Assam Board Class 12 Question Paper 2025 History

Total number of pages – 24
CODE : 35T HIST
(EN/AS/BN/BD)

2025

HISTORY

Full Marks : 80

Pass Marks : 24

Time : Three hours

The figures in the margin indicate full marks
for the questions.

Q. No. 1 carries 1 mark each 1×8 = 8

Q. No. 2 carries 2 marks each 2×8 = 16

Q. No. 3 carries 4 marks each 4×8 = 32

Q. No. 4 carries 6 marks each 6×3 = 18

Q. No. 5 carries 6 marks each 6×1 = 6

Total = 80

Contd.
30 / HIST

1. Answer the following questions : ( any eight ) 1×8=8

øÚ•ßø˘ø‡Ó¬ õ∂ùü¸˜”˝1 Î◊¬M1 ø˚˛± – [ø˚Àfl¬±ÀÚ± ’±Í¬È¬±]
øÚÀ•ß±Mê √õ∂ùü&ø˘¬ı˛ Î◊¬M¬ı˛ ±› – [Œ˚-Œfl¬±ÀÚ± ’±È¬øȬ]
ªÊ„ÊÿÁŸ ‚Ê¥ŸÊÿ»§Ê⁄UÁŸ Á»§ŸŸÊÿ Á‹⁄U — (◊ÊŸŒÊߟÁŸ)

(i) Who is known as the ‘Father of Indian Archaeology’ ?

Œfl¬±ÚÊÚ ¬ı…øMêfl¬ 눬±1Ó¬œ˚˛ √õ∂PÓ¬N1 ÊÚfl¬í ¬ı≈ø˘ ÊÚ± ˚±˚˛∑
눬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ √õ∂PÓ¬ÀN¬ı˛ ÊÚfl¬í ¬ıÀ˘ Œfl¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ ∑
“‚Ê⁄UπÊÒ ÷Ê⁄UÃÁŸ ªÊŒÊÁ◊ŸÊÁ⁄U (Archaeology) Á’»§Ê ’¥ÈŸÊÿ ¡ÊÿÊ?

(ii) Name one Janapada.

¤‡Ú ÊÚ¬Û1 Ú±˜ ø˘‡±º
¤fl¬øȬ ÊÚ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛ Ú±˜ Œ˘À‡±º
◊ÊŸ‚ ¡Ÿ¬ŒÁŸ ◊È¥ Á‹⁄U–

(iii) Who composed the Allahabad Pillar Inscription ?

¤˘±˝±¬ı± ô¶yø˘ø¬Û Œfl¬±ÀÚ 1‰¬Ú± fl¬ø1ø¢∑
¤˘±˝±¬ı± ô¶yø˘ø¬Û Œfl¬ ¬ı˛‰¬Ú± fl¬À¬ı˛ø¢ ∑
∞‹Ê„Ê’ÊŒ πÊê»§Ê „Ê¥πÊπÊÒ ‚Ê⁄U ⁄UŸ‚ÊÿŒÊ¥◊ÊŸ?

(iv) Where was Buddha born ?

¬ı≈X√Àª1 Êiú fl¬íÓ¬ Δ˝ø¢∑
¬ı≈X√ÀÀ¬ı¬ı˛ Êiú Œfl¬±Ô±˚˛ ˝À˚˛ø¢ ∑
’ÈhŒ’Ê ’’ÿÊfl ¡ÊŸÊ◊ ¡ÊŒÊ¥◊ÊŸ ?

30 / HIST [2]

(v) During whose reign Chinese traveller Hieu-Yen-Chang visited
Assam ?

Œfl¬±ÚÊÚ ˙±¸fl¬1 ˙±¸Úfl¬±˘Ó¬ ‰¬œÚ± ¬Ûø1¬ı˱Êfl¬ ø˝Î◊¬ÀªÚ ‰¬±À„ ’¸˜ w˜Ì fl¬ø1ø¢∑
fl¬±¬ı˛ ˙±¸Úfl¬±À˘ ‰¬œÚ± ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı˱Êfl¬ ø˝Î◊¬À˚˛Ú-¸±— ’±¸±À˜ w˜Ì fl¬À¬ı˛øÂÀ˘Ú ∑
‚Ê⁄U πÈ¥ÁªÁ⁄UÁŸ ‚◊Êfl øËŸÊ ŒÊfl’ÊÿÊÁ⁄U Á„©flŸ øÊ¥ •Ê •Ê‚Ê◊Êfl »Ò§ŒÊ¥◊ÊŸ ?

(vi) Who was the first prince of Assam to revolt against the
British ?

¬ı‘øȬÂ1 ø¬ı1nÀX√√ ø¬ıÀ^±˝ fl¬1± ’¸˜1 √õ∂Ô˜ÊÚ 1±ÊÀfl¬“±ª1 Œfl¬±Ú ’±ø¢∑
ø¬ıËøȬ˙À¬ı˛ ø¬ıèÀX√√ ø¬ıÀ^±˝ fl¬¬ı˛± ’±¸±À˜¬ı˛ √õ∂Ô˜ ¬ı˛±Ê± Œfl¬ øÂÀ˘Ú ∑
Á’˝Á≈U‚ÁŸ „¥ÕÊÿ ¡ÈÁ¡ŸÊÿ •Ê‚Ê◊ÁŸ ÁªÁ’Á‚Ÿ ⁄UÊ¡πÈ¥ªÈ⁄UÁŸ ◊Èæ§Ê ◊Ê ?

(vii) Who authored ‘Rihla’ ?

ëø1 ±í1 Œ˘‡fl¬ Œfl¬±Ú∑
ëø¬ı˛˝ƒ˘±í-¬ı˛ Œ˘‡fl¬ Œfl¬∑
Á⁄U„‹ÊÁŸ Á‹⁄UÁªÁ⁄UÿÊ ‚Ê⁄?

(viii) Who started the Virashaiva Tradition in Karnataka ?

Œfl¬±ÀÚ fl¬Ì«±È¬fl¬1 ¬ıœ1Õ˙ª ¬Û1•Û1±1 ’±1y¬ fl¬ø1ø¢∑
fl¬Ì«±È¬Àfl¬ ¬ıœ¬ı˛Õ˙¬ı ¬Û¬ı˛•Û¬ı˛± Œfl¬ ’±¬ı˛y¬ fl¬À¬ı˛ø¢ ∑
∑§ŸÊ¸≈U∑§ÁŸ Á’⁄U‚Ò’ ŒÊ⁄UÊæ§ÊÁ⁄U ‚Ê⁄U ¡ÊªÊÿŒÊ¥◊ÊŸ ?

(ix) Name the best-known woman poet of the Bhakti tradition.

ˆ¬øMê ¬Û1•Û1±1 ¸fl¬À˘±Ó¬Õfl¬ √õ∂ø¸X√√ ˜ø˝˘± fl¬ø¬ı·1±fl¬œ1 Ú±˜ ø˘‡±º
ˆ¬øMê ¬Û¬ı˛•Û¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¸¬ıÀÔÀfl¬ √¬Ûø¬ı˛ø‰¬Ó¬√√ ˜ø˝˘± fl¬ø¬ı¬ı˛ Ú±˜ Œ˘À‡±º
Á‚Á’ÕÊÿ ŒÊ⁄UÊæ§ÊÁ⁄UÁŸ ’ÿÁŸ∫Èß’Ê ◊È¥ŒÊ¥πÊÁ‚Ÿ •Êÿ¡Ê πãÕÊßÁªÁ⁄U ◊È¥ Á‹⁄U–

30 / HIST [3] Contd.

(x) What is Bell of Arms ?

’¶a±·±1 øfl¬∑
’¶a±·±¬ı˛ øfl¬ ∑
„ÊÁÕÿÊ⁄U ÷ÊãŒÊ⁄U (’ÊÁ⁄Ufl˝) ◊Ê ?

(xi) Name the leader of Vietnam War.

øˆ¬À˚˛È¬Ú±˜ ˚≈X√1 ŒÚÓ¬±ÊÚ1 Ú±˜ ø˘‡±º
øˆ¬À˚˛Ó¬Ú±À˜¬ı˛ ˚≈X√ÀÚÓ¬±¬ı˛ Ú±˜ Œ˘À‡±º
Á÷ÿßÊ◊ ŒÊfl„ÊÁŸ ŒÒŒŸÁªÁ⁄UÁŸ ◊È¥ Á‹⁄U–

(xii) Which country has the longest written Constitution ?

Œfl¬±Ú‡Ú Œ˙1 ¸—ø¬ıÒ±Ú œ‚«Ó¬˜ ø˘ø‡Ó¬ ¸—ø¬ıÒ±Ú∑
Œfl¬±Úƒ ŒÀ˙¬ı˛ ¸—ø¬ıÒ±Ú œ‚«Ó¬˜ ø˘ø‡Ó¬ ¸—ø¬ıÒ±Ú ∑
’’ ◊ÊŸ‚ „ÊŒ⁄UÁŸ ‚¥Á’Á¡ŒU•Ê ªÊ‹ÊflÁ‚Ÿ Á‹⁄UŸÊÿ ‚¥Á’Á¡Œ ?

2. Answer the following questions in brief : ( any eight ) 2×8=16

Ó¬˘1 √õ∂ùü¸˜”˝1 ‰¬˜≈ Î◊¬M1 ø˚˛± – [ø˚Àfl¬±ÀÚ± ’±Í¬È¬±]
ÚœÀ‰¬¬ı˛ √õ∂ùü&ø˘¬ı˛ ¸—øé¬5 Î◊¬M¬ı˛ ±› – [Œ˚-Œfl¬±ÀÚ± ’±È¬øȬ]
‚È¥ŒÿÒ Á»§ŸŸÊÿ Á‹⁄U — (¡ÊÿÁπ¡ÊÿÊ ◊ÊŸŒÊߟ)

(i) Name any two important sites of Harappan Civilization.

˝1m± ¸ˆ¬…Ó¬±1 ø˚Àfl¬±ÀÚ± ≈‡Ú ¶ö±Ú1 Ú±˜ ø˘‡±º
˝¬ı˛m± ¸ˆ¬…Ó¬±¬ı˛ Œ˚-Œfl¬±ÀÚ± ≈øȬ ¶ö±ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ú±˜ Œ˘À‡±º
„⁄Uå¬Ê ‚ÊŒÊ◊ÁdÁŸ ¡ÊÿÁπ¡ÊÿÊ ◊ÊŸŸÒ ¡ÊÿªÊÁŸ ◊È¥ Á‹⁄U–

30 / HIST [4]

(ii) What were the two settlements of the Harappan Civilization ?

˝1m± ¸ˆ¬…Ó¬±1 ≈Ȭ± ÊÚ¬ı¸øÓ¬ øfl¬ øfl¬∑
˝¬ı˛m± ¸ˆ¬…Ó¬±¬ı˛ ≈øȬ ÊÚ¬ı¸øÓ¬ øfl¬ øfl¬ ∑
„⁄Uå¬Ê ‚ÊŒÊ◊ÁdÁŸ ◊ÊŸŸÒ ‚È’È¥ ÕÊÕÊÿ ◊Ê ◊Ê ?

(iii) Write any two vows of Jain monks and nuns.

ΔÊÚ øˆ¬é≈¬-øˆ¬é≈¬Ìœ¸fl¬˘1 ¬Û±˘Úœ˚˛ ø˚Àfl¬±ÀÚ± ≈Ȭ± ’eœfl¬±1 ø˘‡±º
ΔÊÚ ¸iß…±¸œ-¸iß…±¸œøÚÀ¬ı˛ ¬Û±˘Úœ˚˛ Œ˚-Œfl¬±ÀÚ± ≈øȬ ’eœfl¬±¬ı˛ Œ˘À‡±º
¡ÒŸ Á÷ˇÊÈ Á÷ˇÊÈÁŸ»§Ê⁄UÊ ‹ÊŸÊÿ ¡ÊÿÁπ¡ÊÿÊ ◊ÊŸŸÒ ‚◊Êÿ Áπ⁄UÊ Á‹⁄U–

(iv) Name two cities of ancient Assam.

√õ∂±‰¬œÚ ’¸˜1 ≈‡Ú Ú·11 Ú±˜ ø˘‡±º
√õ∂±‰¬œÚ ’±¸±À˜¬ı˛ ≈øȬ ˙˝À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Ú±˜ Œ˘À‡±º
ªÊŒÊÁŸ •Ê‚Ê◊ÁŸ ŸÊªÊ⁄U ◊ÊŸŸÒÁŸ ◊È¥ Á‹⁄U–

(v) Name two important ‘Tantra Sastra’ of ancient Assam.

√õ∂±‰¬œÚ ’¸˜1 ≈‡Ú ë&1nQ¬Û”Ì« Ó¬La˙±¶aí1 Ú±˜ ø˘‡±º
√õ∂±‰¬œÚ ’±¸±À˜¬ı˛ ≈øȬ &èQ¬Û”Ì« ëÓ¬La˙±À¶aí¬ı˛ Ú±˜ Œ˘À‡±º
ªÊŒÊÁŸ •Ê‚Ê◊ÁŸ ªÊŸÊ¥ÕÊ⁄U ªÊ¥ŸÒ ÃãòÊ‚ÊùÁŸ ◊È¥ Á‹⁄U–

(vi) What, according to the historians, were the two categories of
Bhakti traditions ?

˝◊øÓ¬˝±¸ø¬ı¸fl¬˘1 ˜ÀÓ¬ ˆ¬øMê ¬Û1•Û1±1 ˜”˘ ˆ¬±· ≈Ȭ± øfl¬ øfl¬∑
‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬À¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ ˆ¬øMê ¬Û¬ı˛•Û¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ˜”˘ ˆ¬±· ≈øȬ øfl¬ øfl¬ ∑
¡ÊÁ⁄UÁ◊ŸÁªÁ⁄U»§Ê⁄UÁŸ ’ÊÁŒé‹Ê Á‚Á’ÕÊÿ ŒÊ⁄UÊæ§ÊÁ⁄UÁŸ ªÈ’Ò ’ʄʪÊ ◊ÊŸŸÒÿÊ ◊Ê ◊Ê ?

30 / HIST [5] Contd.

(vii) Who discovered the ruins at Hampi and when ?

˝±•Ûœ ‰¬˝11 Òı—¸±ªÀ˙¯∏ Œfl¬±ÀÚ Œfl¬øÓ¬˚˛± ’±øª©®±1 fl¬ø1ø¢∑

˝±ø•Û ˙˝À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Ò3—¸±¬ıÀ˙¯∏ Œfl¬ fl¬À¬ı ’±ø¬ı©®±¬ı˛ fl¬À¬ı˛ø¢∑

„Ê◊Á¬ ŸÊªÊ⁄UπÊÒ ‚Ê⁄U •Ê⁄UÊ ◊Êé‹Ê ÁŒ„ÈŸÁ»§ŸŒÊ¥◊ÊŸ?

(viii) Name any two types of land under Akbar.

’±fl¬¬ı11 ’ÒœÚÓ¬ ø˚Àfl¬±ÀÚ± ≈˝◊ √õ∂fl¬±11 ˆ”¬ø˜1 Ú±˜ ø˘‡±º

’±fl¬¬ıÀ¬ı˛¬ı˛ ’Ҝڶö Œ˚-Œfl¬±ÀÚ± ≈˝◊ √õ∂fl¬±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜¬ı˛ Ú±˜ Œ˘À‡±º

•Ê∑§’⁄UÁŸ Á‚æ§Êfl ¡ÊÿÁπ¡ÊÿÊ ◊ÊŸŸÒ ⁄UÊπÊ◊ÁŸ „ÊÁŸ ◊È¥ Á‹⁄U–

(ix) Who introduced the permanent settlement in Bengal and
when ?

¬ı—·Ó¬ ø‰¬1¶ö±˚˛œ ¬ıμ¬ıô¶1 √õ∂ªÓ«¬Ú Œfl¬±ÀÚ Œfl¬øÓ¬˚˛± fl¬ø1ø¢∑

¬ıÀe ø‰¬¬ı˛¶ö±˚˛œ ¬ıÀ챬ıÀô¶¬ı˛ √õ∂¬ıÓ«¬Ú Œfl fl¬À¬ı fl¬À¬ı˛ø¢ ∑

’¥ª•Êfl •⁄UÊÿÕÊ ’ãŒ⁄U ÕÊÕÊÿπÊÒ ‚Ê⁄U •Ê⁄UÊ ◊Êé‹Ê πÊ‹Ê◊ŒÊ¥◊ÊŸ ?

(x) What were Northern Black Polished ware ?

Î◊¬M1±=˘1 fl¬í˘± ¬Ûø˘‰¬ ø˚˛± ø˙ä ¸y±1 øfl¬∑

Î◊¬M¬ı˛±=À˘¬ı˛ fl¬±À˘± ¬¬Û±ø˘˙ Œ›˚˛± ø˙ä ¸y±¬ı˛ øfl¬ ∑

‚Ê„Ê •ÊŸ‚Ê‹ÁŸ ªÊ‚Ê◊ ¬Á‹‚ ŒÊÁ⁄UÁ◊ŸÊ ◊Ê ?

30 / HIST [6]

3. Answer the following questions : (any eight) 4×8=32

Ó¬˘1 √õ∂ùü¸˜”˝1 Î◊¬M1 ø˘‡± – [ø˚Àfl¬±ÀÚ± ’±Í¬È¬±]
ÚœÀ‰¬¬ı˛ √õ∂ùü&ø˘¬ı˛ Î◊¬M¬ı˛ Œ˘À‡± – [Œ˚-Œfl¬±ÀÚ± ’±È¬øȬ]
ªÊ„ÊÿÁŸ ‚Ê¥ŸÊÿ»§Ê⁄UÁŸ Á»§ŸŸÊÿ Á‹⁄U — (◊ÊŸŒÊߟÁŸ)

(i) Explain why the Harappan Civilization is called an urban
civilization ?

˝1m± ¸ˆ¬…Ó¬±fl¬ Ú·1œ˚˛± ¸ˆ¬…Ó¬± ¬ı≈ø˘ øfl¬˚˛ Œfl¬±ª± ˝˚˛ ¬ı…±‡…± fl¬1±º
˝¬ı˛m± ¸ˆ¬…Ó¬±Àfl¬ Ú±·ø¬ı˛fl¬ ¸ˆ¬…Ó¬± Œfl¬Ú ¬ı˘± ˝˚˛ ¬ı…±‡…± fl¬À¬ı˛±º
„⁄Uå¬Ê ‚ÊŒÊ◊ÁdπÊÒ ◊ÊŸÊ ŸÊªÊ⁄UÊÁ⁄U ‚ÊŒÊ◊Ád ’È¥ŸÊÿ ¡ÊÿÊ »§Ê⁄U◊Êÿ–

(ii) Which ‘smriti’ laid down the duties of the Chandals ? What
were the duties of a Chandal according to the text ?

Œfl¬±Ú‡Ú ë¶ú‘øÓ¬ ˙±¶aí˝◊ ‰¬G±˘¸fl¬˘1 fl¬Ó«¬¬ı… øÚX«√±1Ì fl¬ø1ø¢ ∑ ‰¬G±˘¸fl¬˘1 fl¬Ó«¬¬ı…¸˜”˝
øfl¬ øfl¬ ’±ø¢∑
Œfl¬±Úƒ ë¶ú‘øÓ¬ ˙±¶aí ‰¬G±˘À¬ı˛ fl¬Ó«¬¬ı… øÚÒ«±¬ı˛Ì fl¬À¬ı˛ øÀ˚˛ø¢ ∑ ‰¬G±˘À¬ı˛ fl¬Ó«¬¬ı…¸˜”˝ øfl¬ øfl¬
ø¢ ∑
◊Ê Á’‚Áê’ •Ê ‚ÊãŒÊ‹»§Ê⁄UÁŸ ◊Êfl»§ÊÁ⁄U (Á’’ÊŸ) ÁÕ πÊ‹Ê◊ŒÊ¥◊ÊŸ? ‚ÊãŒÊ‹»§Ê⁄UÁŸ
◊ÊflŸÊ¥ªÊÒ Á’’ÊŸ»§Ê⁄UÊ ◊Ê ◊Ê?

(iii) Discuss the causes of the rise of Magadha.

˜·Ò1 Î◊¬O±Ú1 fl¬±1̸˜”˝ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¬1±º
˜·ÀÒ¬ı˛ Î◊¬O±ÀÚ¬ı˛ fl¬±¬ı˛Ì¸˜”˝ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¬À¬ı˛±º
◊ªœÁŸ ¡ÊπÊ¥»È§ŸÊÿÁŸ ¡Ê„ÊŸ»§Ê⁄UπÊÒ ‚Êfl⁄UÊÿ–

30 / HIST [7] Contd.

(iv) Write a note on the Buddhist texts.

Œ¬ıÃX√√ ˙±¶a¸˜”˝1 ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ¤øȬ ŒÈ¬±fl¬± ø˘‡±º
Œ¬ıÃX√√ ˙±¶a¸˜”˝¬ ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ ¤fl¬øȬ Ȭœfl¬± Œ˘À‡±º
’ÊÒh Á’¡Ê’»§Ê⁄UÁŸ ‚Ê◊ÊãŒÒ ◊ÊŸ‚ Á‹⁄U‚È¥ÕÊÿ Á‹⁄U–

(v) Discuss about the Paik system under the Ahoms.

’±À˝±˜ ˙±¸Ú ¬ı…ª¶ö±1 ¬Û±˝◊fl¬ √õ∂Ô±1 ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¬1±º
’±À˝±˜ ˙±¸Ú ¬ı…¬ı¶ö±˚˛ ¬Û±˝◊fl¬ √õ∂Ô±¬ ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¬À¬ı˛±º
•Ê„◊ πÈ¥ÕÊÿÁŸ ¬Êß∑§ πÊÁãÕÁŸ ‚Ê◊ÊãŒÒ ‚Êfl⁄UÊÿ–

(vi) What did Bernier state regarding land ownership in India ?

ˆ¬±1Ó¬Ó¬ ˜±øȬ1 ˜±ø˘fl¬œ¶§Q1 ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ¬ı±øÌ«˚˛±À1 øfl¬ ˜Ó¬ √õ∂fl¬±˙ fl¬ø1ø¢∑
ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Êø˜¬ı˛ ˜±ø˘fl¬±Ú±¶§Q¬ ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ ¬ı±øÚ«˚˛±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê… øfl¬ ˜Ó¬ √õ∂fl¬±˙ fl¬À¬ı˛ø¢ ∑
÷Ê⁄UÃÁŸ „ÊÁŸ Á’ªÊ◊ÁŸ ◊ÊŸÕÊÿÁŸ ‚Ê◊ÊãŒÒ ’ÊÁŸ¸ÿÊ⁄UÊ ◊Ê ’È¥ŒÊ¥◊ÊŸ?

(vii) Write briefly about the popular practice of Islam.

˝◊¢±˜ Ò˜«1 ÊÚø√õ∂˚˛ 1œøÓ¬ÚœøÓ¬1 ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ‰¬˜≈Õfl¬ ø˘‡±º
˝◊¸˘±˜ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ÊÚø√õ∂˚˛ ¬ı˛œøÓ¬ÚœøÓ¬¬ ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ ¸—Àé¬À¬Û Œ˘À‡±º
ß‚‹Ê◊ ÉÊÊ⁄UÊ◊ÁŸ ◊È¥ŒÊ¥πÊ •Ê‚Ê⁄U πÊÁãÕÁŸ ‚Ê◊ÊãŒÒ ‚È¥ŒÿÒ Á‹⁄U–

(viii) Discuss the role of the Zamindars in Mughal period.

Œ˜±·˘ ˚≈·Ó¬ Êø˜±1¸fl¬˘1 ˆ”¬ø˜fl¬± ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¬1±º
˜≈‚˘ ˚≈À·¬ı˛ Êø˜±¬ı˛À¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¬± ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¬À¬ı˛±º
◊Ȫ‹ ◊ȪÊÁŸ „Ê Á’ªÊ◊Ê»§Ê⁄UÁŸ (¡Á◊ŒÊ⁄U) Á’»§ÊflÁŸ ‚Ê◊ÊãŒÒ ‚Êfl⁄UÊÿ–

30 / HIST [8]

(ix) What arguments were put forward by the members of the
Constituent Assembly in favour of a strong Central
Government ?
¸—ø¬ıÒ±Ú ¸ˆ¬±1 ¸¸…¸fl¬À˘ ¤‡Ú ˙øMê˙±˘œ Œfl¬fœ˚˛ ‰¬1fl¬±11 ¸¬ÛÀé¬ øfl¬ øfl¬ ˚≈øMê ±ø„
Òø1ø¢∑
¸—ø¬ıÒ±Ú ¸ˆ¬±¬ı˛ ¸¸…·Ì ¤fl¬øȬ ˙øMê˙±˘œ Œfl¬fœ˚˛ ¸¬ı˛fl¬±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¸¬ÛÀé¬ øfl¬ øfl¬ ˚≈øMê Ó≈¬À˘
ÒÀ¬ı˛ø¢ ∑
‚¥Á’Á¡Œ •Ê»§ÊŒÁŸ ‚ÊŒ˝Ê◊Ê»§Ê⁄UÊ ªÊ„Ê ªÊ⁄UÊ Á◊L§ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U ŒÊŸÊ ◊Ê ◊Ê ¡ÈÁÄà „ÊŒÊ¥◊ÊŸ?

(x) Write a note on the Santhals.
‰¬±“›Ó¬±˘¸fl¬˘1 ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ¤øȬ ŒÈ¬±fl¬± ø˘‡±º
¸“±›Ó¬±˘À¬ı˛ ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ ¤fl¬øȬ Ȭœfl¬± Œ˘À‡±º
‚ÊflÃÊ‹»§Ê⁄UÁŸ ‚Ê◊ÊãŒÒ ◊ÊŸ‚ Á‹⁄U‚È¥ÕÊÿ Á‹⁄U–

(xi) Write a brief note on the Revolt of 1857.
1857 ‡Ëœ©Ü±s1 ø¬ıÀ^±˝1 ¤øȬ ‰¬˜≈ ŒÈ¬±fl¬± ø˘‡±º
1857 ‡Ëœ©Ü±Às¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ^±˝¬ ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ ¤fl¬øȬ ¸—øé¬5 Ȭœfl¬± Œ˘À‡±º
1857 Á∫CÊ√ŒÁŸ Á’ª˝ÊÿŸÊÿÁŸ ‚ÊÿÊfl ◊ÊŸ‚ ‚È¥Œ Á‹⁄UÕÊß Á‹⁄U–

(xii) Why was ‘salt’ destroyed by the colonial government ? Why did
Mahatma Gandhi consider the salt tax more oppressive than
other taxes ?
fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¬ ‰¬1fl¬±À1 ëøÚ˜‡í øfl¬˚˛ Òı—¸ fl¬ø1ø¢∑ ˜˝±R± ·±gœÀ˚˛ øÚ˜‡ fl¬1 ’Ú…
fl¬1Ó¬Õfl¬ Œ¬ıø ˙±øô¶˜”˘fl¬ ¬ı≈ø˘ øfl¬˚˛ ø¬ıÀ¬ı‰¬Ú± fl¬ø1ø¢∑
fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¬ ¸¬ı˛fl¬±¬ı˛ 뢬ıÌí Œfl¬Ú Ò3—¸ fl¬À¬ı˛ø¢ ∑ ˜˝±R± ·±gœ ˘¬ıÌ fl¬¬ı˛Àfl¬ ’Ú…±Ú… fl¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛
ŒÔÀfl¬ Œ¬ıø˙ ˙±øô¶˜”˘fl¬ ¬ıÀ˘ Œfl¬Ú ø¬ıÀ¬ı‰¬Ú± fl¬À¬ı˛øÂÀ˘Ú ∑
ªÈ’ÈŸ „ÊŒ⁄UÊÁ⁄U »§Ê‹Ê¥ÁªÿÊÁ⁄U (»§Ê◊ÈflÊÁ⁄U) ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄UÊ ““‚¥Á∫”” ◊ÊŸÊ »§Ê¡Ê’dÊ¥ŒÊ¥◊ÊŸ ?
◊„à◊Ê ªÊãœËÿÊ ‚¥Á∫ πÊ¡ÊŸÊπÊÒ ◊ÊŸÊ ªÈ’ÈŸ πÊ¡ÊŸÊÁŸ∫Èß ’Ê¥Á‚Ÿ ‚Ê¡Ê ªÊŸÊ¥Á‚Ÿ „ÊŸÊ
’È¥ŒÊ¢◊ÊŸ?

30 / HIST [9] Contd.

(xiii) Describe briefly the Accounts of Assam by Shihabuddin
Talish.

’¸˜ ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ ø‰¬˝±¬ı≈øVÚ Ó¬±ø˘Â1 ŒÈ¬±fl¬±1 ¤øȬ ‰¬˜≈ ø¬ıª1Ì ø˚˛±º
’±¸±˜ ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ ø˙˝±¬ı≈øVÚ Ó¬±ø˘À˙¬ı˛ ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛-ø¬ıÀ¬ı‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ ¤fl¬øȬ ¸—øé¬5 ø¬ı¬ı¬ı˛Ì ±›º
•Ê‚Ê◊ÁŸ ‚Ê◊ÊãŒÒ Á‚„Ê’ÈÁgŸ ÃÊÁ‹‚ÁŸ ⁄U’ŒÊ¥ÁÕÁŸ ‚Ê◊ÊãŒÒ ◊ÊŸ‚ ‚È¥Œ »§Ê⁄U◊ÊÿÁÕ Á‹⁄U–

(xiv) Discuss about the revolts of against the British during the
first half of 19th century in Assam.

19 ˙øÓ¬fl¬±1 ’±1yøÌÀÓ¬ ¬ı‘øȬÂ1 ø¬ı1nÀX√√ ’¸˜Ó¬ Œ˝±ª± ø¬ıÀ^±˝¸˜”˝1 ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±
fl¬1±º
19 ˙Ó¬Àfl¬¬ı˛ ¬√õ∂±¬ı˛Ày¬ ¬ø¬ıËøȬÀ˙¬ı˛ ø¬ıèÀX√√ ’±¸±À˜ ˝›˚˛± ø¬ıÀ^±˝¸˜”À˝¬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±
fl¬À¬ı˛±º
19 ¡ÊÒÕÊÿÁŸ Á‚ªÊ¥ ’ʄʪÊ•Êfl Á’˝ÁÂÁŸ „¥ÕÊÿÒ •Ê‚Ê◊Êfl ¡ÊŸÊÿ Á’ª˝ÊÿŸÊÿ»§Ê⁄UÁŸ
‚Ê◊ÊãŒÒ ‚Êfl⁄UÊÿ–

4. Read the given passages carefully and the questions that follow :
6×3=18

Ó¬˘1 ¬Û±Í¬…±—˙À¬ı±1 ˆ¬±˘À1 ¬ÛϬˇ± ’±1n ¸—˘¢ü √õ∂ùüÀ¬ı±11 Î◊¬M1 ø˚˛± –
ÚœÀ‰¬¬ı˛ ¬Û±Í¬…±—˙&ø˘ ˆ¬±À˘± fl¬À¬ı˛ ¬¬ÛÀάˇ± ¤¬ı— ¸—˘¢ü √õ∂ùü&ø˘¬ı˛ Î◊¬M¬ı˛ ±› –
ªÊ„ÊÿÁŸ »§⁄UÊπÊÒ ◊Ê¡ÊæÒ§ »§⁄UÊÿ •Ê⁄UÊ ‚Ê¥ŸÊÿ»§Ê⁄UÁŸ Á»§ŸŸÊÿ Á‹⁄U —
(a) How artefacts are identified ?

Processing of food required grinding equipment as well as
vessels for mixing, blending and cooking. There were made of
stone, metal and terracotta. This is an excerpt from one of the
earliest reports an excavations at Mohenjodaro, the best-
known Harappan site :

30 / HIST [ 10 ]

Saddle querns...are found in considerable numbers... and
they seem to have been the only means in use for grinding
cereals. As a rule, they were roughly made of hard, gritty,
igneous rock or sandstone and mostly show signs of hard
usage. As their bases are usually convex, they must have been
set in the earth or in mud to prevent their rocking. Two main
types have been found : those on which another smaller stone
was pushed or rolled to and fro, and others with which a
second stone was used as a pounder, eventually making a
large cavity in the nether stone. Querns of the former type
were probably used solely for grain : the second type possibly
only for pounding herbs and spices for making curries. In fact,
stones of this latter type are dubbed ‘‘curry stones’’ by our
workmen and our cook asked for the loan of one from
museum for use in the kitchen.

(From Ernest Mackay, ‘Further Excavations at Mohenjo-daro,
1937).

Questions :

(i) What was the equipment used for grinding cereals ? 1

(ii) What were the materials used for making grinding
equipment ? 2

(iii) What were the types of grinding equipment ? How were
they used ? 1+2=3

ΔÚøμÚ ÊœªÚÓ¬ ¬ı…ª˝+Ó¬ ˝ô¶øÚø˜«Ó¬ ¸±-¸“Ê≈ø˘À¬ı±1 øfl¬À1 ø‰¬Ú±Mê fl¬1± ˝˚˛∑
‡±… √õ∂dÓ¬fl¬1Ì √õ∂̱˘œ1 √õ∂±Ôø˜fl¬ fl¬±˚«ø¬ıøÒ1 ¬ı±À¬ı ‡≈μÚ± Ó¬Ô± &øάˇ fl¬Ô± ¸“Ê≈ø˘1 ˘·ÀÓ¬
¬ı±À1-ø˜˝ø˘ ¸—ø˜|Ì, ø˜ø|Ó¬fl¬1Ì ’±1n ¬1gÚ1 ¬ı±À¬ı ¬Û±S1 √õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚº ˝1m±Ó¬ ø˙˘, Ò±Ó≈¬

30 / HIST [ 11 ] Contd.

’±1n Œ¬Û±1± ˜±øȬÀ1 ¤ÀÚ ¸“Ê≈ø˘ ’±1n ¬Û±S ¸Ê± Δ˝ø¢º ¤˝◊ ¸—Sê±ôLÓ¬ ˝1mœ˚˛ ¸ˆ¬…Ó¬±1
’±È¬±˝◊Ó¬Õfl¬ ÊÚ±-qÚ± ͬ±˝◊ ˜À˝ÚÀʱ±À1±Ó¬ ¸—‚øȬӬ ‡ÚÚ fl¬±˚« ¸•§gœ˚˛ ¤fl¬ ø¬ıª1Ìœ1
Î◊¬X‘√øÓ¬ Ó¬˘Ó¬ ¸øißø¬ı©Ü fl¬1± Δ˝À¬ñ
...¬ıU ¸—‡…fl¬ ʱ“Ó¬1 ’±øª©®±À1 ¤˝◊ÀȬ±Àª ¸”‰¬±˚˛ Œ˚ ¬ıœÊ ˙¸… &øάˇ fl¬ø1¬ıÕ˘ ¤˝◊ø¬ıÀÒ˝◊
’±ø¢ ¤fl¬˜±S ¸“Ê≈ø˘º øÚ˚˛˜±Ú≈¸ø1 ¤˝◊À¬ı±1 øÚø˜«Ó¬ Δ˝ø¢ fl¬øͬÚ, ’˜¸‘Ì ’±À¢ü˚˛ø˙˘±
[Ê≈˝◊ ŒÓ¬˘Ó¬ Ó¬˘Ó¬ ·ø˘Ó¬ ˘±ˆ¬± Œ·±È¬ ˜±ø1 Œ˝±ª± ø˙˘] ¬ı± Ê˘œ˚˛ ø˙˘1 Z±1±º Ê“±Ó¬À¬ı±1
¸ÀʱÀ1 ’±1n 1+Ϭˇˆ¬±Àª ¬ı…ª˝+Ó¬ Œ˝±ª±1 ¶Û©Ü ˝◊øeÓ¬ Œ¬Û±ª± Δ·ø¢º ¸±Ò±1ÌÀÓ¬, Ê“±Ó¬À¬ı±1
≈1±ø¬Ûͬœ˚˛± Œ˝±ª± ¬ı±À¬ı ˝◊˚˛±1 Œ˝Àμ±˘øÚ ¬ıg¬ fl¬ø1¬ıÕ˘ øÚ(˚˛ ˜±øȬ ¬ı± Œ¬ı±fl¬±Ó¬ ˝◊˚˛±fl«¬
‘Ϭˇˆ¬±Àª ¶ö±¬ÛÚ fl¬ø1 Œ˘±ª± Δ˝ø¢º Ê“±Ó¬À¬ı±1 ’±ø¢ √õ∂Ò±ÚÓ¬– ≈˝◊ √õ∂fl¬±11ñøfl¬Â≈˜±ÚÓ¬
’±Ú ¤È¬± é≈¬^±fl‘¬øÓ¬1 ø˙˘ ’·±-ø¬Û±Õfl¬ ŒÔø˘ ’±1n ¬ı·1±˝◊ ¬ı·1±˝◊ ¬ıd ø¬Û˝±1 Δ˝ø¢ ’±1n
’±ÚÀȬ± Œé¬SÓ¬ ¬ıd ŒÔÀÓ¬˘± ¬ı± &øάˇ fl¬ø1¬ıÕ˘ ø ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ¤È¬± ø˙˘ ¬ı…ª˝±1 fl¬ø1ø¢º ˝◊˚˛±1
Ù¬˘Ó¬ ʱ“Ó¬1 øÚ•ß ˆ¬±·1 ˆ”¬-¬Û‘á¬Ó¬ ¸‘ø©Ü Δ˝ø¢ ¤È¬± ά±„1 ·“±Ó¬º √õ∂Ô˜ø¬ıÒ Ê“±Ó¬ ¸yªÓ¬–
Œfl¬ª˘ ¬ıœÊ˙¸…1 ¬ı±À¬ı ¬ı…ª˝+Ó¬ Δ˝ø¢ ’±1n ø ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıÒ1 ¬ı…ª˝±1 ’±ø¢ ¬ıÀÚï∏øÒ ¬ı±
˙±fl¬-¬Û±Ó¬ ŒÔÀÓ¬ø˘¬ıÕ˘ ¬ı± 1g±-¬ıϬˇ±1 ¬ı±À¬ı ˜‰¬˘± ’±ø ø¬Û˝±ÀÓ¬˝◊ ¸œ˜±¬ıX√√º 1±‰¬˘ÀÓ¬,
ø ZÓ¬œ˚˛ø¬ıÒ Ê±“Ó¬Ó¬ ¬ı…ª˝±1 fl¬1± ø˙˘ È≈¬fl≈¬1±fl¬ ’±˜±1 ¬ıÚ≈ª±¸fl¬À˘ ë’±?±1 ˜‰¬˘± &øάˇ fl¬1±
ø˙˘í Ú±˜ øø¢ ’±1n 1±gøÚÀ˚˛ ˝◊˚˛±fl¬ ˚±≈‚11 ¬Û1± Ò±À1 øÚ 1±gøÚ ‚1Ó¬ ¬ı…ª˝±1 fl¬ø1¬ıÕ˘
fl≈¬Ó≈¬ø1ø¢º
[’±ÀÚ«©Ü Œ˜øfl¬1 ‘Further Excavations at Mohenjo-daro, 1937’ 1 ¬Û1±
Œ˘±ª± Δ˝Àº]
¬√õ∂ùü¸˜”˝ –
(i) ˙¸…1 ¬ıœÊ &øάˇ fl¬ø1¬ıÕ˘ øfl¬ ¸“Ê≈ø˘ ¬ı…ª˝±1 fl¬ø1ø¢∑ 1

(ii) ˙¸… &øάˇ fl¬1± ¸“Ê≈ø˘ √õ∂dÓ¬ fl¬ø1¬ıÕ˘ øfl¬ ¬ı…ª˝±1 fl¬ø1ø¢∑ 2

(iii) ˙¸… &øάˇ fl¬1± ¸“Ê≈ø˘ øfl¬ øfl¬ √õ∂fl¬±11∑ ¤˝◊À¬ı±1 Œfl¬ÀÚÕfl¬ ¬ı…ª˝±1 fl¬1± Δ˝ø¢∑
1+2=3

30 / HIST [ 12 ] 65+

ΔÚøμÚ Êœ¬ıÀÚ ¬ı…¬ı˝+Ó¬ ˝ô¶øÚø˜«Ó¬ ø˙äfl¬˜«&ø˘ øfl¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ˙Ú±Mê fl¬¬ı˛± ˝˚˛∑
‡±… √õ∂dÓ¬fl¬¬ı˛Ì √õ∂̱˘œ¬ı˛ √õ∂±Ôø˜fl¬ fl¬±˚«ø¬ıøÒ¬ı˛ ÊÚ… ‰”¬Ì« Ó¬Ô± &Àάˇ± fl¬¬ı˛± ˚ÀLa¬ı˛ ¸Àe ˆ¬±À˘±
fl¬À¬ı˛ ¸—ø˜|Ì, ø˜ø|Ó¬fl¬¬ı˛Ì ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛gÀÚ¬ı˛ ÊÚ… ¬Û±ÀS¬ı˛ √õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚº ˝¬ı˛m±ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Ô¬ı˛, Ò±Ó≈¬ ¤¬ı—
Œ¬Û±Î¬ˇ± ˜±øȬ øÀ˚˛ ¤˝◊ Ò¬ı˛À̬ı˛ ¸¬ı˛?±˜ ¤¬ı— ¬Û±S ¬ı±Ú±ÀÚ± ˝À˚˛ø¢º ¤˝◊ ¸—Sê±ôL ˝¬ı˛mœ˚˛
¸ˆ¬…Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸¬ı ŒÔÀfl¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ ¶ö±Ú ˜À˝À?±±À¬ı˛±ÀÓ¬ ¸—‚øȬӬ ‡ÚÚ fl¬±˚« ¸•§gœ˚˛ ¤fl¬øȬ
ø¬ı¬ı¬ı˛À̬ı˛ Î◊¬X‘√øÓ¬ ÚœÀ‰¬ ¸øißø¬ı©Ü fl¬¬ı˛± ˝À˚˛ÀÂñ
... ¬ıU ¸—‡…fl¬ ˚“±Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’±ø¬ı©®±¬ı˛ ¤˝◊øȬ˝◊ √õ∂˜±Ì¬ fl¬À¬ı˛ Œ˚ ¬ıœÊ ˙¸… &Àάˇ± fl¬¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ÊÚ… ¤&ø˘˝◊
ø¢ ¤fl¬˜±S ¸¬ı˛?±˜º øÚ˚˛˜±Ú≈¸±À¬ı˛ ¤&ø˘ øÚø˜Ó«¬ ˝À˚˛ø¢ fl¬øͬÚ, ’˜¸‘Ì ’±À¢ü˚˛ø˙˘±¬ ¬ı±
Œ¬ıÀ˘¬Û±Ô¬ı˛ Z±¬ı˛±º ˚“±Ó¬±&ø˘ ¸ÀʱÀ¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛+Ϭˇˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı…¬ı˝+Ó¬ ˝›˚˛±¬ı˛ ¶Û©Ü ˝◊øeÓ¬ ¬Û±›˚˛±
ø·À˚˛ø¢º ˚“±Ó¬±&ø˘ ¬ı‘M¬ı» SêÀ˜±ißÓ¬ Ó¬˘ø¬ıø˙©Ü ˝›˚˛±¬ı˛ ÊÚ… ¤¬ı— √õ∂¬ı˘ˆ¬±À¬ı ’±À˘±Î¬ˇÚ
¬ıg¬ fl¬¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ÊÚ… øÚ(˚˛ ˜±øȬ ¬ı± fl¬«˜±˚˛ ¤øȬÀfl¬ ‘Ϭˇˆ¬±À¬ı ¶ö±¬ÛÚ fl¬À¬ı˛ ŒÚ›˚˛± ˝À˚˛ø¢º
˚“±Ó¬±&ø˘ ø¢ √õ∂Ò±ÚÓ¬– ≈˝◊ √õ∂fl¬±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ñ fl¬Ó¬fl¬&ø˘ÀÓ¬ ’Ú… ¤fl¬øȬ é≈¬^±fl‘¬øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬Û±Ô¬ı˛
’±&-ø¬ÛÂ≈ fl¬À¬ı˛ ŒÍ¬À˘ ¤¬ı— ·øάˇÀ˚˛ ·øάˇÀ˚˛ ¬ıd Œ¬Û¯∏± ˝À˚˛ø¢ ¤¬ı— ’Ú… Œé¬ÀS ¬ıd
Ô…±Ó¬˘± ¬ı± &Àάˇ± fl¬¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ÊÚ… ø ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ¤fl¬øȬ ¬Û±Ô¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ı˝±¬ı˛ fl¬¬ı˛± ˝À˚˛ø¢º ¤¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ˚“±Ó¬±¬ı˛
øڕ߈¬±À·¬ı˛ ˆ”¬-¬Û‘Àᬠ¸‘ø©Ü ˝À˚˛ø¢ ¤fl¬øȬ¬ ¬ıάˇ ·Ó«¬º √õ∂Ô˜ √õ∂fl¬±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˚“±Ó¬±¬ ¸y¬ıÓ¬– Œfl¬¬ı˘
¬ıœÊ ˙À¸…¬ı˛ ÊÚ… ¬ı…¬ı˝+Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ø¢ ¤¬ı— ø ZÓ¬œ˚˛ √õ∂fl¬±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ı˝±¬ı˛ ø¢ ¬ıÀÚï∏øÒ ¬ı± ˙±fl¬-
¬Û±Ó¬± Œ¬Û¯∏±¬ı˛ ÊÚ… ¬ı± ¬ı˛gÀÚ¬ı˛ ÊÚ… ˜˙˘± ˝◊Ó¬…±ø Œ¬Û¯∏±ÀÓ¬˝◊ ¸œ˜±¬ıX√√º Œ˜±È¬ fl¬Ô±, ø ZÓ¬œ˚˛
√õ∂fl¬±¬ı˛ ˚“±Ó¬±¬ ¬ı…¬ı˝±¬ı˛ fl¬¬ı˛± ¬Û±Ô¬ı˛ È≈¬fl¬¬ı˛±Àfl¬ ’±˜±À¬ı˛ fl¬±ø¬ı˛·À¬ı˛¬ı˛± 븬ıøʬı˛ ˜˙˘± &Àάˇ± fl¬¬ı˛±
ø˙˘í Ú±˜ øÀ˚˛ø¢ ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛“±Ò≈øÚ Œ¸øȬ ø˜Î◊¬øÊ˚˛±˜ ŒÔÀfl¬ Ò±¬ı˛ øÚÀ˚˛ ¬ı˛±iß±‚À¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ı˝±¬ı˛ fl¬À¬ı˛
øÚÀ˚˛ø¢º ¬[’±ÀÚ«©Ü Œ˜øfl¬¬ı˛ ‘Further Excavations at Mohenjo-daro,
1937’-¤¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¬ ŒÚ›˚˛± ˝À˚˛ÀÂ]

√ õ∂ùü¸˜”˝ –
(i) ˙À¸…¬ı˛ ¬ıœÊ &Àάˇ± fl¬¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ øfl¬ ¸¬ı˛?±˜ ¬ı…¬ı˝±¬ı˛ fl¬À¬ı˛ø¢ ∑ 1

(ii) ˙¸… &Àάˇ± fl¬¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¸¬ı˛?±˜ √õ∂dÓ¬ fl¬¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ÊÚ… øfl¬ ¬ı…¬ı˝±¬ı˛ fl¬À¬ı˛ø¢ ∑ 2

(iii) ˙¸… &Àάˇ± fl¬¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¸¬ı˛?±˜ øfl¬ øfl¬¬ √õ∂fl¬±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ∑ ¤&ø˘ øfl¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬¬ı…¬ı˝±¬ı˛ fl¬¬ı˛±
˝À˚˛ø¢ ∑ 1+2=3

30 / HIST [ 13 ] Contd.

‚ÊŸ»˝§Ê◊’ÊÁŸ Á¡©•Êfl ’Ê„ÊÿŸÊÿ •ÊπÊÿ¡Ê¢ ŒÊŸÊÿ •Êÿ¡¥ •Êÿ‹Ê»§Ê⁄UπÊ ◊Ê’Ê⁄ÒU
Á‚ŸÊÿŸÊÿ ¡ÊÿÊó
•ÊŒÊ⁄U ’ÊŸÊÿŸÊ ÕÊπÊÿ ‚¥ª˝Ê •Êÿ¡¥ÁŸ ªÊŸÊ¥ÁÕ ¡ÊŒÊ¥◊ÊŸ– ‚¥ª˝Ê •Êÿ¡¥»§Ê⁄UπÊÒ •ãÕÊß ÃÊ◊
∞’Ê ‚ÊflŸÊÿ „ÊÁŸ»˝§Êÿ ’ÊŸÊÿÊ◊ÊŸ– ªÊ’Ê¥ ÕÊflÁŸÿÊflŸÊ πÁ’˝ ∞’Ê ©flÊ‹ ◊ÊŸŸÊÿ ¡ÊŒÊ¥–
’ •Êÿ¡¥»§Ê⁄UπÊÒ Á’‚Ê⁄U ªÊ⁄UÊ ◊ÈflÊ flª⁄U ‹ÊªÊ‚ ◊‚‹Ê •ÊÁ⁄U ŒŸÊÿÊfl ’Ê„ÊÿÊ◊ÊŸ–
•ÊŒÊ⁄U ’ÊŸÊÿŸÊÿ ⁄UÊ„ÊÁŸ ªÈÁŒ πÊ◊ÊÁŸÁŸ ÕÊπÊÿ „Ê∫◊ª˝Ê ∞’Ê ªÈãŒÒ ÕÊŸÊÿ •Êª¡È¡Ê¥
‹ÊªÊ‚ ª‹Êÿ-Œ⁄ŸÊÿÁŸ ª‹Êÿ ªÕÊÿ πÊ‹Ê◊ŸÊÿ •Ê⁄UÊ ‚¥ŸÊÿÁŸ ÕÊπÊÿ •Êÿ¡¥ÁŸ
ªÊŸÊ¥ÁÕ ¡ÊÿÊ– „⁄Uå¬ÊÿÊfl •ãÕÊß, œÊÃÈ •Ê⁄UÊ ‚ÊflŸÊÿ „Ê¡Ê¥ Á’’ÁŒ •Êÿ¡¥ •Ê⁄UÊ ŒÊ
ŒÊπÊ‹ ŒÊŸÊÿ ¡ÊŒÊ¥◊ÊŸ– ’ ’‹ÊÿÊfl „⁄Uå¬ÊÿÊÁ⁄U ‚ÊŒÊ◊ÁdÁŸ ’ÿÁŸ∫Èß ⁄UÊ¥πÊ ⁄UÊπÊ ÕÊflÁŸ
◊„Ÿ¡ŒÊ⁄UÊ•Êfl ◊ÊflŸÊÿ ¡ÊŸÊÿ πÊ◊ÊÁŸÁŸ ‚Ê◊ÊãŒÒ ◊ÊŸ‚ »§Ê⁄U◊ÊÿÕÊÿÁŸ Á’’È¥ÁÕπÊÒ
ªÊ„ÊÿÊfl „ÊŸÊÿ ¡Ê’Êÿó
ªÊ’Ê¥ •ŸÁ¡◊Ê •ãÕÊß „Ȫ˝Ê •Êª¡È ‚¥ÁŒ„ÈŸŸÊÿÊ ’πÊÒŸÊ ÁŒÁãÕÿÊ ÁŒ •Ê’ÊŒ ’ª⁄U ªÈãŒÒ
πÊ‹Ê◊ŸÊ ’ŸÊ ◊ÊŸ‚‹ •Êª¡È– πÊÁãÕflÊÁŒÿÒ ’»§Ê⁄UπÊÒ ’ÊŸÊÿŸÊÿ ¡ÊŒÊ¥◊ÊŸ ªÊ⁄UÊ,
ÁS‹◊ŸæÒ§ •⁄Uª¥ •ãÕÊß (•⁄UÁŸ ÕÊflÁŸ •ãÕÊß) ∞’Ê ‹Êfl ‹Êfl •ãÕÊß¡Ê¥– •ãÕÊß „Ȫ˝Ê
•Êª¡È»§Ê⁄UÊ ’Ê‹Ê„ÊŸÊ, •Ê⁄UÊ ªÊ⁄UÊÿÒ ’Ê„ÊÿŸÊÿÁŸ ⁄UÊπÊ „‚Ê⁄UÊ ◊ÊŸŸÊ „ÊŒÊ¥◊ÊŸ– ‚⁄UÊ‚ŸdÊÿÒ
•ãÕÊß „Ȫ˝Ê •Êÿ¡¥»§Ê⁄UÊ ’Êÿ¡Ê»§Ê‚ ŒÈ‹È⁄U ∞’Ê Œ’ŸÊÿ •Ê⁄UÊ Á’πÊÒ ÁŒãŒÊæÒ§ ‹Ê⁄U ‚Ê⁄U
◊ÊflŸÊÿÁŸ»˝§Êÿ „Êfl˝È•Êfl »§¡ŸÊÿ ¡ÊÿÊ– •ãÕÊß „Ȫ˝Ê •Êª¡È»§Ê⁄UÊ ªÈ’ÒÿÒ ◊ÊŸŸÒ ⁄UÊπÊ◊ÁŸ
◊ÊŸ-◊ÊπÊ‚»§Ê⁄UÊfl ªÈ’˝ÈŸ ◊ÊŸ‚ Á»§‚Ê ◊„⁄UÁŸ •ãÕÊß ©Ÿ-•ÊflªÊÿÒ ŸÊ⁄U„⁄UŸÊ ‚Ê„⁄UŸÊÿ
¡ÊŒÊ¥◊ÊŸ•Ê⁄UÊ ªÈ’ÈŸπÊÒ ◊ÈflÊ ŸÊ⁄UÕ˝ÊŒŸÊ ∞’Ê ªÈãŒÒ πÊ‹Ê◊ŸÊ ŸÒÁÕ ◊ÊŸ‚ •ãÕÊß ’Ê„ÊÿŸÊÿ
¡ÊŒÊ¥◊ÊŸ– ’ÁŸ ÕÊπÊÿ •ãÕÊß „Ȫ˝Ê •Êª¡ÈÁŸ ªÊ„Êÿ ’ʄʪÊÁŸ „Ê ’ʄʪÊ•Êfl
‚Ê◊Á¡ŒÊ¥◊ÊŸ ◊ÊŸ‚ ÁªÁŒ⁄U „Êπ⁄U– ÁªÁ’ ⁄UÊπÊ◊ •ãÕÊß „Ȫ˝Ê •Êª¡È•Ê ¡ÊªÊÒ
Á»§ÕÊß’ª⁄UÁŸ ÕÊπÊÿ‹ ’Ê„Êÿ ¡ÊŒÊ¥◊ÊŸ•Ê⁄UÊ ŸÒÁÕ ⁄UÊπÊ◊ÁŸ ’Ê„ÊÿÕÊÿÊ ¡ÊŒÊ¥◊ÊŸ „ʪ˝ÊÁŸ
◊ÈÁ‹ ∞’Ê ◊Òª¥-◊Ò‹Ê Á’‹Êß ŒŸÊ ∞’Ê ‚¥ŸÊÿ πÊflŸÊÿÁŸ ÕÊπÊÿ ◊‚‹Ê ’ÊÿÁŒ ŒŸÊÿflŸÊ
ÕÊŒÊ¥◊ÊŸ– flÈ¥ŸÊ-ÕÊæ§Êé‹Ê ŸÒÁÕ ⁄UÊπÊ◊ •ãÕÊß „Ȫ˝Ê •Êÿ¡¥ ’Ê„ÊÿŸÊÿ •ãÕÊß ÕÈ∫ÊπÊÒ
¡Ê¥ÁŸ ◊ÊflŒÊ¥‚Ê»§Ê⁄UÊ •Ê¥Á∫ÁŸ ◊‚‹Ê ŒŸÊÿ •ãÕÊß ◊È¥ ŒÊŸŒÊ¥◊ÊŸ •Ê⁄UÊ •Ê¥πÊ◊ ‚¥ª˝ÊÿÊ
’πÊÒ ¡ÊŒÈ ŸÁŸ»˝§Êÿ ŒÊ„Ê⁄U ‹Ê¥ŸÊ-•Ê¥πÊ◊ ‚¥ª˝Ê Ÿ•Êfl ’Ê„ÊÿŸÊ Á’ÿÊ◊ÊŸ–
•ÊŸ¸‚ ◊ÊÁ»§ÁŸ ‘Farther Excavations at Mohenjo-daro, 1937’
Á’¡Ê’ÁŸ»˝§Êÿ ŒÒπÊ¥ŸÊÿ ¡ÊŒÊ¥–

30 / HIST [ 14 ]

(i) •Ê’ÊŒÁà ’ª⁄U ªÈãŒÒ πÊ‹Ê◊ŸÊ ◊Ê •Êÿ¡¥ ’Ê„ÊŸÊÿ ¡ÊÿÊ? 1

(ii) •Ê’ÊŒÁŸ ’ª⁄U ªÈãŒÒ πÊ‹Ê◊ŸÊÿ •Êÿ¡¥ ŒÊŸÊ ◊Ê ’Ê„ÊÿŒÊ¥◊ÊŸ? 2

(iii) •Ê’ÊŒ ªÈãŒÒ πÊ‹Ê◊ŸÊÿ •Êÿ¡¥»§Ê⁄UÊ ◊Ê ◊Ê ⁄UÊπÊ◊ÁŸ ? ’»§Ê⁄UπÊÒ ◊Ê’ÊÁŒ
’Ê„ÊÿŸÊÿ ¡ÊŒÊ¥◊ÊŸ ? 1+2=3

(b) Ibn Battuta’s account of Delhi :

The city of Delhi covers a wide area and has a large
population...The rampart around the city without parallel.

The breadth of its wall is eleven cubits; and inside it are
houses for night sentry and gate-keepers. Inside the ramparts,
there are storehouses for storing edibles, magazines,
ammunition, ballistas and siege machines. The grains that are
stored (if there ramparts) can last for a long time, without
rotting... In the interior of the rampart, horsemen as well as
infantrymen move from one end of the city to another. The
rampart is pierced through by windows which open on the
side of the city, and it is through these windows that light
enters inside. The lower part of the rampart is built of stone;
the upper part of Brichs. It has many towers close to one
another. There are twenty eight gates of this city which are
called darwaza, of there, the Budaun Darwaza is the greatest;
inside the Mandui Darwaza there is a grain market..It (the city
of Delhi) has a fine cemetery in which graves have domes over
them, and those that do not have a dome, have an arch, for
sure. In the cemetery they sow flowers such as tuberose,
jasmine, wild rose etc; and flowers blossom there in all
seasons.

30 / HIST [ 15 ] Contd.

Questions :

(i) How many gates were there in the city of Delhi ? Name
the greatest gate. 1+1=2

(ii) Give a brief description of the ramparts of Delhi as
described by Ibn Battuta. 2

(iii) How was the cemetery of Delhi ? 2

˝◊¬ıÚ¬ıÈ≈¬Ó¬±1 ¬ıÌ«Ú±1 ø~œñ
¬ı‘˝» ÊÚ¸—‡…±À1 ø~œ Ú·1‡ÀÚ ¤fl¬ ø¬ıô¶‘Ó¬ ’=˘ Ê≈ø1 ’±ø¢º ‰¬˝1‡Ú ’¸˜±Ú ¬Ûfl¬±1
√õ∂±‰¬œÀ1À1 Œ¬ıø1 ’±ø¢º √õ∂±‰¬œ1¸˜”˝ ¬ı˝À˘ 11 Ù≈¬È¬ ’±ø¢º ˝◊˚˛±1 øˆ¬Ó¬1Ù¬±À˘ ≈ª±1
1‡œ˚˛± ’±1n 1±øÓ¬1 ¬Û˝1±±11 ‚1 ’±ø¢º ≈·«1 øˆ¬Ó¬1Ó¬ Œ‡±ª±1 ¬ıd, &˘œ-¬ı±1n,
Œé¬¬Û̱¶a ’±1n ≈·« ’±Sê˜Ì1 ˚La¬Û±øÓ¬1 ˆ¬1“±˘ ’±ø¢º ¤˝◊ ·“άˇ1 øˆ¬Ó¬1Ó¬ 1‡± ‡±…
^¬ı…¸˜”˝ ¬ıUøÚ Ú¬Û‰¬±Õfl¬ ’±ø¢º ≈·«ÀȬ±1 øˆ¬Ó¬1Ó¬ ’ù´±À1±˝œ ’±1n ¬Û±øÓ¬fl¬ Δ¸Ú…˝◊
Ú·1‡Ú1 ˝◊˜”11 ¬Û1± ø¸˜”1Õ˘ ‚”ø1 Ù≈¬ø1ø¢º √õ∂±‰¬œ1¸˜”˝ ø‡ø1fl¬œ˚≈Mê ’±ø¢, Ú·1Ù¬±À˘1
Œ‡±˘± ø‡ø1fl¬œÀ1 øˆ¬Ó¬1‡Ú Œ¬Û±˝1±˝◊ 1±ø‡ø¢º Œ¬ı1¸˜”˝1 Ó¬˘1 ’—˙ ø˙˘ ’±1n ›¬Û1
’—˙ ˝◊Ȭ±À1 øÚø˜«Ó¬º ›‰¬1±-›‰¬ø1Õfl¬ ˆ¬±À˘˜±Ú ·•§≈Ê ’±ø¢º Ó¬±Ó¬ 28 ‡Ú √õ∂Àª˙Z±1
’±ø¢, ¤˝◊À¬ı±1fl¬ 1ª±Ê± ¬ı≈ø˘ Œfl¬±ª± Δ˝ø¢º ˝◊˚˛±À1 ’±È¬±˝◊Ó¬Õfl¬ ά±„1 1ª±Ê±‡Ú
’±ø¢ ¬ı≈μÚ 1ª±Ê±º ˜±μœ 1ª±Ê±1 øˆ¬Ó¬1Ó¬ ¤‡Ú ˙¸…1 ¬ıʱ1 ’±ø¢º ...ø~œ ‰¬˝1Ó¬
¤‡Ú ¸≈μ1 fl¬ª1¶ö±Ú ’±ø¢º √õ∂øÓ¬ÀȬ± fl¬ª11 ›¬Û1Ó¬ ¤Àfl¬±È¬± Œ·±˘±fl‘¬øÓ¬ ô¶y¬ øÚ˜«±Ì fl¬1±
Δ˝ø¢º fl¬ª1¶ö±Ú‡ÚÓ¬ ŒÓ¬›“À˘±Àfl¬ 1ÊÚœ·g±, Œ·±˘±¬Û, ŒÊ‰¬ø˜Ú, ¬ıÚ1œ˚˛± Œ·±˘±¬Û ’±ø
Ù≈¬˘1n˝◊ø¢ ’±1n Œ·±ÀȬ˝◊ ¬ıÂ1Ê≈ø1 ¤˝◊ Ù≈¬˘À¬ı±1 Ù≈¬ø˘ ’±ø¢º
√õ∂ùü¸˜”˝ –
(i) ø~œ ‰¬˝1Ó¬ Œfl¬˝◊‡Ú √õ∂Àª˙ Z±1 ’±ø¢∑ ’±È¬±˝◊Ó¬Õfl¬ ά±„1 √õ∂Àª˙ Z±1‡Ú1 Ú±˜ øfl¬
’±ø¢∑ 1+1=2

(ii) ˝◊¬ıÚ ¬ıÈ≈¬Ó¬±1 ‘ø©ÜÀ1 ø~œ1 ≈·«À¬ı±11 ¤øȬ ¬ıÌ«Ú± ø˚˛±º 2

(iii) ø~œ1 fl¬ª1¶ö±Ú‡Ú Œfl¬ÀÚfl≈¬ª± ’±ø¢∑ 2

30 / HIST [ 16 ]

˝◊¬ıÚ¬ıÓ≈¬Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬ıÌ«Ú±˚˛ ø~œñ
¬ı‘˝» ÊÚ¸—‡…±˚˛ ø~œ Ú·¬ı˛ ¤fl¬øȬ ø¬ıô¶‘Ó¬ ’=˘ Ê≈Àάˇ ø¢º ˙˝¬ı˛øȬ ’¸˜±Ú ¬Û±fl¬± √õ∂±‰¬œ¬ı˛
øÀ˚˛ Œ‚¬ı˛± ø¢º √õ∂±‰¬œ¬ı˛&ø˘ √õ∂À¶ö 11 Ù≈¬È¬ ø¢º ¤¬ı˛ øˆ¬Ó¬¬ı˛ øÀfl¬ ±À¬ı˛±˚˛±Ú ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±øS¬ı˛
¬Û±˝±¬ı˛±±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ‚¬ı˛ ø¢º ≈À·«¬ı˛ øˆ¬Ó¬À¬ı˛ ‡±›˚˛±¬ı˛ øÊøÚ¸, &ø˘-¬ı±è, Œé¬¬Û̱¶a ¤¬ı— ≈·«
’±Sê˜À̬ı˛ ˚La¬Û±øÓ¬¬ı˛ ˆ¬±G±¬ı˛ ø¢º ¤˝◊ ‚À¬ı˛¬ı˛ øˆ¬Ó¬À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±‡± ‡±… ^¬ı…¸˜”˝ ¬ıUøÚ Ú± ¬ÛÀ‰¬
Ô±fl¬ÀÓ¬±º ≈·«øȬ¬ı˛ øˆ¬Ó¬À¬ı˛ Ô±fl¬± ’ù´±À¬ı˛±˝œ ¤¬ı— ¬Û±øÓ¬fl¬ Δ¸Ú… Ú·À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¤˜±Ô± ŒÔÀfl¬
›˜±Ô± ¬Û˚«ôL ‚≈À¬ı˛ Œ¬ıøάˇÀ˚˛ø¢º √õ∂±‰¬œ¬ı˛&ø˘ ø‡Î¬ˇfl¬œ˚≈Mê ø¢º Ú·À¬ı˛¬ı˛ øÀfl¬¬ı˛ Œ‡±˘± ø‡Î¬ˇfl¬œ
øÀ˚˛ øˆ¬Ó¬¬ı˛È¬± ’±À˘±øfl¬Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ Ô±fl¬ÀÓ¬±º Œ›˚˛±À˘¬ı˛ ÚœÀ‰¬¬ı˛ ’—˙ ¬Û±Ô¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— Î◊¬¬ÛÀ¬ı˛¬ı˛
’—˙ ˝◊ÀȬ¬ı˛ ΔÓ¬ø¬ı˛º ¸±˜Ú±-¸±˜øÚ Œ¬ı˙ øfl¬Â≈ ·•§≈Ê ø¢º Œ¸øȬÀÓ¬ 28øȬ √õ∂À¬ı˙ Z±¬ı˛ ø¢,
¤&ø˘Àfl¬ ¬ı˛›˚˛±Ê± ¬ı˘± ˝Ó¬º ¤¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸¬ı ŒÔÀfl¬ ¬ıάˇ ¬ı˛›˚˛±Ê±øȬ ø¢ ¬ı≈μÚ ¬ı˛›˚˛±Ê±º
˜±μœ ¬ı˛›˚˛±Àʬı˛ øˆ¬Ó¬À¬ı˛ ¤fl¬øȬ ˙À¸…¬ı˛ ¬ı±Ê¬ı˛ ø¢º .... ø~œ ˙˝À¬ı˛ ¤fl¬øȬ ¸≈μ¬ı˛ fl¬¬ı¬ı˛¶ö±Ú
ø¢º √õ∂øÓ¬øȬ fl¬¬ıÀ¬ı˛¬ı˛ Î◊¬¬ÛÀ¬ı˛ ¤fl¬øȬ Œ·±˘±fl‘¬øÓ¬ ô¶y¬ øÚ˜«±Ì fl¬¬ı˛± ˝À˚˛ø¢º fl¬¬ı¬ı˛¶ö±ÀÚ Ó¬±¬ı˛±
¬ı˛ÊÚœ·g±, Œ·±˘±¬Û, ŒÊ¸ø˜Ú, ¬ıÚ… Œ·±˘±¬Û ˝◊Ó¬…±ø Ù≈¬˘ Œ¬ı˛±¬ÛÚ fl¬À¬ı˛ø¢ ¤¬ı— ¸˜ô¶ ¬ı¬ı˛
ÒÀ¬ı˛ ¤˝◊ Ù≈¬˘&ø˘ Ù≈¬ÀȬ Ô±fl¬ÀÓ¬±º
√õ∂ùü¸˜”˝ –
(i) ø~œ ˙˝À¬ı˛ fl¬øȬ √õ∂À¬ı˙ Z±¬ı˛ ø¢ ∑ ¸¬ı ŒÔÀfl¬ ¬ıάˇ √õ∂À¬ı˙ Z±¬ı˛øȬ¬ı˛ Ú±˜ øfl¬ ø¢ ∑
1+1=2

(ii) ˝◊¬ıÚ ¬ıÓ≈¬Ó¬±¬ı˛ ‘ø©ÜÀÓ¬ ø~œ¬ı˛ ≈·«&ø˘¬ı˛ ¤fl¬øȬ ¬ıÌ«Ú± ±›º 2

(iii) ø~œ¬ı˛ fl¬¬ı¬ı˛¶ö±ÚøȬ øfl¬¬ı˛fl¬˜ ø¢ ∑ 2

ß’Ÿ ’ÃÈÃÊÁŸ ÁŒÑË
ÁŒÑË ŸÊªÊ⁄UÊ ◊ÊŸ‚ ªÈflÊ⁄U ¡ÊÿªÊ •ÊflÁª˝ŸÊŸÒ ‹ÊŒÊ¥◊ÊŸ •Ê⁄UÊ ’ÿÊfl ªÊ’Ê¥ ‚È’È¥ •ŸÁ¡◊Ê
Œæ§◊ÊŸ– ’Ò ‚◊Êfl ŸÊªÊ⁄UπÊÒ ‚Ê⁄UÁªÁŒ¥ •ÊflÁª˝ŸÊŸÒ ŒÊŸŸÊÿ ŒÈª¸ (Rampart) •Ê ªÈ’ÈŸ¡Ê¥
L§¡È¡ÊÿÒ◊ÊŸ– Á’ÁŸ ßã¡È⁄U•Ê 11 ◊È (cubit) ªÈflÊ⁄U◊ÊŸ, Á’ÁŸ Á‚æ§ÊflŸÊ Œæ§◊ÊŸ „⁄UÁŸ
‚◊Êfl »§„⁄UÊ „Êª˝Ê (Night Sentry) •Ê⁄UÊ Œ⁄U¡Ê Ÿª˝Ê (gate keeper) »§Ê⁄UÁŸ ÕÊπÊÿ
Õʪ˝Ê Ÿ”– ŒÈª¸ÁŸ Á‚æ§Êfl ¡Êª˝Ê ◊ÈflÊ ’ÈÕÈ◊ŸÊŸÒ ŒÊŸŸÊ ÕÊπÊÿ ’ÊÁ∫, πÊ⁄U ’ÊL§Œ
(Magazines) •Ê⁄UÊ ŒÊfl„ÊÁŸ •Êÿ¡¥ •Êÿ‹Ê (ammunitions) ŒÊŸª˝Ê, •Ê⁄UÊ
‹ÊªÊ‚ ∑§Ê◊ÊŸ ∞’Ê ’⁄Uª˝Ê •ùU (Ballistas) •Ê⁄UÊ ªÈ’ÈŸ ¡ÊÿªÊ»§Ê⁄UπÊÒ ªÊÇ‹Ê’ŸÊÿ

30 / HIST [ 17 ] Contd.

‚◊Êfl ’Ê„Êÿª˝Ê ªÈ’ÈŸ •ù»§Ê⁄U ŒÊŸª˝Ê ’ÊÁ∫’Ê Œæ§◊ÊŸ– ŒÈª¸ÁŸ Á‚æ§Êfl ’ÈÕÈ◊ŸÊŸÒ ŒÊŸŸÊÿ
¡Êª˝Ê ◊ÈflÊÁŸ ’ª⁄U (grains) »§Ê⁄UÊ ‚flÊ ∞’Ê ªÊÁ¡˝ ¡ÊÿÊ‹Ê‚ ªÊ’Êfl ‚ÊŸ ¡Ê⁄UŸÊÿ ’ÊÁŒ
ŒÊŸŸÊÿ ¡ÊÿÊ◊ÊŸ– ŒÈª¸ÁŸ Á‚æ§Êfl ª⁄UÊÿ-ŒÊfl„ÊL§ (Horseman) •Ê⁄UÊ •ÊÕ¥ ŒÊfl„ÊL§
(Infantry) »§Ê⁄UÊ ŸÊªÊ⁄UÁŸ ªÊ‹»§Ê⁄U‚ÁŸ»˝§Êÿ ªÈ’ÈŸ ◊ÊŸ‚Á‚◊ ÕÊ¥‹Êÿ »Ò§‹Êÿ
πÊ‹Ê◊’Êÿ ÕÊÿÊ◊ÊŸ– ŒÈª¸ÁŸ Á‚æ§Êfl Áπ⁄UÁπ (Window) ÁŸ ÕÊπÊÿ‹‚Ê ªÈŒÈ¥ ŒÊŸŸÊÿ
¡ÊÿÊ◊ÊŸ •Ê⁄UÊ ’ Áπ⁄UÁπ»§Ê⁄UπÊÒ ŸÊªÊ⁄UÁŸ Á‚¥¡Ê¥‚Ê πflŸÊ „ÊÿÊ◊ÊŸ •Ê⁄UÊ ’
Áπ⁄UÁπ»§Ê⁄U¡Ê¥ŸÊ ŒÈª¸ÁŸ Á‚æ§Êfl dÊ¥ ¡ÊÿÊ◊ÊŸ– Œª¸ÁŸ ªÊ„ÊÿÁŸ ’ʄʪÊπÊÒ •ãÕÊß¡Ê¥ •Ê⁄UÊ
ªÊ¡ÊÒÁŸ ’ʄʪÊπÊÒ ßÕÊ¡Ê¥ ’ÊŸÊÿŸÊÿ ¡ÊŒÊ¥◊ÊŸ– ’ ŒÈª¸•Êfl ªÊ’Ê¥ÕÊ⁄U ªÈê’È¡ (Tower)
»§Ê⁄U Œæ§◊ÊŸ ¡Êÿ»§Ê⁄UπÊÒ ◊ÊŸ‚ÁŸ»˝§Êÿ ªÈ’ÈŸ ◊ÊŸ‚ÁŸ ß‚ πÊÁÕ πÊÁÕÿÊflŸÊ ’ÊŸÊÿŸÊÿ
¡ÊŒÊ¥◊ÊŸ– ’ ŸÊªÊ⁄U„Ê ªÊ‚Ò 28 „Ê’ª˝Ê Œ⁄U¡Ê»§Ê⁄U Œæ§◊ÊŸ ’»§Ê⁄UπÊÒ Œ⁄UflÊ¡Ê ’È¥ŸÊÿ
¡ÊÿÊ◊ÊŸ– Á’ÁŸ ª¡⁄UÊfl ’ȌʩŸ Œ⁄UflÊ¡Ê (Budaun Darwaza) ÿÊŸÊ ªŒ⁄UÁ‚Ÿ ◊ÊŸ;
◊ÊãŒflË Œ⁄UflÊ¡Ê (Mandal Darwaza) ÁŸ Á‚¥ÁÕ¥¡Êÿ ¡Êª˝Ê◊ÈflÊÁŸ ’ª⁄U»§Ê⁄U »§ÊŸª˝Ê
„ÊÕÊÿ‚ÊÁ‹ Œæ§◊ÊŸ– ªÈ‹ Œ⁄UflÊ¡Ê (Gul Darwaza) ÁŸ πÊÁÕÿÊflŸÊ Œæ§◊ÊŸ ◊ÊŸ‚
Á»§ÕÊß ‚Ê◊ÕÊÿÁŸ ’ÊÁ⁄U– ÁŒÑË ŸÊªÊ⁄UÊfl ª¥‚ ‚◊ÊÿŸÊ ◊Ê¥π⁄U‚ÊÁ‹ Œæ§◊ÊŸ ¡⁄UÊfl
◊Ê¥π⁄U»§Ê⁄UÁŸ ‚ÊÿÊfl ŒÈ‹È⁄U ©πÈ◊ (Dome) »§Ê⁄U Œæ§◊ÊŸ •Ê⁄UÊ ¡Ê◊»§Ê⁄UÁŸ ‚ÊÿÊfl ŒÈ‹È⁄U
©πÈ◊ ªÒÿÊ ’ ◊Ê¥π⁄U»§Ê⁄UÁŸ ‚ÊÿÊfl ‚Êÿ◊Ê⁄UÊ ∞’Ê ß‚ Œ’ŸÊÿ ªÊŸÊ¥ ©∫È◊ é‹Ê’Ê ŸÈŸÊ
◊ÊŸÕÊ⁄UŸÊÿ ¡ÊÿÊ◊ÊŸ– ◊Ê¥π⁄U‚ÊÁ‹ÿÊfl ⁄U¡ÁŸªãœÊ, ¡‚Á◊Ÿ, „ʪ˝ÊÁŸ ª‹Ê¬ •Ê⁄UÊ ’ÊÿÁŒ
’ÊÿÁŒ Á’’Ê⁄UÁŸ Áfl»§Ê¥»§Ê⁄U ªÊÿŸÊ ŒÊŸÊ◊ÊŸ •Ê⁄UÊ ’Ê‚Ê⁄UÁŸ ªÊ‚¸ ‚◊ÊflŸÊ ’ÿÊfl Á’’Ê⁄U»§Ê⁄UÊ
’Ê⁄U’Êÿ ÕÊÿÊ◊ÊŸ–
(i) ÁŒÑË ŸÊªÊ⁄UÊfl ª¥’‚ „Ê’ª˝Ê Œ⁄U¡Ê Œæ§◊ÊŸ? ’ÿÁŸ∫Èß’Ê ªŒ⁄UÁ‚◊ „Ê’ª˝Ê Œ⁄U¡ÊÁŸ
◊Èæ§Ê ◊Ê ? 1+1=2

(ii) ß’Ÿ ’ÈÃÃÊÁŸ ŸÊ¡Ê⁄U¡Ê¥ ÁŒÑË ŒÈª¸»§Ê⁄UÁŸ ◊ÊŸ‚ »§Ê⁄U◊ÊÿÁÕ „Ê– 2

(iii) ÁŒÑËÁŸ ◊Ê¥π⁄U‚ÊÁ‹ÿÊ ◊Ê’ÊÁŒ ◊ÊŸ ? 2

(c) ‘‘ The real minorities are the masses of this country.”

Welcoming the objectives Resolution introduced by Jawaharlal
Nehru, N. G. Ranga said : Sir, there is a lot of talk about
minorities. Who are the real minorities ? Not the Hindus in the
so-called Pakistan provinces, not the sikhs, not even the
Muslims. No, the real minorities are the masses of this

30 / HIST [ 18 ]

country. There people are so depressed and oppressed and
suppressed till now that they are not able to take advantage
of the ordinary civil rights. What is the position ? You go to the
tribal areas. According to law, their own traditional law, their
tribal law, their lands cannot be alienated. Yet our merchants
go there, and in the so-called free market they are able to
snatch their lands. Thus, even though the law goes against
this snatching away of their lands, still the merchants are able
to turn the tribal people into veritable slaves by various kinds
of bonds, and make them hereditary bond-slaves. Let us go to
the ordinary villages. There goes the money-lender with his
money and he is able to get the villages in his pocket. There
is the landlord himself, the zamindar, and the malguzar and
there are various other people who are able to exploit there
villages. There is no elementary education even among the
people. These are the real minorities that need-protection and
assurances of protection. In order to give them the necessary
protection, we will need much more than this Resolution.

Questions :

(i) Who are according to N. G. Ranga the real minorities ?
1

(ii) Why are they the real minorities ? 3

(iii) Why to they need protection ? 2

√ëëõ∂fl‘¬Ó¬ ¸—‡…±˘‚≈ ¤˝◊¸fl¬˘ ÊÚ¸±Ò±1̺íí
ʪ±˝1˘±˘ ŒÚ˝1nÀª Î◊¬O±¬ÛÚ fl¬1± Î◊¬ÀV˙…˜”˘fl¬ √õ∂ô¶±ªÀȬ±fl¬ ’±1øÌ ÊÚ±˝◊ ¤Ú.øÊ.
1±e±˝◊ Δfl¬ø¢, ëë±1, ¸—‡…±˘‚”1 ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ¬ıUÀÓ¬± fl¬Ô±-¬ıÓ¬1± ˝í˘º √õ∂fl‘¬Ó¬ ¸—‡…±˘‚”

30 / HIST [ 19 ] Contd.

Œfl¬±Ú ∑ Ó¬Ô±fl¬øÔÓ¬ ¬Û±øfl¬ô¶±Ú √õ∂À˙1 ø˝μ≈¸fl¬˘, ø˙‡¸fl¬˘ ’±Úøfl¬ ˜≈¢œ˜¸fl¬À˘±
Ú˝˚˛, √õ∂fl‘¬Ó¬ ¸—‡…±˘‚” ˝í˘ Œ˙‡Ú1 ÊÚ¸±Ò±1̺ ¤˝◊ ˜±Ú≈˝ø‡øÚ ¤øÓ¬˚˛±Õ˘Àfl¬
’ªÀ˝ø˘Ó¬ ’±1n øÚÀ©Ûø¯∏Ó¬ ’±1n ’ªø˜Ó¬ Œ˘±fl¬º Œ¸˝◊¬ı±À¬ı ¸±Ò±1Ì ¸±˜±øÊfl¬
’øÒfl¬±11 ¸≈ø¬ıÒ±ø‡øÚÓ¬ ·Ë˝Ì fl¬ø1¬ıÕ˘ ¸˜Ô« Ú˝˚˛, ’ª¶ö±ÀȬ± Œfl¬ÀÚfl≈¬ª± ∑ Ó≈¬ø˜
ÊÚʱøÓ¬ ’=˘Õ˘ Œ˚±ª±ñ’±˝◊Ú˜ÀÓ¬ ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¬1 øÚÊ ¬Û1•Û1±·Ó¬ øÚ˚˛˜-fl¬±Ú≈Ú,
ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¬1 ÊÚʱӬœ˚˛ ’±˝◊Ú ’±1n ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¬1 ˜±øȬ› ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¬1¬ Û1± ø¬ıø2Âiß
fl¬ø1 øÚ¬ı ŒÚ±ª±À1º Ó¬Ô±ø¬Û ’±˜±1 ¸±·1¸fl¬˘ ¤˝◊ ÊÚʱøÓ¬ ¤À˘fl¬±¸˜”˝Õ˘ Δ·
˜≈fl¬ø˘ ¬ıʱ11 Ú±˜Ó¬ ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¬1 ˜±øȬ fl¬±øϬˇ ˘˚˛º ¤˝◊À1 ˚ø› ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¬1 ˜±øȬ
fl¬±øϬˇ Œ˘±ª±ÀȬ ’±˝◊Úø¬ıÀ1±Òœ, ¤øÓ¬˚˛±› Œ¬ı¬Û±1œ¸fl¬À˘ ÊÚʱӬœ˚˛ Œ˘±fl¬¸fl¬˘fl¬
ø¬ıøˆ¬iß √õ∂fl¬±11 ‰≈¬øMê¬ÛS1 Œ˚±À·ø Œ¬ıÀ˘· Œ¬ıÀ˘· Ò1Ì1 ±¸ ø˝‰¬±À¬ı¬ ¬ı…ª˝±1 fl¬ø1
’±À ’±1n ¤˝◊ÀȬ± ¬ı—˙±Ú≈SêÀ˜ ‰≈¬øMê¬ıX√√ ±¸QÕ˘ 1+¬Û±ôLø1Ó¬ fl¬ø1Àº ¤øÓ¬˚˛± ’±ø˜
¸±Ò±1Ì ·±›“¬ı±¸œ1 ›‰¬1Õ˘ ˚±“› ñ Ó¬±Õ˘ Ȭfl¬± Ò±À1 ø˚˛± Œ˘±fl¬¸fl¬À˘ ŒÊ¬ÛÓ¬
Ȭfl¬± Δ˘ ˚±˚˛ ’±1n ·±›“¬ı±¸œfl¬ ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¬1 ŒÊ¬Û1 øˆ¬Ó¬1Ó¬ 1±ø‡¬ıÕ˘ ¸é¬˜ ˝˚˛º
Ó¬±Ó¬ ¶§˚˛y≈ ˜±øȬ1 ˜±ø˘fl¬, Êø˜±1 ’±1n ˜±˘&ʱ1 ˘·ÀÓ¬ Œ¬ıÀ˘· Œ¬ıÀ˘· √õ∂fl¬±11
Œ˘±fl¬¸fl¬˘ ’±ÀÂ, ø˚¸fl¬À˘ ¤˝◊ ≈‡œ˚˛± ·±›“¬ı±¸œfl¬ Œ˙±¯∏Ì fl¬ø1¬ıÕ˘ ¸˜Ô« Δ˝Àº
Ó¬±ÀÓ¬ ¤˝◊ ˜±Ú≈˝ø¬ı˘±fl¬1 ’±Úøfl¬ √õ∂±Ôø˜fl¬ ø˙鬱› Ú±˝◊º ¤›“À˘±Àfl¬˝◊ √õ∂fl‘¬Ó¬ ¸—‡…±˘‚”
ø˚¸fl¬˘fl ¸≈1鬱 ’±1n ¸≈1鬱1 ¬ı±À¬ı ’±ù´±¸1 1fl¬±1º ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¬fl¬ ’±ª˙…fl¬œ˚˛
¸≈1鬱 øª1 fl¬±1ÀÌ ’±˜±1 ¤˝◊ √õ∂ô¶±ªÀȬ±Ó¬Õfl¬ ¬ıUÓ¬ Œ¬ıø fl¬˜«¬ÛLö±1 1fl¬±1ºíí
√õ∂ùü¸˜”˝ –
(i) ¤Ú. øÊ. 1±e±1 ˜ÀÓ¬ √õ∂fl‘¬Ó¬ ¸—‡…±˘‚” Œfl¬±Ú∑ 1

(ii) ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¬ øfl¬˚˛ √õ∂fl‘¬Ó¬ ¸—‡…±˘‚”∑ 3

(iii) ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¬fl¬ øfl¬˚˛ ¸≈1鬱1 √õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚ ∑ 2

√ ëë√õ∂fl‘¬Ó¬ ¸—‡…±˘‚≈ ˝˘ ¤˝◊ ŒÀ˙¬ı˛ ÊÚ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì·Ìºíí
Ê›˝¬ı˛˘±˘ ŒÚÀ˝è Z±¬ı˛± Î◊¬O±ø¬ÛÓ¬ Î◊¬ÀV˙…˜”˘fl¬ √õ∂ô¶±¬ıøȬÀfl¬ ’øˆ¬ÚμÚ Ê±øÚÀ˚˛ ¤Ú. øÊ.
¬ı˛±e± ¬ıÀ˘øÂÀ˘Ú, ë븅±¬ı˛, ¸—‡…±˘‚≈¬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ’ÀÚfl¬ fl¬Ô±-¬ı±Ó«¬± ’±Àº √õ∂fl‘¬Ó¬ ¸—‡…±˘‚≈
Œfl¬ ∑ Ó¬Ô±fl¬øÔÓ¬ ¬Û±øfl¬ô¶±Ú √õ∂ÀÀ˙¬ı˛ ø˝μ≈·Ì, ø˙‡·Ì ¤˜Úøfl¬ ˜≈¸˘˜±Ú·Ì› Ú˚˛, √õ∂fl‘¬Ó¬

30 / HIST [ 20 ]

¸—‡…±˘‚≈ ˝˘ ŒÀ˙¬ı˛ ÊÚ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìº ¤˝◊ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛± ¤‡Ú ¬Û˚«ôL ’¬ıÀ˝ø˘Ó¬ ¤¬ı— øÚÀ©Ûø¯∏Ó¬
› ’¬ıø˜Ó¬ Œ˘±fl¬º Œ¸ÊÚ… ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¸±˜±øÊfl¬ ’øÒfl¬±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¸≈ø¬ıÒ±È≈¬fl≈¬› ·Ë˝Ì fl¬¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¸˜Ô«
Ú˚˛, ’¬ı¶ö±øȬ øfl¬ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ∑ Ó≈¬ø˜ ÊÚʱøÓ¬ ’=À˘ ˚±› ñ ’±˝◊Ú˜ÀÓ¬ Ó¬±À¬ı˛ øÚÀʬı˛
¬Û¬ı˛•Û¬ı˛±·Ó¬ øÚ˚˛˜fl¬±Ú≈Ú, Ó¬±À¬ı˛ ÊÚʱӬœ˚˛ ’±˝◊Ú ¤¬ı— Ó¬±À¬ı˛ Êø˜› Ó¬±À¬ı˛ fl¬±Â ŒÔÀfl¬
ø¬ıø2Âiß fl¬À¬ı˛ øÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±º Ó¬Ô±ø¬Û ’±˜±À¬ı˛ ¸±·À¬ı˛¬ı˛± ¤˝◊ ÊÚʱøÓ¬ ¤À˘fl¬±&ø˘ÀÓ¬
ø·À˚˛ ˜≈Mê ¬ı±Ê±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Ú±À˜ Ó¬±À¬ı˛ Êø˜ Œfl¬Àάˇ ŒÚ˚˛º ¤˝◊ˆ¬±À¬ı Ó¬±À¬ı˛ Êø˜ Œfl¬Àάˇ ŒÚ›˚˛±
˚ø› ’±˝◊Úø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Òœ, ¤‡Ú› ¬ı…¬ı¸±˚˛œ¬ı˛± ÊÚʱӬœ˚˛ Œ˘±Àfl¬À¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß √õ∂fl¬±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ‰≈¬øMê¬ÛÀS¬ı˛
˜±Ò…À˜ øˆ¬iß øˆ¬iß Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ±¸ ø˝¸±À¬ı ¬ı…¬ı˝±¬ı˛ fl¬À¬ı˛ ’±¸À ¤¬ı— ¤øȬ ¬ı—˙±Ú≈Sê˜ ‰≈¬øMê¬ıX√√
±¸ÀQ ¬ı˛+¬Û±ôLø¬ı˛Ó¬ fl¬À¬ı˛Àº ¤‡Ú ’±˜¬ı˛± ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ·Ë±˜¬ı±¸œ¬ı˛ fl¬±À ˚±˝◊ ñ Œ˚‡±ÀÚ È¬±fl¬±
Ò±¬ı˛ Œ›˚˛± Œ˘±Àfl¬¬ı˛± ¬ÛÀfl¬ÀȬ Ȭ±fl¬± øÚÀ˚˛ ˚±˚˛ ¤¬¬ı— ·Ë±˜¬ı±¸œÀ¬ı˛ Ó¬±À¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀfl¬ÀȬ¬ ¬ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬
¸é¬˜ ˝˚˛º Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ¶§˚˛y”¬ Êø˜¬ı˛ ˜±ø˘fl¬, Êø˜±¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ˜±˘&ʱÀ¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¸Àe ’Ú…±Ú… øˆ¬iß
øˆ¬iß √õ∂fl¬±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Œ˘±Àfl¬¬ı˛± ’±ÀÂ, ˚±¬ı˛± ¤˝◊ ø¬ı˛^ ·Ë±˜¬ı±¸œÀ¬ı˛ Œ˙±¯∏Ì fl¬¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¸˜Ô« ˝À˚˛Àº
Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ¤˝◊ Œ˘±Àfl¬À¬ı˛ ¤˜Úøfl¬ √õ∂±Ôø˜fl¬ ø˙鬱È≈¬fl≈¬› Ú±˝◊º ¤¬ı˛±˝◊ √õ∂fl‘¬Ó¬ ¸—‡…±˘‚≈ ˚±À¬ı˛
¸≈¬ı˛é¬± ¤¬ı— ¸≈¬ı˛é¬±¬ı˛ ÊÚ… ’±ù´±À¸¬ı˛ ¬ı˛fl¬±¬ı˛º Ó¬±À¬ı˛ ’±¬ı˙…fl¬œ˚˛ ¸≈¬ı˛é¬± Œ›˚˛±¬ı˛ ÊÚ…
’±˜±À¬ı˛ ¤˝◊ √õ∂ô¶±¬ıøȬ ŒÔÀfl¬ ’ÀÚfl¬ Œ¬ıø˙ fl¬˜«¬ÛLö±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛fl¬±¬ı˛ºíí
√ õ∂ùü¸˜”˝ –
(i) ¤Ú. øÊ. ¬ı˛±e±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ √õ∂fl‘¬Ó¬ ¸—‡…±˘‚≈ Œfl¬ ∑ 1

(ii) Ó¬±¬ı˛± Œfl¬Ú √õ∂fl‘¬Ó¬ ¸—‡…±˘‚≈ ∑ 3

(iii) Ó¬±À¬ı˛ Œfl¬Ú ¸≈¬ı˛é¬± √õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚ ∑ 2

““ªÈ’ÒÿÒ ©Ÿ ªÊÇ‹Ò ‚ÊŸÊ ÕÊŸÊÿ ‚È’È¥»§Ê⁄””U —
¡flÊ„⁄U‹Ê‹ Ÿ„L§•Ê ŒÒπÊ¥ŸÊÿ Á’ÕÊ¥Áπ»§Ê⁄UπÊÒ ◊ÊŸ „ÊŸÊŸÒ ∞Ÿ.Á¡.⁄UÊ¥ªÊÿÊ ’È¥ŒÊ¥◊ÊŸ– “‚Ê⁄U”
©Ÿ ªÊÇ‹Ò‚ÊŸÊ (π◊-‚ÊŸπÊÁŸ) ÕÊŸÊÿ»§Ê⁄UÁŸ ‚ÊÿÊfl ªÊ’Ê¥ ‚Êfl⁄UÊÿŸÊÿ ¡Ê’Êÿ– ªÈ’ÒÿÒ
π◊ ∞’Ê ’Êæ§Êß ‚ÊŸπÊÁŸ ‚Ê⁄U ? ‚⁄UÊ‚ŸSÃÊ ¬ÊÁ∑§SÃÊŸ „ÊŒ⁄UÁŸ Á„ãŒÈ»§Ê⁄UÊ, Á‚π»§Ê⁄U,
•Œ’ÊÁŸ ◊È‚Á‹◊»§Ê⁄UÊ’Ê Ÿæ§Ê– ÕÊ⁄U ’Êæ§Êß ‚ÊŸπÊ•Ê „ÊŒ⁄UÁŸ ‚È’È¥•Ê‚Ê– ’ÁπÁŸ ‚È’Èæ§Ê
ŒÊÁ‚◊’Ê ŸflÁ‚¡ÊŸÊÿ, ªÊŒ’¡ÊŸÊÿ ‚Ê’π¡ÊŸÊÿ ‚È’È¥– ’ÁŸπÊÿŸÊ ‚ÊœÊ⁄UáÊ ‚◊Ê¡ÊÁ⁄U
◊ÊŸÕÊÿÁπÁŸπÊ’Ê •Ê¡ÊflŸÊ „ÊÁÿ ¡ÊÿÊ– ÕÊ‚ÊÁ⁄UÿÊ ◊Ê’ÊÁŒ ? ŸÊ¥ ¡Ÿ¡ÊÁà •ÊŸ‚Ê‹-

30 / HIST [ 21 ] Contd.

Á‚◊ ÕÊ¥ ó πÊÁãÕ’ÊÁŒÿÒ Á’‚Ê⁄U„Ê ªÊflÁŸ •Ê‚Ê⁄U πÊÁãÕ, Á’‚Ê⁄UÁŸ ¡Ÿ¡ÊÃËÿ •ÊÿŸ
•Ê⁄UÊ Áfl‚Ê⁄UÁŸ „ÊÿÊfl Á’‚Ê⁄UÁŸ»˝§Êÿ ªÊ¡ÊŸÊfl ‹Ê¥ÁπŸÊ „ÊÿÊ– Õfl’Ê ¡Ê¥ÁŸ »§Ê‹Ê¥ÁªÁ⁄U»§Ê⁄UÊ
’Ò ¡Ÿ¡ÊÁà •ÊŸ‚Ê‹Á‚◊ ÕÊ¥ŸÊŸÒ ©ŒÊ¥ „ÊÕÊÿÁŸ ◊Èæ§Êfl Á’‚Ê⁄UÁŸ „Ê»§Ê⁄UπÊÒ ‚ŸÊ ‹ÊÿÊ–
’’ÊÁŒ Á’‚Ê⁄UÁŸ „Ê ‚ŸÊŸÒ ‹ÊŸÊÿÊ •ÊÿŸ ’⁄UπÊ, ŒÊ’Ê »§Ê‹Ê¥ÁªÁ⁄U»§Ê⁄UÊ ŸÊÿÁŒÁ‚ŸÊ
⁄UÊπÊ◊ÁŸ ‚ÈÁÄÃÁŸ ª¡⁄U¡Ê¥ ªÈ’ÈŸ ªÈ’ÈŸ ŒÊ◊ „ÊŸÊŸÒ ’Ê„Êÿ’Êÿ ÕÊŒÊ¥ •Ê⁄UÊ ’ÿÊ »§Ê‹⁄UÁŸ
©ŸÁŸ»§Ê⁄UÊ’Ê ÁflÁŒŸÊ ◊ÊÁŸŸÊŸÒ ‹ÊŸÊ¥ªÊÒ ¡ÊŒÊ¥– ŒÊÁŸÿÊ ¡Ê¥ ‚ÊœÊ⁄UáÊ ªÊÁ◊ÿÊÁ⁄U ‚È’È¥»§Ê⁄UÁŸ
πÊÁÕÁ‚◊ ÕÊ¥ÁŸ ó ⁄UÊ¥ ŒÊ„Ê⁄U „ÊŸÊÿ ‚È’È¥»§Ê⁄UÊ ªÊ’Ê¥ Á’’Ê¥ÁŸ ⁄UÊ¥ ‹Êæ§Ê •Ê⁄UÊ ªÊÁ◊ÿÊÁ⁄U
‚È’È¥»§Ê⁄UπÊÒ ªÊflÁŸ ¬∑§ÃÊfl ‹ÊÁπŸÊ „ÊÿÊ– ’ÿÊfl ªÊfl „ÊÁŸ ◊ÊÁ‹∑§ ¡Á◊ŒÊ⁄U¡Ê¥ŸÊ ªÈ’ÈŸ
ªÈ’ÈŸ ⁄UÊπÊ◊ÁŸ ◊ÊŸÁ‚»§Ê⁄U ÕÊÿÊ– ¡Êÿ»§Ê⁄UÊ ÁŸπÊ©Á⁄U ªÊÁ◊ÿÊÁ⁄U ‚È’È¥»§Ê⁄UπÊÒ ‚Ê’πŸÊ „ÊŒÊ¥–
ªÈÁŒÿÊflŸÊ ’ ªÊÁ◊ÿÊÁ⁄U ‚ÈÈ’È¥»§Ê⁄UÁŸ ªÈÁŒ ‚Ê‹Ê¥ÕÊÿÊÁπ ÁŸÿÊ’Ê ªÒÿÊ– Á’‚Ê⁄UŸÊ ÕÊ⁄U
Á’ÁÕæ§Êfl π◊ ‚ÊŸπÊ ∞’Ê ©Ÿ ªÊÇ‹ÊÒ‚ÊŸÊ ÕÊŸÊÿ ‚È’È¥ ¡Êÿ»§Ê⁄UŸÊ ŸÊ¥ªÊÒ ⁄ÒUπÊÁÕ •Ê⁄UÊ
⁄ÒUπÊÁÕÁŸ ÕÊπÊÿ ŸÊ¥ªÊÒ »§ÊÕÊÿÁÕ– Á’‚Ê⁄UŸÊ ŸÊ¥ªÊÒ ⁄UÊπÊ◊ÁŸ ⁄ÒUπÊÁÕ „ÊŸÊ ¡Ê¥ÁŸ ’ ÁflÕÊ¥Áπ
ÁŸ∫Èß •Ê⁄UÊ’Êfl ’Ê¥Á‚Ÿ „Ê’Ê»§ÊÁ⁄U ‹ÊŸÊ¥ªÊŸ–
(i) ∞Ÿ. Á¡. ⁄UÊ¥ªÊÁŸ ’ÊÁŒé‹Ê ÕÊ⁄ÒU π◊ ‚ÊŸπÊ (Minorities) •Ê ‚Ê⁄U ? 1

(ii) Á’‚Ê⁄U ◊ÊŸÊ ÕÊ⁄U Á’ÁÕ¢æ§Êfl π◊ ‚ÊŸπÊ (Minorities)? 3

(iii) Á’‚Ê⁄UŸÊ ◊ÊŸÊ ⁄ÒUπÊÁÕÁŸ ªÊŸÊ¥ ÁÕ Œæ§ ? 2

5. (i) Draw a map of India and locate any three important centers
of Revolt of 1857. 3+3=6

ˆ¬±1Ó¬1 ¤‡Ú ˜±Úø‰¬S ’—fl¬Ú fl¬ø1 1857 ‰¬Ú1 ø¬ıÀ^±˝ Œ˝±ª± ø˚Àfl¬±ÀÚ± øÓ¬øÚ‡Ú Î◊¬À~‡À˚±·…
Œfl¬f ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ fl¬1±º
ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ¤fl¬øȬ ˜±Úø‰¬S ’ÇÚ fl¬À¬ı˛ 1857 ¸±À˘¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ^±˝ ˝›˚˛± Œ˚-Œfl¬±ÀÚ± øÓ¬ÚøȬ
Î◊¬À~‡À˚±·… Œfl¬f ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ fl¬À¬ı˛±º
÷Ê⁄Uà „ÊŒ⁄UÁŸ ◊ÊŸ‚ÊflªÊÁ⁄U •ÊÁπŸÊŸÒ 1857 ◊ÊÿÕÊßÁŸ ¡Ê¥Á∫ÕÊÿÁŸ ¡ÊÿÁπ¡ÊÿÊ ◊ÊŸÕÊ◊
◊È¥π¡ÊÕÊfl Á◊L§ÁŸ Á‚ŸÊÿÁÕ „Ê–

30 / HIST [ 22 ]

Or / Ú±˝◊¬ı± / ’Ô¬ı± / ∞’Ê

(ii) Draw a map of India and locate any three great Mahajanapadas.
3+3=6

ˆ¬±1Ó¬1 ¤‡Ú ˜±Úø‰¬S ’—fl¬Ú fl¬ø1 ø˚Àfl¬±ÀÚ± øÓ¬øÚ‡Ú √õ∂Ò±Ú ˜˝±ÊÚ¬Û1 ’ª¶ö±Ú ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬
fl¬1±º
ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ¤fl¬øȬ ˜±Úø‰¬S ’ÇÚ fl¬À¬ı˛ Œ˚-Œfl¬±ÀÚ± øÓ¬ÚøȬ√ √õ∂Ò±Ú ˜˝±ÊÚ¬ ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛ ’¬ı¶ö±Ú
ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ fl¬À¬ı˛±º
÷Ê⁄UÃÁŸ ◊ÊŸ‚ÊflªÊÁ⁄U •ÊÁπŸÊŸÒ ¡ÊÿÁπ¡ÊÿÊ ŒÊÕ¥ Ê◊ ªÊ„Êß ◊„Ê¡Ÿ¬ŒÁŸ ÿÊÕÊÿÁŸ Á‚ŸÊÿÁÕ
„Ê–

———— ×————

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30 / HIST [ 24 ] 77+