CS Executive December 2025 Question Paper Jurisprudence, Interpretation and General Laws

FOR CS EXECUTIVE EXAM PREPARATION

CS Executive 2025
Question Paper ·
Jurisprudence,
Interpretation and
General Laws
EXAM YEAR TYPE

CS Executive 2025 Question Paper
SUBJECT DATE

Jurisprudence, Interpretation and General Laws December 2025

Notes · Sample Papers · Previous Year Papers · Mock Tests

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NEW SYLLABUS
521
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Roll No. .....................................

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Time allowed : 3 hours
.c Maximum marks : 100
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Total number of questions : 6 Total number of printed pages : 12

NOTE : Answer ALL Questions.

1. (a) Mr. Sanjay owned a small factory in Pune. In 2023, he was fined ` 50,000 by

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the Pollution Control Board for releasing untreated waste water into a nearby river.

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At that time, the law was to fine for such violations. Sanjay paid the fine and the

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case was closed.

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In 2024, the State Legislature amended the Environmental Law. Now the same offence

carries mandatory imprisonment of one year along with fine. The authorities reopened

Sanjay’s old case and issued a warrant for his arrest under the new law even though

the offence took place before the change. Police took Sanjay into custody and kept

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him in the police station for three days without producing him in front of a magistrate.

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During questioning, the officers forced him to give thumb impression and voice sample,

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arguing that it did not require his consent as they were not ‘statements’.

la Sanjay was suffering from severe asthma. While in custody, he had a serious asthma

attack but no proper medical care was provided. He collapsed finally before being

taken to a hospital.

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Sanjay’s family went to the High Court pleading that his fundamental rights under

Article 20, 21 and 22 of the Constitution were violated. The State pleaded that

the new law was necessary for public interest and environmental safety.

Based on the above situation answer the following questions :

(i) Whether opening of Sanjay’s old case under the amended law violates his

fundamental rights under the Indian Constitution ? Explain.

(ii) Does compelling Sanjay to provide thumb impression and voice sample amount

to violation of Article 20(3) of the Constitution ? Explain.

(iii) Sanjay was detained for three days without producing him before a magistrate.

Decide whether this act of police would amount to violation of Article 22

of the Constitution ?

(iv) Sanjay was denied emergency medical services while in custody. Discuss whether

this is violation of fundamental rights guaranteed under the Indian Constitution.

(v) If Sanjay’s family directly approaches the High Court against his detention,

what is the remedy available to them ?

(2 marks each)

(b) Section 10 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 provides ‘‘all agreements are contracts

if they are made by the free consent of parties competent to contract, for a lawful

consideration and with a lawful object, and are not hereby expressly declared to be

void’’. To form a valid contract there must be an agreement which is based on the

genuine consent of the parties, supported by a lawful consideration, for a lawful object

between the competent parties.

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One of the early steps in the formation of a contract lies in arriving at an agreement
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between

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la ‘‘offer’’. The person making the proposal or offer is called the proposer or aofferor
also termed as an offer. The word ‘proposal’ is synonymous with the English word

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and the person to whom the proposal is made is called the offeree. There are several

kinds of proposal.

An offer must be clear, definite, complete and final. It must not be vague. An offer

must be communicated to the offeree. The communication of an offer may be made

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. of an offer. Acceptance is the act of assenting
by express words—oral or written, or it may be implied by conduct.

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A contract emerges from the acceptance

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by the offeree to an offer.l Under Section 2(b) of the Contract Act when a person
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to whom the proposal is made signifies his assent thereto, the proposal is said to

be accepted. A proposal, when accepted becomes a promise. An acceptance never

precedes an offer. There can be no acceptance of an offer which is not communicated.

In reference of the above statement answer the following questions :

(i)
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Anil offered Brijesh to sell his house for a price of ` 1,00,000 but Brijesh

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offered to buy it for ` 95,000 only. Later, Anil sold the. house to Pritam
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for ` 1,00,000. Brijesh filed a suit on Anil claimingsfor damages under the
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la a claim for damages for the
breach of contract. Discuss the legality of Brijesh’s

breach of contract.

(2 marks)

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(ii) Discuss the provisions related to the acceptance of offer under the Indian Contract

Act, 1872.

(3 marks)

(iii) Discuss the provisions related to the mode of revocation of proposal under

the Indian Contract Act, 1872.

(2 marks)

(iv) Azaad ran away from his father’s home. His father issued a pamphlet offering

a reward of ` 50,000 to anyone who would bring the boy. Hari saw the

boy at a hotel and informed his father. Azaad’s father refused Hari the reward.

Discuss with the help of relevant case law whether Hari is entitled to the

reward ? What kind of offer is this ?

(3 marks)

2. (a) The Municipal Governance Act, 2010 lays down general rules for property taxation

on all buildings in the city including residential and commercial buildings. However,

the Heritage Sites Preservation Act, 2012 specifically stated that heritage buildings

maintained by recognized trusts shall be exempted from municipal property tax. In

2023, the municipal authorities imposed property tax on a historic building maintained

by a registered heritage trust arguing that the general rules for property taxation will

apply on all properties. The trust challenged the tax demand by the authority. Discuss

with reference to the principles of interpretation of statutes.

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(b) Ravi, an MBBS student at a reputed government medical college, was removed from

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the institution on the grounds of ‘regular unsatisfactory academic performance’ in the
lastmthree semesters. The college authorities passed a formal removal order based
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l on his repeated failure to secure the minimum required grades. Ravi contended
a he was neither given any prior notice nor an opportunity of being heard before the
order was passed. He approached the High Court alleging violation of his right to
principles of natural justice. Discuss.

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(c) Sunshine Solar Systems Private Limited operated a solar panel manufacturing plant

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on the outskirts of a city. As part of its operation, it stored large quantities of a

e min panel coating. It followed all the safety protocols
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dangerous chemical compound used

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and government regulations. One day a tank with this material ruptured causing the
chemical to leak into a nearby field owned by Surya and destroyed its crops and
contaminated the soil. Surya sued Sunshine solar systems private limited for damages.
Discuss the applicability of the rule in Rylands v. Fletcher in this case and examine
whether Surya can claim damages under the rule of strict liability ?

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3. (a) Sunny filed a suit against Yogesh for the recovery of a valuable antique unlawfully

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taken by Yogesh. Sunny claimed that the sculpture was a rare and valuable artefact.

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During the hearing, Sunny alleged that Yogesh may dispose
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benefit. Discuss the remedy available to Sunny under the provisions of the Civil Procedure
Code 1908.

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(b) A gang of six persons raided a jewel shop owned by Soni at night. They had loaded

guns and other weapons with them. After the loot while they were running away

with their loot when Ramesh saw them and tried to stop them. He was shot down

by one of them. With the help of the relevant provisions of the Bhartiya Nyaya Sanhita

2023, discuss the kind of offence committed by them. Also explain whether every

offender is liable for the murder of Ramesh ?

(c) The State of Gujarat enacted the Social Harmony Act, 2021, which included a provision

under Section 5 prohibiting citizens from organizing public meetings without prior police

approval. Another provision of the Act under Section 8 promoted awareness programmes

for communal harmony in schools. A citizen group challenged the validity of the Act

itself in the High Court alleging that it violated the fundamental rights. The Government

pleaded that the Act served a valid constitutional purpose and the complete act should

not be declared void, only Section 5 should be severed. Referring to the provisions

of Article 13 of the lndian Constitution explain whether a provision to an act be

severed ?

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Attempt all parts of either Q. No. 4 or Q. No. 4A

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4. (a)
a sAmir and Bhanu were business partners. They had a serious dispute over
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profit-sharing.
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l A week later to this dispute, Bhanu was found dead due to poisoning. Investigation
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a revealed that Amir had purchased a rare poison shortly before Bhanu’s death and
was heard saying that he will regret this betrayal. After Bhanu’s death, Amir was
seen destroying several financial records related to their business. Discuss the relevancy
of the above facts in the light of Section 6 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam,
2023.

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(b)
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Arjun and Reyansh entered into a business
Later, a dispute arose betweensthem and Ramesh filed a civil suit in a District Court.
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l suit, Reyansh applied to the judicial authority for referring
Upon receiving notice ofa the
the matter for arbitration before submitting his first statement. Reyansh could annex
only a photocopy of the arbitration agreement with his application as the original arbitration
agreement or certified copy was in Arjun’s possession. Discuss the remedy available
to Reyansh under Section 8 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996.

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(c) Priya forced Neha to sign a cheque for ` 50,000 in her favour, else she will publish

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a accordingly and signed
false and damaging information about Neha’s family in the local newspaper. Neha
afraid of the damage to her and her family’s reputation l
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a cheque. Discuss the offence committed by Priya under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita,
2023. Distinguish between extortion and theft.

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OR (Alternate question to Q. No. 4)

4A. (i) Ravi Enterprises issued a written instrument to Mehta Traders stating : ‘‘I owe you

(I.O.U.). ` 500 and will pay you as soon as possible’’. Mehta Traders treated this

document as a promissory note and sought to enforce it under the Negotiable Instruments

Act, 1881. However, Ravi Enterprises contended that this is mere acknowledgment

of debt and conditional, therefore, not enforceable as a promissory note. Based on

the above facts explain the essential requirements of a promissory note under the

Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 ? Examine whether the instrument issued by Ravi

Enterprises qualifies as a valid promissory note under the Act ?

(ii) ‘The main body of rules and principles of Indian law is an adaptation of English

law’. Discuss the various sources of English Law.

(iii) ‘‘Certain categories of information have been exempted from disclosure under Section

8 of the Right to Information Act, 2005.’’ Discuss.

5. (a) Rajesh, a software developer, wanted to start offering secure digital contract services

to his clients. For this purpose, he applied to a licensed Certifying Authority for the

issuance of electronic signature certificate. He submitted the prescribed application form

and paid the required fee. However, he did not attach a certification practice statement

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or any statement containing the particulars as per the regulations. The Certifying Authority,
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after preliminary examination, decided to reject his application without giving him an
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ag authority/Court arguing that the rejection was unlawful under the Information Technology
Act, 2000. Explaining the procedure for obtaining electronic signature certificate as

per the provisions of the Information Technology Act, 2000 decide whether Rajesh’s

application can be rejected without being heard ?

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m of a deceased person Raj, dishonestly disobeyed
Ambuj, who was executor to theewill
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the law which directed a g to divide the effects according to the will and appropriated
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them to his own use. Discuss in detail the kind of offence committed by Ambuj

under the Bhartiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023. What are the punishments prescribed under

the Act for various kinds of such offence ?

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(c) What is the period of limitation for the following suits and the time

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period of limitation begins to run :

(i) for compensation for slander

(ii) for compensation for libel

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(iii) for compensation for a malicious prosecution
(iv) any suit for which no period of limitation is provided elsewhere in this schedule
(v) by a landlord to recover possession from a tenant.
Attempt all parts of either Q. No. 6 or Q. No. 6A

6. (a) Sameer gave a piece of cloth to Munshi, a tailor, to make a suit from it urgently
within two days. Munshi promised to have the suit ready on time and managed to
get it ready for delivery. Sameer refused to pay him the extra amount as agreed.
In light of the relevant provisions of the Indian Contract Acl 1872, discuss the remedy
available to Munshi. Also discuss the difference between a general and a particular
lien.
(b) Ravi maintains a current account with XYZ Bank in Delhi. On 15th March 2025,
a cheque was issued in his favour by Meena for ` 2,50,000 towards payment of
goods purchased. Instead of sending the physical cheque to Meena’s bank for clearing,
XYZ Bank scanned the cheque, created its electronic image, and transmitted it through
the clearing house recognised by the Reserve Bank of India. The physical cheque
remained with Ravi’s bank branch. Meena claimed that no payment could be demanded
by Ravi as only electronic image was sent by his bank. With the help of the provisions
of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 (as amended in 2002 and 2015), discuss
whether Meena’s objection based on the absence of physical movement has any merit ?

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(c)
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The Parliament is not in session. Both the houses have been prorogued. Therefore,
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o the President promulgates an ordinance on a subject of national em
due to.curgency,
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la simportance. Discuss in detail referring to the ordinance-making power of the President
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ag under the Constitution of India.

(d) During the municipal council elections in Nagpur, Ramesh, a registered and eligible

voter, reached the polling booth to cast his vote. However, the presiding officer refused

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to allow Ramesh to vote, despite him having valid identity documents. Later it was

m . won the election and Ramesh suffered no
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found that Ramesh’s preferred candidate

financial loss. Ramesh filedla
a g a suit against the presiding officer claiming damages for

violation of his legal right. Discuss the remedy available to Ramesh.

OR (Alternate question to Q. No. 6)

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6A. (i) What do you mean by ‘body corporate’, ‘reasonable security practices and procedures’,

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and ‘sensitive personal data or information’ under Section 43A of the Information

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Technology Act, 2000 ? Discuss as to when a body corporate is liable to pay

compensation for failure to protect data.

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(ii) What are the provisions related to the determination of specified value of the subject

matter of the commercial dispute in a suit, appeal or application under the Commercial

Courts Act, 2015 ?

(iii) ‘‘Where once time has begun to run, no subsequent disability or inability to institute

a suit or make an application can stop it.’’ Explain this statement under the Limitation

Act, 1963.

(iv) Discuss the provisions related to the removal of a member from the Arbitration Council

of India established under the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996.

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