DUET 2021 Question Paper Ph.D in East Asian Studies

DU PhD in East Asian Studies
Topic:‐ EAS PHD P1

1) Hongkong was handed back to the Chinese by the British on[Question ID = 11845]
1. 1 July 1997 [Option ID = 47378]
2. 4 October 1949 [Option ID = 47379]
3. 5 July 1978 [Option ID = 47380]
4. 24 September 1998 [Option ID = 47381]

2) Japan defeated Russia in the Russo‐Japanese War of[Question ID = 11846]
1. 1917 [Option ID = 47382]
2. 1944 [Option ID = 47383]
3. 1905 [Option ID = 47384]
4. 1928 [Option ID = 47385]

3) The Treaty of Versailles handed over Chinese territories to[Question ID = 11847]
1. Korea [Option ID = 47386]
2. France [Option ID = 47387]
3. England [Option ID = 47388]
4. Japan [Option ID = 47389]

4) The First President of North Korea was[Question ID = 11848]
1. Kim Il Sung [Option ID = 47390]
2. Kim Jung Un [Option ID = 47391]
3. Kim Dae Jung [Option ID = 47392]
4. Kim Jae Moon [Option ID = 47393]

5) Korea became a protectorate of Japan in[Question ID = 11849]
1. 1760 [Option ID = 47394]
2. 1830 [Option ID = 47395]
3. 1845 [Option ID = 47396]
4. 1905 [Option ID = 47397]

6) ASEAN was founded in[Question ID = 11850]
1. 1971 [Option ID = 47398]
2. 1963 [Option ID = 47399]
3. 1991 [Option ID = 47400]
4. 1967 [Option ID = 47401]

7) Rabindernath Tagore travelled to China in[Question ID = 11851]
1. 1921 [Option ID = 47402]
2. 1923 [Option ID = 47403]
3. 1941 [Option ID = 47404]
4. 1924 [Option ID = 47405]

8) Coose the one correct answer

The Concept of Class refers to

A. The study of social division in society

B. The study of social behaviour and style

C. The study of different species in nature

D. The position of labour in society

[Question ID = 11852]

[Option ID = 47406]

[Option ID = 47407]

[Option ID = 47408]

[Option ID = 47409]

9) Choose the one correct answer

Theories dubbed as critical theories are usually associated with

A. Theories related to the cricism of literature and art

B Theories that question and identify the gaps in traditional theories that do not question issues of race, gender and class

C. Theories that relate to the manner in which idea are critically appreiated and studied.

D. Theories that build on earlier paradigms

[Question ID = 11853]

[Option ID = 47410]

[Option ID = 47411]

[Option ID = 47412]

[Option ID = 47413]

10) Choose the one correct answer

Neo‐Liberal economists are normally associated with

A. Autarkik economies

B. Integrated economies

C. Globalisation

D. State planning

[Question ID = 11854]

[Option ID = 47414]

[Option ID = 47415]

[Option ID = 47416]

[Option ID = 47417]

11) Choose the one correct answer

The "Enlightenment" is the name given to a corpus of ideas that refers to

A. The rise of science and scientific truths based on empirical experimentation.

B. To the rise of new religious thought

C. To the emergence of independent nation states

D.To the rise of anti colonial struggles

[Question ID = 11855]

[Option ID = 47418]

[Option ID = 47419]

[Option ID = 47420]

[Option ID = 47421]

12) Anti colonial struggles took different forms in India and China. In India, Gandhi adopted a strategy of resistance based
on a non violent method while in China, Mao Zedong and the Communist revolution adopted a violent and class war
strategy. Yet it resulted in the emergence of both as Independent nation states.

Select the one true statement

A. All anti colonial struggles have the same aim, that of liberating their countries from foreign domination.

B. The methods of struggle adopted determine the success or failure of struggle.

C. The Communists of China were impressed by Gandhi's non‐violence

D. Violence does not get you independence

[Question ID = 11856]

[Option ID = 47422]

[Option ID = 47423]

[Option ID = 47424]

[Option ID = 47425]

13) For too long Maxwell's narrative of the India China war has been accepted internationally and assiduously pushed by the
Chinese. This blames India as the aggressor. Lintner in his book is able to counter this narrative and show that Mao Zedong
had a direct role to play in pushing for a war with India.

Chose the correct answer

A. Neville Maxwell holds China accountable for the War with India

B Neville Maxwell does not hold China accountable for the start of the 1962 War.

C. Lintner tells us that China was not to blame for the Sino Indian War.

D. Lintner tells us that India and Chiina were both to blame for the War.

[Question ID = 11857]

[Option ID = 47426]

[Option ID = 47427]

[Option ID = 47428]

[Option ID = 47429]

14) Select the correct Statement

A. Buddhism spread to Japan diectly from India

B. Buddhism spread to Japan via China

C. Buddhism spread to Japan via Tibet

D. Buddhism spread to Japan via Mongolia

[Question ID = 11858]
1. A

[Option ID = 47430]
2. B

[Option ID = 47431]
3. C

[Option ID = 47432]
4. D

[Option ID = 47433]

15) Chose the Correct Statement

A. The Meiji Restoration led to the restoration of the Monarchy in Japan

B. The Meiji restoration heralded the conquest of Japan by Western Powers

C. The Meiji restoration was the end of Imperial power in Japan

D. The Meiji restoration was the start of the Tokugawa Dynasty

[Question ID = 11859]
1. A

[Option ID = 47434]
2. B

[Option ID = 47435]
3. C

[Option ID = 47436]
4. D

[Option ID = 47437]

16) Choose the one correct statement

A China's claims to the South China Seas are based on the United Nations Laws of the Seas (UNCLOS)

B. China's claims to the South China Seas are based on the deal signed with ASEAN

C. China's self proclaimed nine dash line

D. The maritime boundaries laid down after the 2n d World War

[Question ID = 11860]
1. A

[Option ID = 47438]
2. B

[Option ID = 47439]
3. C

[Option ID = 47440]
4. D

[Option ID = 47441]

17) Chose the one correct statement

A. American security support to Japan and Korea is carried out under the Marshall Plan

B. American security support to Japan and Korea is carried out under specific bilateral treaties

C. American security support to Japan and Korea is carried out under the NATO alliance

D. American security support to Japan and Korea is carried out under Indo‐Pacific Treaty of 1948

[Question ID = 11861]
1. A

[Option ID = 47442]
2. B

[Option ID = 47443]
3. C

[Option ID = 47444]
4. D

[Option ID = 47445]

18) Choose the one correct statement

A Taiwan has been an Independent country since 1949

B. Taiwan is considered a part of China by international organizations and most countries

C Taiwan is an outlying province of the USA

D Taiwan is a part of Japan

[Question ID = 11862]
1. A

[Option ID = 47446]
2. B

[Option ID = 47447]
3. C

[Option ID = 47448]
4. D

[Option ID = 47449]

19) Choose the one correct statement

A. China's Mallacca Straits Dilemma referes to China's dependence on the Mallacca stratis for the transportation of its
goods and energy

B. China's Mallacca Straits Dillemma refers to China's lack of naval presence in the Mallacca Straits

C. China's Mallacca Straits Dilemma refers to China's excessive fishing in these coastal regions

D. China's Mallacca Straits Dilemma refers to the US presence in the Mallacca straits

[Question ID = 11863]
1. A

[Option ID = 47450]
2. B

[Option ID = 47451]
3. C

[Option ID = 47452]
4. D

[Option ID = 47453]

20) Choose the one correct statement

A. In his model for economic development Deng Xiaoping was influenced by Ronald Reagan, Prsident of the USA

B. In his model for economic development Deng Xiaoping was influenced by Gorbachev, President of Russia

C. In his model for economic development Deng Xiaoping was influenced by Lee Kuan Yew, President of Singapore

D. In his model for economic development Deng Xiaoping was influenced by Jiang Kai‐Shek, President of Taiwan

[Question ID = 11864]
1. A

[Option ID = 47454]
2. B

[Option ID = 47455]
3. C

[Option ID = 47456]
4. D

[Option ID = 47457]

21) Choose the one correct statement

A The term protestant work ethic was first introduced by Max Weber and refers to the work ethic that encouraged the
development of Capitalism

B. The terms protestant work ethic was first introduced by Karl Marx and refers to the exploitation of workers under the
system of Capitalism

C. The term protestant work ethic refers to the the manner in which protestants worship

D. The term protestant work ethic refest to the kind of work culture that ensures worship

[Question ID = 11865]
1. A

[Option ID = 47458]
2. B

[Option ID = 47459]
3. C

[Option ID = 47460]
4. D

[Option ID = 47461]

22) Choose the one correct statement

A The concept of Power and Knowledge implies that knowledge is not objective but discursively created and acquires
power through this discourse that gurantees its truth.

B. The concept of Power and Knowledge implies that knowledge is power

C. The concept of Power and Knowledge imples that only the powerful make knowledge

D. The concept of Power and Knowlege implies that knowledge and power are the same thing.

[Question ID = 11866]
1. A

[Option ID = 47462]
2. B

[Option ID = 47463]
3. C

[Option ID = 47464]
4. D

[Option ID = 47465]

23) Choose the one correct statement

A. Structural functionalism is a social science metodology that is closely associated with Wittgenstain

B. Structural Functionalism is a sociological theory closely associated wth the work of Talcott Parsons

C. Structural Functionalism is a theory of biological descent associated with the work of Darwin

D. Structural Functionalism is a theory of political analysis that examines the patterns of voting in democracie

[Question ID = 11867]
1. A

[Option ID = 47466]
2. B

[Option ID = 47467]
3. C

[Option ID = 47468]
4. D

[Option ID = 47469]

24) Choose the one correct statement

A. The work of Karl Marx and his book Das Kapital is seen as the birth of the social sciences

B. The philosophical theories of positivism associated with Auguste Comte are also considered as the first exposition of the
methodology of social sciences.

C. Hegel's theory of Dialectics is seen as the basic start of the methodology of social science

D. Machiavelli is considered the first theoretician of the social sciences.

[Question ID = 11868]
1. A

[Option ID = 47470]
2. B

[Option ID = 47471]
3. C

[Option ID = 47472]
4. D

[Option ID = 47473]

25) Choose the one correct statement

Realism as a theory to understand the relations between nation states presumes that

A. The international system is in a state of natural anarchy

B. The international system is in a state of disequilibrium

C. The international system is naturally in a state of cooperation

D. The international system is naturally in a state of decay

[Question ID = 11869]
1. A

[Option ID = 47474]
2. B

[Option ID = 47475]
3. C

[Option ID = 47476]
4. D

[Option ID = 47477]

26) China's One Belt One Road is a trade policy that was personally launched by President Xi Jinping in 2013. It is designed
as a totally integrated system that combines customs, transport, man power and investment exchanges. Several countries
who signed on to this project today face mounting debt problems, causing a challenge to their economies through debt
repayments and to the type of bilateral ties that China enforces and desires with its copartners in the project. The trouble
is that Chna is by far the dominant economy.

Chose the one incorrect (wrong statement)

1. The One Belt One Road project is President Xi's personal project

2. This project is designed to allow seamless interaction between partner economies

3. This project is leading to debt traps for partners

4. This is a univerasally accepted project .

[Question ID = 11870]

[Option ID = 47478]

[Option ID = 47479]

[Option ID = 47480]

[Option ID = 47481]

27) The South China Seas and China's growing aggression against Taiwan has axaccerbated tensions in this region. This is
particularly challenging for President Joe Biden who has to decide whether to follow through on Trumps hard line against
China or back track. So far Biden has chosen an approach that returns to the USA old allies in Asia and Europe to find
common means and understanding in order to tackle the rise of China.

Choose the one incorrect (wrong) statement

A. President Trump had a hardline approach to the rise of China.

B. Trump used an unilateral approach to tackly China.

C. Joe Biden is not interested in the China question

D. Joe Biden has restarted the cooperative and allied based approach to foreign policy

[Question ID = 11871]

[Option ID = 47482]

[Option ID = 47483]

[Option ID = 47484]

[Option ID = 47485]

28) Buddhism is the first international faith that spread outwards from the region of its origin. The word of Gautam Buddha
has had an everlasting ifluence on the history and culture of many Soith‐East and East Asian countries Although it has lost its
importance in India, it continues to be the State religion in Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand.

Choose the one incorrect (wrong answer)

A. Buddhism is the oldest proseltysing . religion in the world.

B. Buddhism still retains a large international following

C. Buddhism is the State Religion of a few countries

D. Buddhism is suppressed in India.

[Question ID = 11872]

[Option ID = 47486]

[Option ID = 47487]

[Option ID = 47488]

[Option ID = 47489]

29) What is the name of the largest island in Japanese archipelago?[Question ID = 11873]
1. Honshu [Option ID = 47490]
2. Kyushu [Option ID = 47491]
3. Hokkaido [Option ID = 47492]
4. Shikoku [Option ID = 47493]

30) Which of these does not have a Japanese coastline?[Question ID = 11874]
1. Sea of Japan [Option ID = 47494]
2. Sea of Okhotsk [Option ID = 47495]
3. East China Sea [Option ID = 47496]
4. Yellow Sea [Option ID = 47497]

31) Tsukiji market in Tokyo is the world’s largest market for[Question ID = 11875]
1. Fish [Option ID = 47498]
2. Beef [Option ID = 47499]
3. Pork [Option ID = 47500]
4. Vegetable [Option ID = 47501]

32) Which country had control of the Korean Peninsula before the Second World War?[Question ID = 11876]
1. Russia [Option ID = 47502]
2. Britain [Option ID = 47503]
3. China [Option ID = 47504]
4. Japan [Option ID = 47505]

33) Bangtan Sonyeondan (BTS) is a [Question ID = 11877]
1. South Korean musical band [Option ID = 47506]
2. South Korean underworld gang [Option ID = 47507]
3. North Korean secret army [Option ID = 47508]
4. None of the above [Option ID = 47509]

34) What is the name of the present Emperor of Japan?[Question ID = 11878]
1. Akihito [Option ID = 47510]
2. Naruhito [Option ID = 47511]
3. Hirohito [Option ID = 47512]
4. Meiji [Option ID = 47513]

35) Which of the following statement is NOT TRUE about Malabar exercise?
A. Malabar Exercise is a trilateral naval exercise involving the United States, Japan and India as permanent partners.
B. Singapore and Australia have participated as non‐permanent participants.
C. Vietnam and Bangladesh have participated in Malabar exercises.
D. It begun in 1992 as a bilateral exercise between India and the United States.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

[Question ID = 11879]

[Option ID = 47514]

[Option ID = 47515]

[Option ID = 47516]

[Option ID = 47517]

36) Which of the following statement is NOT TRUE about QUAD?
A. The full form of QUAD is the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue.
B. It is an informal strategic dialogue between the United States, Japan, Australia and India.
C. It is a military alliance between the United States, Japan, Australia and India.
D. It is an alliance of democratic countries.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

[Question ID = 11880]

[Option ID = 47518]

[Option ID = 47519]

[Option ID = 47520]

[Option ID = 47521]

37) Which of the following statement is NOT TRUE about Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United
States and Japan?
A. It is a treaty for establishing a military alliance between the United States and Japan.
B. It is commonly known as the Peace Treaty of San Francisco.
C. It is also popularly known by its Japanese name ‐ Anpo or Ampo jōyaku.
D. This treaty provided for the continued presence of US military bases in Japan.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

[Question ID = 11881]

[Option ID = 47522]

[Option ID = 47523]

[Option ID = 47524]

[Option ID = 47525]

38) Which of the following statement is CORRECT ?
A. "Three Principles of the People" was the political philosophy of Sun Yat‐sen.
B. "Three Principles of the People" was the political philosophy of Mao Zedong.
C. "Three Principles of the People" was the political philosophy of Thic Nath Han.
D. "Three Principles of the People" was the political philosophy of Li Dazhao.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

[Question ID = 11882]

[Option ID = 47526]

[Option ID = 47527]

[Option ID = 47528]

[Option ID = 47529]

39) Which of the following statement is CORRECT?
A. Treaty of Shimonoseki is a treaty between the South Korea and Japan after the Second World War.
B. Treaty of Shimonoseki is a treaty between the Japan and Taiwan after the Second World War.
C. Treaty of Shimonoseki is a treaty between the Empire of Japan and Qing China, ending the First Sino‐Japanese War.
D. Treaty of Shimonoseki is a between the Empire of Japan and Russia after the Russo‐Japanese War.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

[Question ID = 11883]

[Option ID = 47530]

[Option ID = 47531]

[Option ID = 47532]

[Option ID = 47533]

40) Which of the following statement is NOT TRUE about the Second Sino‐Japanese War?
A. The Second Sino‐Japanese War was a military conflict between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan.
B. China was supported by the Soviet Union and the United States.
C. The Second Sino‐Japanese War was waged between 1937 and 1945.
D. After the war, the puppet state of Manchukuo was established by Japan.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

[Question ID = 11884]

[Option ID = 47534]

[Option ID = 47535]

[Option ID = 47536]

[Option ID = 47537]

41) Which of the following statements are CORRECT?
A. Cool Japan refers to extremely cold winters in Northern Japan.
B. Cool Japan is Japan’s soft power diplomacy.
C. Cool Japan is a climate change phenomena in East Asia.
D. Cool Japan is related to pop‐culture of Japan.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

[Question ID = 11885]
1. A and C only

[Option ID = 47538]
2. B and D only

[Option ID = 47539]
3. C and D only

[Option ID = 47540]
4. All are correct

[Option ID = 47541]

42) Which is the new post of minster that was added to the Japanese Cabinet in 2021?
A. Minister of Happiness
B. Minister of Loneliness
C. Minister of Suicides
D. Minister of Isolation

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

[Question ID = 11886]

[Option ID = 47542]

[Option ID = 47543]

[Option ID = 47544]

[Option ID = 47545]

43) Which of the following statements are NOT Correct about Yoshihide Suga, the Prime Minister of Japan?
A. Suga was the Chief Cabinet Secretary under former Prime Minister Shinzo Abe.
B. Suga belongs to a family of strawberry farmers in Akita Prefecture.
C. Suga belongs to Democratic Party of Japan.
D. Suga visited India in 2020.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

[Question ID = 11887]

[Option ID = 47546]
2. A and B only

[Option ID = 47547]
3. B and C only

[Option ID = 47548]
4. C and D only

[Option ID = 47549]

44) Which of the following political party in Japan is founded by the members of a religious organization?[Question ID =
11888]
1. Komeito [Option ID = 47550]
2. Reiwa Shinsengumi [Option ID = 47551]
3. Nippon Ishin no Kai [Option ID = 47552]
4. None of the Above [Option ID = 47553]

45) Which of the following statement is NOT correct?
A. Japan hosted the Summer Olympics in 1964
B. Japan hosted Winter Olympics in 1972 and 1998
C. Japan hosted the Summer Olympics in 2008
D. Japan will host the Summer Olympics in 2021.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

[Question ID = 11889]

[Option ID = 47554]

[Option ID = 47555]

[Option ID = 47556]

[Option ID = 47557]

46) Choose the correct statements about General Douglas MacArthur

A. General Douglas MacArthur was the commander of United States Army Forces in the Far East during the Second World
War.
B. General Douglas MacArthur was the Field Marshal of the Philippine Army.
C. General Douglas MacArthur was the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers.
D. General Douglas MacArthur had signed the Japanese Instrument of Surrender on September 2, 1945.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

[Question ID = 11890]
1. A, C and D only

[Option ID = 47558]
2. A and C only

[Option ID = 47559]
3. B and D only

[Option ID = 47560]
4. A, B, C and D only

[Option ID = 47561]

47) Who gave the “looking glass self‐theory” of socialization?[Question ID = 11891]
1. Emile Durkheim [Option ID = 47562]
2. Charles Cooley [Option ID = 47563]
3. R. K. Merton [Option ID = 47564]
4. Sigmund Freud [Option ID = 47565]

48) Please read the following passage and answer the questions given below:

The decision to modernize with versus without westernization has divided the responses of traditional societies to the
Industrial Revolution ever since. China chose the first variant, modernization without westernization, while Japan chose the
second. Can one have modernization without westernization? The Japanese in the late nineteenth century concluded that
the answer was no. They believed that some degree of westernization was necessary to become a producer and creator of
these technologies, rather than a mere consumer of them. In contrast, the Chinese government set a course of
modernization without westernization. Their overarching policy objective became the preservation of Confucian civilization
untainted by the pollution of Western civilization. Japan’s decision to westernize marked the parting of the ways for
Japanese and Chinese economic and political development. Previously, the Japanese had patterned many of their
institutions on Chinese models. Henceforth they would emulate Western models instead. This defied the Chinese
conceptualization of civilization as a single one‐way street, forever in their direction. Japan took a U‐turn on the road to
civilization when it traded in sinification for westernization.
Japanese leaders decided to set their country on a path to rapid westernization and modernization in order to deal with
the West on an equal footing. The institutional changes entailed the sacrifice of many venerated traditions, such as the
privileged position of the samurai, or warrior, a status that many of the reformers held. They replaced the virtuosity of the
samurai with the massed power of the conscript army. Children received westernized instead of sinified educations. Only
elements of traditional Japanese culture, most notably Shintō, survived the hybridized westernization promoted by the
Meiji reformers. The reformers used Shintō beliefs to bind citizens to the state via loyalty to the divine emperor, who
became the symbol and legitimator of the state.

According to the author what was the difference between the Chinese and the Japanese approach towards modernization?

A. China pursed modernization along with westernization whereas Japan modernized with sinification.
B. Japanese pursued modernization with westernization whereas China modernized without westernization.
C. Japan modernized but China did not try to modernize.
D. None of the Above.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

[Question ID = 11892]

[Option ID = 47566]

[Option ID = 47567]

[Option ID = 47568]

[Option ID = 47569]

Topic:‐ EAS PHD P2

1) Please read the following passage and answer the questions given below:

The Japanese in the late nineteenth century believed that some degree of westernization was necessary to become a
producer and creator of modern technologies, rather than being a mere consumer of them. In contrast, the Chinese
government set a course of modernization without westernization. Their overarching policy objective became the

preservation of Confucian civilization untainted by the pollution of Western civilization. Japan’s decision to westernize
marked the parting of the ways for Japanese and Chinese economic and political development. Previously, the Japanese
had patterned many of their institutions on Chinese models. Henceforth they would emulate Western models instead. This
defied the Chinese conceptualization of civilization as a single one‐way street, forever in their direction. Japan took a U‐
turn on the road to civilization when it traded in sinification for westernization. Japanese leaders decided to set their
country on a path to rapid westernization and modernization in order to deal with the West on an equal footing. The
institutional changes entailed the sacrifice of many venerated traditions, such as the privileged position of the samurai, or
warrior, a status that many of the reformers held. They replaced the virtuosity of the samurai with the massed power of the
conscript army. Children received westernized instead of sinified educations. Only elements of traditional Japanese culture,
most notably Shintō, survived the hybridized westernization promoted by the Meiji reformers. The reformers used Shintō
beliefs to bind citizens to the state via loyalty to the divine emperor, who became the symbol and legitimator of the state.

Which of the following is an INCORRECT statement regarding the institutional changes introduced by the Meiji reformers in
Japan?
A. The Emperor system was abolished.
B. A conscripted Army replaced the samurai/warrior class
C. Western education was introduced
D. The privileges of the samurai class was taken away.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

[Question ID = 11893]

[Option ID = 47570]

[Option ID = 47571]

[Option ID = 47572]

[Option ID = 47573]

2) Please read the following passage and answer the question that follows:

The Japanese in the late nineteenth century believed that some degree of westernization was necessary to become a
producer and creator of modern technologies, rather than being a mere consumer of them. In contrast, the Chinese
government set a course of modernization without westernization. Their overarching policy objective became the
preservation of Confucian civilization untainted by the pollution of Western civilization. Japan’s decision to westernize
marked the parting of the ways for Japanese and Chinese economic and political development. Previously, the Japanese
had patterned many of their institutions on Chinese models. Henceforth they would emulate Western models instead. This
defied the Chinese conceptualization of civilization as a single one‐way street, forever in their direction. Japan took a U‐
turn on the road to civilization when it traded in sinification for westernization. Japanese leaders decided to set their
country on a path to rapid westernization and modernization in order to deal with the West on an equal footing. The
institutional changes entailed the sacrifice of many venerated traditions, such as the privileged position of the samurai, or
warrior, a status that many of the reformers held. They replaced the virtuosity of the samurai with the massed power of the
conscript army. Children received westernized instead of sinified educations. Only elements of traditional Japanese culture,
most notably Shintō, survived the hybridized westernization promoted by the Meiji reformers. The reformers used Shintō
beliefs to bind citizens to the state via loyalty to the divine emperor, who became the symbol and legitimator of the state.

What does sinification mean in the passage given above?
A. Assimilation into Chinese civilization and culture by other East Asian countries.
B. Following Confucian way of life and ideology.
C. Adoption of Chinese model of social, political and economic institutions by other East Asian countries.
D. All the above.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

[Question ID = 11894]
1. A and B only

[Option ID = 47574]

[Option ID = 47575]
3. A and C only

[Option ID = 47576]

[Option ID = 47577]