AMU Entrance Exam Syllabus for BUMS in Kamil-e-Tib-o-Jarahat

Faculty of Unani Medicine

Kamil-e-Tib-o-Jarahat (BUMS)

PAPER I

Physics

Physical World and Measurement

Physics-scope and excitement, nature of physical laws; Physics, technology and
society. Need for measurement: Units of measurement; systems of units; SI units,
fundamental and derived units. Length, mass and time measurements; accuracy and
precision of measuring instruments, errors in measurement; significant figures.
Dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional analysis and its applications.

Kinematics

Frame of reference. Motion in a straight line: Position-time graph, speed and
velocity. Uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous
velocity.
Uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time, position-time graphs, relations for
uniformly accelerated motion (graphical treatment).
Elementary concepts of differentiation and integration for describing motion.
Scalar and vector quantities: Position and displacement vectors, general vectors and
notation, equality of vectors, multiplication of vectors by a real number; addition and
subtraction of vectors. Relative velocity.
Unit vector; Resolution of a vector in a plane-rectangular components. Motion in a
plane. Cases of uniform velocity and uniform acceleration-projectile motion. Uniform
circular motion.

Laws of Motion

Intuitive concepts of force. Inertia, Newton’s first law of motion; momentum and
Newton’s second law of motion; impulse; Newton’s third law of motion. Law of
conservation of linear momentum and its applications.
Equilibrium of concurrent forces. Static and kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling
friction. Dynamics of uniform circular motion: Centripetal force, examples of circular
motion (vehicle on level circular road, vehicle on banked road).

Work, Energy and Power

Scalar product of vectors. Work done by a constant force and a variable force;
kinetic energy, work-energy theorem, power.
Notion of potential energy, potential energy of a spring, conservative forces:
conservation of mechanical energy (kinetic and potential energies); non-conservative
forces: elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.

Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body

Centre of mass of a two-particle system, momentum conversation and centre of
mass motion. Centre of mass of a rigid body; centre of mass of uniform rod.
Vector product of vectors; moment of a force, torque, angular momentum,
conservation of angular momentum with some examples.
Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation and equations of rotational motion.
Comparison of linear and rotational motions; moment of inertia, radius of gyration.
Values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects (no derivation).
Statement of parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications.

Gravitation

Keplar’s laws of planetary motion. The universal law of gravitation.
Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth.
Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential. Escape velocity. Orbital
velocity of a satellite. Geo-stationary satellites.

Properties of Bulk Matter

Elastic behaviour, Stress-strain relationship, Hooke’s law, Young’s modulus, bulk
modulus, shear, modulus of rigidity.
Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal’s law and its applications (hydraulic lift and
hydraulic brakes). Effect of gravity on fluid pressure.
Viscosity, Stokes’ law, terminal velocity, Reynold’s number, streamline and turbulent
flow. Bernoulli’s theorem and its applications.
Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, application of surface tension
ideas to drops, bubbles and capillary rise.
Heat, temperature, thermal expansion; specific heat-calorimetry; change of state-
latent heat. Heat transfer-conduction, convection and radiation, thermal conductivity,
Newton’s law of cooling.

Thermodynamics

Thermal equilibrium and definition of temperature (zeroth law of thermodynamics).
Heat, work and internal energy. First law of thermodynamics.
Second law of thermodynamics: reversible and irreversible processes. Heat engines
and refrigerators.

Behaviour of Perfect Gas and Kinetic Theory

Equation of state of perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas.
Kinetic theory of gases-assumptions, concept of pressure. Kinetic energy and
temperature; rms speed of gas molecules; degrees of freedom, law of equipartition
of energy (statement only) and application to specific heats of gases; concept of
mean free path, Avogadro’s number.

Oscillations and Waves

Periodic motion-period, frequency, displacement as a function of time. Periodic
functions. Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M) and its equation; oscillations of a spring-
restoring force and force constant; energy in S.H.M.-kinetic and potential energies;
simple pendulum-derivation of expression for its time period; free, forced and
damped oscillations (qualitative ideas only), resonance.
Wave motion. Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of wave motion.
Displacement relation for a progressive wave. Principle of superposition of waves,
reflection of waves, standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode
and harmonics, Beats, Doppler effect.

Electrostatics

Electric charges, Conservation of charge, Coulomb’s low-force between two point
charges forces between multiple charges, superposition principle and continuous
charge distribution.
Electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines; electric dipole
electric field due to a dipole torque on a dipole in uniform electric field.
Electric flux, statement of gauss’s theorem and its applications to find field due to
infinitely long straight wire uniformly charges infinite plane sheet and uniformly
charged tin spherical shell (field inside and outside).
Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a
dipole and system of charge; equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a
system of two point charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field.
Conductors and insulators, free charges and bound charges inside a conductor.
Dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitors and capacitance, combination of
capacitors in series and in parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and
without dielectric medium between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor. Van de
Graaff generator.

Current Electricity

Electric current flow of electric chargers in a metallic conductor drift velocity, mobility
and their relation with electric current; Ohm’s electrical resistance, V-I characteristics
(linear and non-linear), electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity and
conductivity. Carbon resistors colour code for carbon resistors; series and parallel
combinations of resistors; temperature dependence of resistance.
Internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and emf of a cell combination of cells
in series and in parallel.
Kirchhoff’s laws and simple applications. Wheatstone bridge and metre bridge.
Potentiometer – principle and its applications to measure potential difference and for
comparing emf of two cells; measurement of internal resistance of a cell.

Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

Concept of magnetic field, Oersted’s experiment.
Biot-Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop.

Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire, straight and toroidal
solenoids.
Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields. Cyclotron.
Force on a current – carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. Force between
two parallel current – carrying conductors – definition of ampere. Torque
experienced by a current loop in uniform magnetic field; moving coil galvanometer –
its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter. Current loop as a
magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. Magnetic dipole, moment of a
revolving electron, magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet)
along its axis and perpendicular to its axis. Torque on magnetic dipole (bar magnet)
in a uniform magnetic field; bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid magnetic field line;
Earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements para – dia – and ferro – magnetic
substances, with examples. Electromagnets and factors of affecting their strengths.
Permanent magnets.

Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents

Electromagnetic Induction; Faraday’s law. Induced emf and current; Lenz’s law,
Eddy current self and mutual inductance.
Need for displacement current.
Alternating currents, peak and rms value of alternating; current/voltage, reactance
and impedance;
LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only), LCR series circuit, resonance; power in
ac circuits wattles current.
AC generator and transformer.

Electromagnetic Waves

Displacement current, Electromagnetic wave and their characteristics (qualitative
ideas only) Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves.
Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-
rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses.

Optics

Reflection of light spherical mirrors, mirror formula refraction of light, total internal
reflection and its applications, optical fibres refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses
thin lens formula lens maker’s Formula. Magnification power of a lens, combination
of thin lenses in contract. Refraction and dispersion of light through a prism.
Scattering of light – blue colour of the sky and reddish appearance of the sun at
sunrise and sunset.
Optical instruments: Human eye, image formation and accommodation, correct of
eye defects (myopia, hypermetropia, presbyopia and astigmatism) using lenses.
Microscopes and astronomical Telescopes (reflecting and refraction) and their
magnifying powers.
Waves optics: Wave front and Huygens principle reflection and refraction of plane
wave at a plane surface using wave fronts. Proof of laws of reflection and refraction
using Huygen’s principle. Interference, Young’s double slit experiment and
expression for fringe width coherent sources and sustained interference of light.
Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum. Resolving power of

microscopes and astronomical telescopes Polarization, plane polarized light;
Brewster’s law. Uses of plane polarized light and polaroids.

Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation

Dual nature of Radiation Photoelectric, Hertz and Lenard’s observations; Einstein’s
Photoelectric equation – particle nature of light.
Matter waves-wave nature of particles, de Broglie relation. Davission – Germer
experiment.

Atoms & Nuclei

Alpha-particle scattering experiment, Rutherford’s model of atom; Bohr model,
energy levels hydrogen spectrum.
Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars; isotones.
Radioactivity – alpha, beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties;
radioactive decay law Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per
nucleon and its variation with mass number; nuclear fission, nuclear reactor, nuclear
fusion.

Electronic Devices

Semiconductors; semiconductor diode – I – V. characteristics in forward and reverse
bias, diode as a rectifier; I – V characteristics of LED, photodiode, solar cell and
Zener diode: Zener diode as a voltage regulator. Junction transistor, transistor action
characteristics of a transistor; transistor as an amplifier (common emitter
configuration) and oscillator. Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR).
Transistor as a switch.

Communication Systems

Elements of a communication system (block diagram only); bandwidth of signals
(speech, TV and digital data); bandwidth of transmission medium. Propagation of
electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere, sky and space wave propagation. Need
for modulation. Production and detection of an amplitude-modulate wave.

Chemistry

CHEMISTRY (CLASS XI – XII)

Class XI (Theory)

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

General Introduction : Importance and scope of chemistry.

Historical approach to particulate nature of matter, laws of chemical combination, Dalton’s
atomic theory : concept of elements, atoms and molecules.

Atomic and molecular masses. Mole concept and molar mass; percentage composition and
empirical and molecular formula; chemical reactions, stoichiometry and calculations based
on stoichiometry.

Structure of Atom

Discovery of electron, proton and neutron; atomic number, isotopes and isobars.
Thompson’s model and its limitations, Rutherford’s model and its limitations, Bohr’s model
and its limitations, concept of shells and subshells, dual nature of matter and light, de
Broglie’s relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, concept of orbitals, quantum
numbers, shapes of s, p and d orbitals, rules for filling electrons in orbitals Aufbau principle,
Pauli exclusion principle and Hund’s rule, electronic configuration of atoms, stability of half
filled and completely filled orbitals.

Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

Significance of classification, brief history of the development of periodic table, modern
periodic law and the present form of periodic table, periodic trends in properties of elements
– atomic radii, ionic radii, inert gas radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy,
electronegativity, valence, Nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than 100.

Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

Valence electrons, ionic bond, covalent bond, bond parameters, Lewis structure, polar
character of covalent bond, covalent bond, covalent character of ionic bond, valence bond
theory, resonance, geometry of covalent molecules, VSEPR theory, concept of hybridization
involving s, p and d orbitals and shapes of some simple molecules, molecular orbital theory
of homonuclear diatomic molecules (qualitative idea only). Hydrogen bond.

States of Matter : Gases and Liquids

Three states of matter, intermolecular interactions, types of bonding, melting and boiling
points, role of gas laws in elucidating the concept of the molecule, Boyle’s law, Charle’s law,
Gay Lussac’s law, Avogadro’s law, ideal behaviour, empirical derivation of gas equation,
Avogadro number, ideal gas equation. Kinetic energy and molecular speeds (elementary
idea), deviation from ideal behaviour, liquefaction of gases, critical temperature.

Liquid State – Vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension (qualitative idea only, no
mathematical derivations).

Thermodynamics

Concepts of system, types of systems, surroundings, work, heat, energy, extensive and
intensive properties, state functions.

First law of thermodynamics – internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity and specific heat,
measurement of AU and AH, Hess’s law of constant heat summation, enthalpy of : bond
dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, ionization,
solution and dilution.

Introduction of entropy as a state function, Second law of thermodynamics, Gibbs energy
change for spontaneous and non-spontaneous process, criteria for equilibrium.

Third law of thermodynamics – Brief Introduction

Equilibrium

Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes, dynamic nature of equilibrium, law of mass
action, equilibrium constant, factors affecting equilibrium – Le Chatelier’s principle; ionic
equilibrium – ionization of acids and bases, strong and weak electrolytes, degree of
ionization, ionization of polybasic acids, acid strength, concept of pH, Hydrolysis of salts
(elementary idea), buffer solutions, Henderson equation, solubility product, common ion
effect (with illustrative examples).

Redox Reactions

Concept of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, balancing redox
reactions in terms of loss and gain of electron and change in oxidation numbers, applications
of redox reactions.

Hydrogen

Position of hydrogen in periodic table, occurrence, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses
of hydrogen; hydrides – ionic, covalent and interstitial; physical and chemical properties of
water, heavy water; hydrogen peroxide – preparation, reactions, use and structure; hydrogen
as a fuel.

s-Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline earth metals)

Group 1 and Group 2 elements

General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, anomalous properties of the first
element of each group, diagonal relationship, trends in the variation of properties (such as
ionization enthalpy, atomic and ionic radii), trends in chemical reactivity with oxygen, water,
hydrogen and halogens; uses.

Preparation and Properties of some Important Compounds:

Sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogencarbonate,
biological importance of sodium and potassium.

CaA2, CaCO3, and industrial use of lime and limestone, biological importance of Mg and Ca.

Some p-Block Elements

General Introduction to p-Block Elements

Group 13 elements : General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of
properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous properties of first
element of the group; Boron-physical and chemical properties, some important compounds;
borax, boric acids, boron hydrides. Aluminium: uses, reactions with acids and alkalies.

Group 14 elements : General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of
properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous beheaviour of first
element. Carbon – catenation, allotropic forms, physical and chemical properties; uses of
some important compounds: oxides.

Important compounds of silicon and a few uses : silicon tetrachloride, silicones, silicates and
zeolites, their uses.

Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles and Techniques

General introduction, methods of purification, qualitative and quantitative analysis,
classification and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds.

Electronic displacements in a covalent bond: inductive effect, electrometric effect, resonance
and hyper conjugation.

Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond: free radicals, carbocations, carbonions;
electrophiles and nucleophiles, types of organic reactions.

Hydrocarbons

Classification of Hydrocarbons.

Aliphatic hydrocarbons:

Alkanes – Nomenclature, isomerism, conformations (ethane only), physical properties,
chemical reactions including free radical mechanism of halogenation, combustion and
pyrolysis.

Alkenes – Nomenclature, structure of double bond (ethane), geometrical isomerism, physical
properties, methods of preparation; chemical reactions: addition of hydrogen, halogen, water,
hydrogen halides (Markovnikov’s addition and peroxide effect), ozonolysis, oxidation,
mechanism of electrophilic addition.

Alkynes – Nomenclature, structure of triple bond (ethyne), physical properties, methods of
preparation, chemical reactions: acidic character of alkynes, addition reaction of – hydrogen,
halogens, hydrogen halides and water.

Aromatic hydrocarbons – Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature; Benzene : resonance,
aromaticity; chemical properties : mechanism of electrophilic substitution – nitration
sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel Craft’s alkylation and acylation; directive influence of
functional group in mon-substituted benzene; carcinogenicity and toxicity.

Environmental Chemistry

Environmental pollution – Air, water and soil pollution, chemical reactions in atmosphere,
smogs, major atmospheric pollutants; acid rain, ozone and its reactions, effects of depletion
of ozone layer, greenhouse effect and global warming – pollution due to industrial wastes;
green chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution, strategy for control of
environmental pollution.

CLASS XII (Theory)

Solid State

Classificatioin of solids based on different binding forces molecular, ionic covalent and
metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea), unit cell in two
dimensional and three dimensional lattices, calculations of density of unit cell, packing in
solids, packing efficiency, voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, point
defects electrical and magnetic properties, Band theory of metals, conductors,
semiconductors and insulators and n and p type semiconductors.

Solutions

Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of
gases in liquids, solid solutions, colligative properties – relative lowering of vapour pressure,
Raoult’s law, elevation of B.P., depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination
of molecular masses using colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass, Vant Hoff factor.

Electrochemistry

Redox reactions; conductance in electrylytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity
variations of conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch’s Law, electrolysis and laws of
electrolysis (elementary idea), dry cell 0 electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells; lead
accumulator, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential, Nernst equation and its application
to chemical cells. Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell, fuel cells;
corrosion.

Chemical Kinetics

Rate of a reaction (average and instantaneous), factors affecting rates of reaction :
concentration, temperature, catalyst; order and molecularity of a reaction; rate law and
specific rate constant, integrated rate equations and half life (only for zero and first order

reactions); concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment).
Activation energy, Arrhenious equation.

Surface Chemistry

Adsorption – physisorption and chemisorption; factors affecting adsorption of gases on
solids; catalysis thomogenous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity: enzyme catalysis;
colloidal state: distinction between true solutions, colloids and suspensions; lyophillic,
lyophobic multimolecular and macromolecular colloids; properties of colloids; Tyndall
effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation; emulsions – types of emulsions.

General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

Principles and methods of extraction – concentration, oxidation, reduction electrolytic
method and refining; occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminium, copper, zinc and
iron.

Block Elements

Group 15 elements : General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation
states, trends in physical and chemical properties; nitrogen – preparation, properties and uses;
compounds of nitrogen : preparation and properties of ammonia and nitric acid, oxides of
nitrogen (structure only); Phosophorous – allotropic forms; compounds of phosphorous :
preparation and properties of phosphine, halides (PCI3, PCI5) and oxoacids (elementary idea
only).

Group 16 elements : General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidationi states,
occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; dioxygen: preparation, properties and
uses; classification of oxides; ozone. Sulphur – allotropic forms; compounds of sulphur:
preparation, properties and uses of sulphur dioxide; sulphuric acid : industrial process of
manufacture, properties and uses, oxoacids of sulphur (structures only).

Group 17 elements : General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states,
occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; compounds of halogens: preparation,
properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds, oxoacids of
halogens (structures only).

Group 18 elements : General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in
physical and chemical properties, uses.

D and f Block Elements

General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition
metals, general trends in properties of the first row transition metals – metallic character,
ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic
properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation. Preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7
and KMnO4.

Lanthanoids – electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid
contraction and its consequences.

Actinoids – Electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthenoids.

Coordination Compounds

Coordination compounds : Introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic
properties and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds,
bonding, Werner’s theory VBT, CFT; isomerism (structural and stereo) importance of
coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological
systems.).

Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond, physical and chemical properties,
mechanism of substitution reactions. Optical rotation.

Haloarenes : Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen for
monosubstituted compounds only).

Uses and environmental effects of – dichloromethane, trichloromethane,
tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT.

Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Alcohols : Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of
primary alcohols only); identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols; mechanism
of dehydration, uses, with special reference to methanol and ethanol.

Phenols : Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic
nature of phenol, electrophillic substitution reaction, uses of phenols.

Ethers : Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses.

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Aldehydes and ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, method of preparation,
physical and chemical properties, and mechanism of nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha
hydrogen in aldehydes; uses.

Carboxylic Acids : Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and
chemical properties; uses.

Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen

Amines : Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and
chemical properties, uses, identification of primary secondary and tertiary amines.

Cyanides and Isocyanides – will be mentioned at relevant places in context.

Diazonium salts : Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic
chemistry.

Biomolecules

Carbohydrates – Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharide (glucose and
fructose), D-L configuration, oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides
(starch, cellulose, glycogen); importance.

Proteins – Elementary idea of a – amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins,
primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure and quaternary structure (qualitative
idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes.

Hormones – Elementary idea (excluding structure).

Vitamins – Classification and functions.

Nucleic Acids : DNA and RNA

Polymers

Classification – Natural and synthetic, methods of polymerization (addition and
condensation), copolymerization, Some important polymers; natural and synthetic like
polythene, nylon, polyesters, bakelite, rubber, Biodegradable and non-biodegradable
polymers.

Chemistry in Every Day Life

1. Chemicals in medicines – analgesics, tranqualizers, antiseptic, disinfectants,
antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antithistamines.
2. Chemicals in food – preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, elementary idea
of antioxidants.
3. Cleansing agents – soaps and detergents, cleansing action.

ZOOLOGY

• Diversity of living organisms, Classification of the living organisms (Five
Kingdom Classification major groups and principles of Classification within
kingdom : Protista and Animalia). Systematics and binomial system of
nomenclature, Salient features of animal classification (non-chordates up
to Phylum level and chordates up to Class level), Zoological Parks and
Museum.
• Tissues in animals, Morphology, anatomy and functions of different
systems of an annielid (earthworm), an insect (cockroach) and an
amphibian (frog).
• Basic chemical constituents of living bodies. Structure and function of
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, Enzymes : Types,
properties and functions.
• Digestion and absorption, Breathing and Respiration, Body fluids and
circulation, Excretory-products and elimination, Locomotion and
movement, Control and Coordination, Reproductive system in male and
female, menstrual cycle, production of gametes, fertilization, implantation,
embryo development, pregnancy parturition and lactation, Reproductive
Health : birth control, contraception and sexually transmitted diseases,
infertility.
• Human Genetics : Sex determination in human being : XX, XY, Linkage
and Crossing over. Inheritance pattern of haemophilia and blood groups
in human beings, Genome and Human Genome Project, DNA
fingerprinting.
• Theories of organic evolution, Evidences and Mechanism of organic
evolution.
• Animal Husbandry, Basic concept of immunology, vaccines, Pathogens,
parasites, Cancer and AIDS, Adolescence and drug / alcohol abuse,
Recombinant DNA technology.
• Species population and community, Animal ecological adaptation, Centres
of diversity and conservation of biodiversity, National parks and
Sanctuaries.

BIOLOGY

CLASS XI (THEORY)

Diversity of Living Organisms

Chapter-1: The Living World

What is living? Biodiversity; Need for classification; three domains of life; taxonomy and systematics;
concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy; binomial nomenclature; tools for study of taxonomy-
museums, zoological parks, herbaria, botanical gardens.

Chapter-2: Biological Classification
Five kingdom classification; Salient features and classification of Monera, Protista and Fungi into major
groups: Lichens, Viruses and Viroids.

Chapter-3: Plant Kingdom
Salient features and classification of plants into major groups - Algae, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta,
Gymnospermae and Angiospermae (three to five salient and distinguishing features and at least two
examples of each category); Angiosperms - classification upto class, characteristic features and
examples.

Chapter-4: Animal Kingdom
Salient features and classification of animals non-chordates up to phyla level and chordates up to class
level (three to five salient features and at least two examples of each category).
(No live animals or specimen should be displayed.)

Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants

Chapter-5: Morphology of Flowering Plants
Morphology and modifications: Tissues

Chapter-6: Anatomy of Flowering Plants
Anatomy and functions of different parts of flowering plants: root, stem, leaf, inflorescence, flower,
fruit and seed (to be dealt along with the relevant experiment of the Practical Syllabus).

Chapter-7: Structural Organisation in Animals
Animal tissues: Morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory,
respiratory, nervous and reproductive) of an insect (cockroach). (a brief account only)

Cell: Structure and Function

Chapter-8: Cell-The Unit of Life
Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life: Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; Plant cell and
animal cell; cell envelope; cell membrane, cell wall; cell organelles - structure and function;
endomembrane system, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles; mitochondria,
ribosomes, plastids, microbodies; cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles (ultrastructure and function);
nucleus, nuclear membrane, chromatin, nucleolus.

Chapter-9: Biomolecules
Chemical constituents of living cells: biomolecules, structure and function of proteins, carbohydrates,
lipids, nucleic acids, enzymes, types, properties, enzyme action.

Chapter-10: Cell Cycle and Cell Division
Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis and their significance.

Plant Physiology

Chapter-11: Transport in Plants
Movement of water, gases and nutrients; cell to cell transport, Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active
transport; plant-water relations, Imbibition, water potential, osmosis, plasmolysis; long distance
transport of water - Absorption, apoplast, symplast, transpiration pull, root pressure and guttation;
transpiration, opening and closing of stomata; Uptake and translocation of mineral nutrients - Transport
of food, phloem transport, massflow hypothesis; diffusion of gases.

Chapter-12: Mineral Nutrition
Essential minerals, macro- and micronutrients and their role; deficiency symptoms; mineral toxicity;
elementary idea of hydroponics as a method to study mineral nutrition; nitrogen metabolism, nitrogen
cycle, biological nitrogen fixation.

Chapter-13: Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
Photosynthesis as a mean of autotrophic nutrition; site of photosynthesis, pigments involved in
photosynthesis (elementary idea); photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis; cyclic and
non cyclic photophosphorylation; chemiosmotic hypothesis; photorespiration; C3 and C4 pathways;
factors affecting photosynthesis.

Chapter-14: Respiration in Plants
Exchange of gases; cellular respiration - glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle and electron
transport system (aerobic); energy relations - number of ATP molecules generated; amphibolic pathways;
respiratory quotient.

Chapter-15: Plant - Growth and Development
Seed germination; phases of plant growth and plant growth rate; conditions of growth; differentiation,
dedifferentiation and redifferentiation; sequence of developmental processes in a plant cell; growth
regulators - auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA; seed dormancy; vernalisation; photoperiodism.

Human Physiology

Chapter-16: Digestion and Absorption
Alimentary canal and digestive glands, role of digestive enzymes and gastrointestinal hormones;
Peristalsis, digestion, absorption and assimilation of proteins, carbohydrates and fats; calorific values of
proteins, carbohydrates and fats; egestion; nutritional and digestive disorders - PEM, indigestion,
constipation, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhoea.

Chapter-17: Breating and Exchange of Gases
Respiratory organs in animals (recall only); Respiratory system in humans; mechanism of breathing and
its regulation in humans - exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration, respiratory
volume; disorders related to respiration - asthma, emphysema, occupational respiratory disorders.

Chapter-18: Body Fluids and Circulation
Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood; composition of lymph and its function; human
circulatory system - Structure of human heart and blood vessels; cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG;
double circulation; regulation of cardiac activity; disorders of circulatory system - hypertension,
coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, heart failure.

Chapter-19: Excretory Products and Their Elimination
Modes of excretion - ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism; human excretory system – structure and
function; urine formation, osmoregulation; regulation of kidney function - renin - angiotensin, atrial
natriuretic factor, ADH and diabetes insipidus; role of other organs in excretion; disorders - uraemia,
renal failure, renal calculi, nephritis; dialysis and artificial kidney.

Chapter-20: Locomotion and Movement
Types of movement - ciliary, flagellar, muscular; skeletal muscle- contractile proteins and muscle
contraction; skeletal system and its functions; joints; disorders of muscular and skeletal system -
myasthenia gravis, tetany, muscular dystrophy, arthritis, osteoporosis, gout.

Chapter-21: Neural Control and Coordination
Neuron and nerves; Nervous system in humans - central nervous system; peripheral nervous system and
visceral nervous system; generation and conduction of nerve impulse; reflex action; sensory perception;
sense organs; elementary structure and functions of eye and ear.

Chapter-22: Chemical Coordination and Integration
Endocrine glands and hormones; human endocrine system - hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid,
parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads; mechanism of hormone action (elementary idea); role of
hormones as messengers and regulators, hypo - and hyperactivity and related disorders; dwarfism,
acromegaly, cretinism, goiter, exophthalmic goiter, diabetes, Addison's disease.

Note: Diseases related to all the human physiological systems to be taught in brief.

CLASS XII (THEORY)

Reproduction

Chapter-1: Reproduction in Organisms
Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species; modes of
reproduction - asexual and sexual reproduction; asexual reproduction - binary fission, sporulation,
budding, gemmule formation, fragmentation; vegetative propagation in plants.

Chapter-2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Flower structure; development of male and female gametophytes; pollination - types, agencies and
examples; outbreeding devices; pollen-pistil interaction; double fertilization; post fertilization events -
development of endosperm and embryo, development of seed and formation of fruit; special modes-
apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed dispersal and fruit formation.

Chapter-3: Human Reproduction
Male and female reproductive systems; microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; gametogenesis -
spermatogenesis and oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst
formation, implantation; pregnancy and placenta formation (elementary idea); parturition (elementary
idea); lactation (elementary idea).

Chapter-4: Reproductive Health
Need for reproductive health and prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs); birth control -
need and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP); amniocentesis; infertility
and assisted reproductive technologies - IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (elementary idea for general awareness).

Genetics and Evolution

Chapter-5: Principles of Inheritance and Variation
Heredity and variation: Mendelian inheritance; deviations from Mendelism – incomplete dominance, co-
dominance, multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups, pleiotropy; elementary idea of polygenic
inheritance; chromosome theory of inheritance; chromosomes and genes; Sex determination - in humans,
birds and honey bee; linkage and crossing over; sex linked inheritance - haemophilia, colour blindness;
Mendelian disorders in humans - thalassemia; chromosomal disorders in humans; Down's syndrome,
Turner's and Klinefelter's syndromes.

Chapter-6: Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA
replication; Central dogma; transcription, genetic code, translation; gene expression and regulation - lac
operon; genome and human and rice genome projects; DNA fingerprinting.

Chapter-7: Evolution
Origin of life; biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (paleontology, comparative
anatomy, embryology and molecular evidences); Darwin's contribution, modern synthetic theory of
evolution; mechanism of evolution - variation (mutation and recombination) and natural selection with
examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy - Weinberg's principle; adaptive
radiation; human evolution.

Biology and Human Welfare

Chapter-8: Human Health and Diseases
Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (malaria, dengue, chickengunia, filariasis, ascariasis,
typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm) and their control; Basic concepts of
immunology - vaccines; cancer, HIV and AIDS; Adolescence - drug and alcohol abuse.

Chapter-9: Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
Improvement in food production: Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein, Biofortification,
Apiculture and Animal husbandry.

Chapter-10: Microbes in Human Welfare
In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and microbes
as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers. Antibiotics; production and judicious use.

Biotechnology and Its Applications

Chapter-11: Biotechnology - Principles and processes
Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology).

Chapter-12: Biotechnology and its Application
Application of biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, stem cell
technology, gene therapy; genetically modified organisms - Bt crops; transgenic animals;
biosafety issues, bio piracy and patents.

Ecology and Environment

Chapter-13: Organisms and Populations
Organisms and environment: Habitat and niche, population and ecological adaptations; population
interactions - mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; population attributes - growth, birth rate
and death rate, age distribution.

Chapter-14: Ecosystem
Ecosystems: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; energy flow; pyramids of number,
biomass, energy; nutrient cycles (carbon and phosphorous); ecological succession; ecological services -
carbon fixation, pollination, seed dispersal, oxygen release (in brief).

Chapter-15: Biodiversity and its Conservation
Concept of biodiversity; patterns of biodiversity; importance of biodiversity; loss of biodiversity;
biodiversity conservation; hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere
reserves, national parks, sanctuaries and Ramsar sites.

Chapter-16: Environmental Issues
Air pollution and its control; water pollution and its control; agrochemicals and their effects; solid waste
management; radioactive waste management; greenhouse effect and climate change; ozone layer
depletion; deforestation; any one case study as success story addressing environmental issue(s).

PAPER II (BUMS / Pre-Tib)
(A)

(B) General Knowledge (BUMS / Pre-Tib)

Pre-Tib

Paper I (A) Arabic

Uloom-e-Sharqia (B)