous system and visceral nervous
natriuretic factor, ADH; role of
system; generation and conduction of nerve
erythropoietin; role of other organs in
impulse.
excretion; disorders of the excretory system
- uraemia, renal failure, renal calculi, Types of neurons – (unipolar, bipolar.
nephritis; dialysis and artificial kidney, Pseudounipolar and multipolar), Structure
kidney transplant. and functions of various parts of the brain and
spinal cord; conduction of nerve impulses
Define, differentiate and explain the terms
through nerve fibre (non- myelinated and
ammonotelism, ureotelism and uricotelism;
myelinated) and through synapse.
external and internal structure of the kidney
(L.S.); structure of nephron; physiology of (vi) Chemical Co-ordination and Integration
urine formation - ultra filtration, selective Human endocrine system - hypothalamus,
reabsorption and active (tubular) secretion. pituitary, pineal, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid,
Counter current system, regulation of urine adrenal, GI tract, pancreas, gonads;
formation, definition and regulation of mechanism of hormone action (elementary
micturition, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone idea); role of hormones as messengers and
system, role of atrial natriuretic factor, ADH regulators, hypo - and hyperactivity and
and erythropoietin. related disorders; dwarfism, acromegaly,
Role of skin, liver and lungs in excretion. cretinism, goiter, exophthalmic goiter,
Homeostasis – definition. Disorders of the diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus,
excretory system - uraemia, renal failure, Grave’s disease, Addison's disease.
renal calculi, nephritis. Brief idea of location of endocrine glands;
Haemodialysis; Kidney transplant. role of hypothalamus; hormones secreted by
different lobes of pituitary and their functions;
(iv) Locomotion and Movement
feedback control of tropic hormones to be
Types of movement - ciliary, flagellar, discussed giving examples; hormones of
muscular; skeletal muscles - contractile pineal, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid,
proteins and muscle contraction; skeletal pancreas, adrenal glands, GI tract (gastrin,
system and its functions; joints; disorders secretin, GIP, CCK-PZ) and gonads;
of muscular and skeletal system. mechanism of hormone action (through cAMP
and steroid hormones only); effects of hypo
Locomotion: Basic aspects of human
secretion and hyper secretion of various
skeleton (number and names of the bones of
hormones of the above mentioned glands.
axial and appendicular skeleton).

ISC Examination Year 2027 6

Note: Diseases related to all the human storage, reproduction or perennation –
physiological systems to be taught in brief. students should learn to identify and draw the
specimens.
Topics having numerical problems to be
taught with illustrative examples. Leaves: phyllotaxy – alternate, opposite
whorled (with an example of each), shape,
venation, simple and compound.
PAPER II (ii) Preparation of temporary slides of Mucor /
PRACTICAL WORK – 15 Marks Rhizopus.
1. Scientific Techniques The teacher should guide the students on the
technique of culture, staining and mounting
To study parts of a dissecting microscope and the material and then observing under the
compound microscope. microscope. The students should also be able
The students should know all parts of dissecting to make labelled diagrams and record
and compound microscope and be able to handle observations.
the microscope independently.
4. Cytology
2. Physiology
Preparation of temporary slides of -
(i) Food tests: test for starch, glucose, sucrose, (i) Onion peel (to study the plant cell)
proteins and fats.
(ii) Stages of mitosis in onion root tips.
Food tests: tests should be reported in tabular Correct method of selecting the root tip,
form. Both positive and negative tests should fixing, staining and mounting should be
be reported. taught. Different stages should be observed
(ii) To study the effect of thawing, heat and first in low power and after locating the area,
alcohol on permeability of beet root cells. the students should see it under high power.
Various stages should be drawn and labelled.
To study the effect of heat on permeability of (iii) T.S of monocot and dicot stem.
cell membrane of beet root cells: students
should record the observations at very low (iv) T.S. of monocot and dicot root.
temperature, room temperature and higher After staining and mounting the tissue
temperature to see the degree of leaching and students should be able to draw the diagram
conclude accordingly. Experiment on effect of and label all the parts as seen under the low
alcohol on the permeability with regard to power of microscope.
leaching.
5. Spotting: (Three minutes to be given for each
(iii)Separation of plant pigments from leaves by spot which includes identification, drawing a
chromatography. labelled diagram and writing at least two
characteristics).
(iv)Effect of different carbon dioxide
concentrations on the rate of photosynthesis. (a) Identification of stained preparations of the
following:
(v) Demonstration of plasmolysis (using Rhoeo
(i) Stages of meiosis.
leaf / onion bulb).
(ii) Identification of mammalian blood cells.
(vi) Demonstration of osmosis in living plant cells
(iii) Bacteria
(potato osmoscope).
(iv) Spirogyra
3. Morphology
(v) Amoeba
(i) Morphology and modification of roots, stems (vi) Yeast
and leaves.
(b) Identification of the following specimens -
Teachers can show examples of roots, stems (i) Liverworts
and leaves modified for mechanical support,
(ii) Moss

ISC Examination Year 2027 7

(iii) Fern (v) Yeast fermentation and production of alcohol or
(iv) Pinus any other commercial industry dependant on
plants and/or animals or their products.
(v) Mushroom
In addition, students may be taught how to culture:
(vi) One monocot plant – bamboo
− Earthworms.
(vii) One dicot plant – Petunia
− Protozoans.
(viii) Sponge
− Moulds.
(ix) Hydra
(x) Tape worm − Setting up of an aquarium.
(xi) Leech Suggested Evaluation Criteria for Project Work:
(xii) Silk Worm Format of the Project:
(xiii) Rohu fish – Content
Students should be taught how to identify, – Introduction
draw, label and give at least two significantly – Presentation (graphs, tables, charts, newspaper
visible characteristics, as observed, of each cuttings, diagrams, photographs, statistical
spot, in a given time of three minutes. analysis if relevant)
(c) Comment on experimental set up studied in – Conclusion/ Summary
physiology.
– Bibliography
(a) Osmosis
Practical File – 5 Marks
(b) Transpiration
The practical file should cover all the practical
(c) Photosynthesis exercises outlined in the syllabus. Each practical
(d) Transpiration pull. done during the year, needs to be recorded by the
Students should identify (aim of the student in the Practical file and the same must be
experiment), draw a labelled diagram of the checked, signed and dated by the teacher.
physiological set-up and write observation and Teachers are required to assess students on the basis of
inference of the experiment within the allotted the Biology Practical file maintained by them during
time i.e., 3 minutes. the academic year.

PROJECT WORK AND PRACTICAL
SCIENTISTS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS
FILE – 15 Marks
Project Work – 10 Marks 1. Beijerinck – Contagium vivum fluidum
Candidate is to creatively execute one 2. Carl Woese – Three domains of life
project/assignment on any aspect of Biology. 3. Engelmann – Action spectrum of photosynthesis
Preference is to be given to handwritten investigatory 4. Ernst Mayr – Biological species concept
projects. Candidates are required to submit a hard copy
of their computer-generated projects duly signed by 5. F.F. Blackman – Law of limiting factor
the Internal Examiner (and the Head of the Institution) 6. F W Went – Isolated Auxins
for physical verification and assessment. Following is 7. Farmer and Moore – Discovered meiosis
only a suggestive list of projects. Teachers may assign
or students may choose any one project of their choice. 8. G.N. Ramachandran – Analysis of Protein
structure
(i) Project related to experiment on any aspect of
plant life/animal life. 9. George Palade – Discovered ribosomes
(ii) Project related to any aspect of environment. 10. Huxley and Niedergerke – Sliding filament
theory
(iii) Diabetes.
11. Ivanowsky – Discovered Tobacco Mosaic Virus
(iv) Endocrine disorders.
12. Karl Landsteiner – ABO Blood group system
13. Katherine Esau – Anatomy of plants

ISC Examination Year 2027 8

14. Peter Mitchell – Chemiosmotic coupling LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS TO BE STUDIED
hypothesis 1. 2,4-D – 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid
15. Priestley – Plants restore oxygen in the air 2. ABA – Abscisic Acid
16. Robert Brown – Discovered nucleus 3. ANF – Atrial Natriuretic Factor
17. Singer and Nicolson – Proposed fluid mosaic 4. CCK –Cholecystokinin
model of plasma membrane
5. ECG – Electrocardiogram
18. Sutherland – cyclic AMP as second messenger
6. ERV – Expiratory Reserve Volume
19. T. O. Diener – Discovered viroids
7. ETS – Electron Transport System
20. Thomas Addison – Father of endocrinology
8. FAD – Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide
21. Van Neil – Oxygen released during
photosynthesis comes from water 9. FRC – Functional Residual Capacity
22. W. M. Stanley – Crystallised TMV 10. GA – Gibberellic acid
23. Waldeyer – Coined the term chromosome 11. GFR – Glomerular Filtration Rate
24. Whittaker – Five kingdoms of life 12. GIP – Gastric Inhibitory Peptide
25. William Harvey – Discovered circulatory system 13. IBA – Indole Butyric Acid
14. ICBN - International Code for Botanical
Nomenclature
15. IRV – Inspiratory Reserve Volume
16. LHC – Light Harvesting Complex
17. NAA – Naphthalene Acetic Acid
18. NADPH – Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
Phosphate (reduced)
19. OAA – Oxaloacetic Acid
20. PGA – Phosphoglyceric Acid
21. PGRs – Plant Growth Regulators
22. PPLO – Pleuro Pneumonia Like Organism
23. PZ – Pancreozymin
24. RQ – Respiratory Quotient
25. RUBISCO – Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase
Oxygenase
26. TMV – Tobacco Mosaic Virus

ISC Examination Year 2027 9