ISC Class 12 Competency Based Questions (CBQ) Political Science

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PREFACE

With a growing emphasis on competency-based education globally, the educational landscape
in India has also steered towards high-quality learning experiences that allow learners to
incorporate critical thinking and problem-solving approaches. This approach goes beyond rote
memorisation and focuses on developing the skills and knowledge that students need to apply
in their real-world scenarios.
The Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), as a national-level
progressive examination board, has taken several steps to infuse competency-based education
in CISCE schools through teacher capacity-building on item development for competency-
based assessments and the incorporation of competency-focused questions at the ICSE and ISC
levels from the examination year 2024.
To further facilitate the adoption of competency-based assessment practices in schools and to
support teachers and students towards the preparation for attempting higher-order thinking
questions in future board examinations, Item Banks of Competency-Focused Practice
Questions for selected subjects at the ICSE and ISC levels have been developed. This Item
Bank consists of a rich variety of questions, both objective and subjective in categories, aimed
at enhancing the subject-specific critical and analytical thinking skills of the students.
In this Item Bank, each question is accompanied by the topic and cognitive learning domain/s
that it intends to capture. The cognitive domains reflected in these questions include
understanding, analysis, application, evaluation and creativity, along with some questions of
the higher-order recall domain. The Answer Key at the end presents the possible answers to a
given question, but it is neither limiting nor exhaustive.
These practice questions are also meant to serve as teacher resources for classroom assignments
and as samplers to develop their own repository of competency-focused questions. Apart from
offering a good practice of higher-order thinking skills, engaging with these questions would
allow students to gauge their own subject competencies and use these assessments for learning
to develop individual learning pathways.
During the development of this Item Bank, a large pool of questions was prepared by a team
of experienced CISCE teachers. The questions that were finalised by the internal and external
reviewers as being higher-order competency-focused questions have been collated in this item
bank.
I acknowledge and appreciate all the ICSE and the ISC subject matter experts who have
contributed to the development and review of these high-quality competency-focused questions
for CISCE students.
We are hopeful that teachers and students will utilise these questions to support their
teaching-learning processes.

August 2024 Dr. Joseph Emmanuel
Chief Executive & Secretary
CISCE

Political Science ISC-Class XII

Table of Contents

S.No. Types of Questions Page Nos.

I. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) 1-13

II. Assertion-Reason Questions 14-15

III. Very Short Answer Questions 16-17

IV. Fill in the Blanks/True or False 18-19

V. Short Answer Questions 20-24

VI. Long Answer Questions 25-28

Answer Key 29-45

ISC Competency-Focused Practice Questions

Political Science ISC-Class XII

COMPETENCY-FOCUSED PRACTICE QUESTIONS

ISC-CLASS XII

Political Science

I: Multiple Choice Questions (1 Mark Each)

S.No. Questions

1. [Forms of Government]
Which of the following are the defining features of liberal democracy?
(i) Constitutional government based on formal, usually legal, rules.
(ii) Guarantees of civil liberties and individual rights.
(iii) It invests political authority with potentially unlimited power.
(iv) There is an open struggle for power among political parties.
Choose from the options given below:
(a) (i), (ii), & (iii)
(b) (i), (iii), & (iv)
(c) (iii), (iv), & (i)
(d) (iv), (i), & (ii) (Application)

2. [Forms of Government]
All of the following are characteristics of totalitarianism except:
(a) state controls the economy.
(b) state is run by a single party.
(c) state relinquishes control of armed forces to military leaders.
(d) state censor’s newspapers and other forms of media. (Recall)

3. [Forms of Government]
Both India and the United States of America (USA) are federal in structure. Identify the feature
that is NOT present in the USA.
(a) Single constitution
(b) Dual citizenship
(c) Bicameral legislature
(d) Equality of all states (Recall)

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S.No. Questions

4. [Forms of Government]
In a Unitary state, there is no special need for a written constitution because:
(i) there is no division of powers.
(ii) states derive their powers from the centre.
(iii) the constitution can be amended as and when required by the central government.
(iv) the powers of the local governments can be changed at will by the central government.
Select the appropriate option:
(a) (i), (iii), & (iv)
(b) (i), (ii), & (iii)
(c) (ii), (iii), & (iv)
(d) (i), (ii), & (iv) (Understanding)

5. [Forms of Government]
How do the three organs of the government function in the Presidential system that is designed
on the principle of separation of powers?
(a) Each organ is vested with powers distinct from other organs to act as a check on the other.
(b) Each branch has the same power as the others.
(c) All organs are accountable to the President.
(d) Each organ has completely different powers to operate independently of one another with no
repercussions. (Understanding)
6. [Forms of Government]
The ability to veto a law in a Presidential system is a check of the:
(a) executive over the legislature.
(b) executive over the judiciary.
(c) judiciary over the executive.
(d) legislature over the judiciary. (Understanding)

7. [Constitution]
‘X’ is a country with a bicameral legislature and flexible constitution. What kind of majority will
it require to amend the constitution?
(a) Majority of the total membership of the lower house in the Parliament.
(b) Simple majority of both houses of the Parliament.
(c) Two-thirds majority of both houses of the Parliament.
(d) Two-thirds majority of both houses of the Parliament along with ratification by states.

(Application)

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S.No. Questions

8. [Franchise and Representation]
Which of the following combinations would BEST explain election and representation in India?
(a) First Past the Post system, Single party system, Territorial Representation.
(b) Relative majority vote victory system, Multi-party system, Territorial Representation.
(c) First Past the Post system, Multi-party system, Functional Representation.
(d) Relative majority vote victory system, Bi party system, Functional Representation.
(Application)
9. [Franchise and Representation]
Match the following Column A with the Column B:

Column A Column B

1. Territorial Representation (i) Representation of minorities according
to the numerical strength.
2. Functional Representation (ii) Candidates win on the basis of relative
majority votes.
3. First Past the Post system (iii) The members of the Lok Sabha are
elected through this system.
4. Proportional Representation (iv) Selection of representatives on the basis
of their vocations.
Choose the correct option:
(a) 1:(ii), 2:(i), 3:(iv), 4:(iii)
(b) 1:(iii), 2:(iv), 3:(i), 4:(ii)
(c) 1:(iii), 2:(iv), 3:(ii), 4:(i)
(d) 1:(iv), 2:(iii), 3:(i), 4:(ii) (Application)

10. [The Legislature]
While each state has two senators, members of the House of Representatives are elected:
(a) according to the state’s geographic size.
(b) based on the state’s economic size.
(c) according to the state’s population.
(d) based on each state’s needs according to the state’s population. (Understanding)

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S.No. Questions

11. [The Legislature]
A major difference between the House of Representatives and the Senate is that:
(a) Filibustering is possible only in the House of Representatives and not in the Senate.
(b) Money bills originate in the Senate and not in the House of Representatives.
(c) Each state, irrespective of its size and population, has equal representation in the House of
Representatives and not in the Senate.
(d) The Senate decides on the final impeachment and not the House of Representatives.
(Application)

12. [The Executive]

An emergency is declared under Article 356 and consequently, the Governor of the state acts like
an agent of the President of India.

Identify the type of emergency that could be declared in the situation given above.

(a) National emergency.
(b) Emergency due to constitutional breakdown of the state machinery.
(c) Financial emergency.
(d) No such emergency can be declared in India. (Recall)

13. [The Executive]

Sameer has been appointed to the permanent executive branch of the Government. Which of the
following can be associated with him?

(i) Accountability to people.
(ii) Expertise and professional knowledge.
(iii) Recruitment through competitive examination and specialised training.
(iv) No affiliation with any political party.

Choose the correct option.

(a) (i), (ii) & (iv)
(b) (ii), (iii) & (iv)
(c) (i), (iii) & (iv)
(d) (i), (ii) & (iii) (Understanding)

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S.No. Questions

14. [The Judiciary]

Choose the correct option that does NOT explain the Appellate Jurisdiction of the Indian
Supreme Court.

(i) In Civil cases without a certificate issued by the concerned High Court.
(ii) Interpretation of the Constitution.
(iii) Criminal case only with a certificate issued by the concerned High Court where the Death
sentence was reversed by the High Court or vice versa.
(iv) Disputes arising out of pre-constitutional treaties and agreements.

Choose the correct option.

(a) (i),(ii) & (iii)
(b) (i),(ii) & (iv)
(c) (i),(iii) & (iv)
(d) (ii),(iii) & (iv) (Understanding)

15. [The Judiciary]

Which of the following correctly defines the separation of Judiciary from the Executive?

(i) The Judiciary is neither a branch of the executive nor in any way subordinate to it.
(ii) Judicial administration is organised and run in accordance with the rules and orders of the
Supreme Court.
(iii) Judicial administration is independent of the Central and State administration.
(iv) The judiciary is subservient to the Executive as far as appointment of Judges is considered.
Choose the correct option.
(a) (i),(ii),(iii) & (iv)
(b) (i),(ii) & (iii)
(c) (ii),(iii) & (iv)
(d) (i),(iii) & (iv) (Understanding)

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S.No. Questions

16. [Indian Constitution]
Match the values/objectives given below in column ‘A’ with the statements in column ‘B’.
Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’

(i) Republic (A) It signifies the commitment to socio-economic
justice.

(ii) Socialist (B) People enjoy equal political rights.

(iii) Secular (C) No state religion.

(iv) Democracy (D) The Head of the State is elected for a fixed term.

. (a) (i)-B, (ii)-A, (iii)-C, (iv)-D
(b) (i)-D, (ii)-A, (iii)-C, (iv)-B
(c) (i)-D, (ii)-A, (iii)-C, (iv)-B
(d) (i)-D, (ii)-B, (iii)-C, (iv)-A (Application)

17. [Indian Constitution]

What was the constitutional status of the Indian Republic on January 26, 1950, when the
Constitution was promulgated?

(a) A Democratic Republic
(b) A Sovereign Secular Democratic Republic
(c) A Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic
(d) A Sovereign Democratic Republic
(Understanding)

18. [Indian Constitution]

Find out from the options below, which clearly explain the features of a Parliamentary form of a
Democratic State.
(i) Principle of co-operation and co-ordination between the legislative and executive organs.
(ii) Doctrine of separation of powers between Judiciary and Executive
(iii) Executives are accountable to the people.
(iv) Collective Responsibility of the Ministers to the President only.

Choose the relevant option.
(a) (i), (ii) and (iv) are correct but (iii) is incorrect.
(b) (i) and (ii), are correct but (iii) and (iv) are incorrect.
(c) (iii) and (iv) are correct but (i) and (ii) are incorrect.
(d) (i) and (iii) are correct but (ii) and (iv) are incorrect. (Application)

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S.No. Questions

19. [Fundamental Rights & Directive Principles]
Right to Freedom includes the provisions of:
(i) Freedom of movement and freedom of assembling peacefully without arms.
(ii) Freedom to reside and settle in any part of India.
(iii) Freedom to profess, practise and propagate a religion of your choice.
(iv) Freedom of profession, occupation, trade or business.

Choose the MOST relevant option:

(a) (i), (ii) & (iii)
(b) (ii), (iii) & (iv)
(c) (i), (iii) & (iv)
(d) (i), (ii) &(iv)
(Understanding)

20. [Fundamental Rights & Directive Principles]
From the set of pairs given below, find the odd one out:

(i) Gandhian Directive Principle: To organise agriculture and animal husbandry.
(ii) Socialist Directive Principle: To separate the judiciary from the executive.
(iii) Liberal Directive Principle: To promote cottage industries.
(iv) Liberal Directive Principle: To secure a Uniform Civil Code for Indians.

Choose the correct option:

(a) (ii) and (iv)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (i) and (iii)
(d) (i) and (iv) (Application)

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S.No. Questions

21. [Local self-government]
Match the following:
Column A Column B
(1) Municipal Corporation (i) Rural self-government
(2) Panchayat Samiti (ii) Chairman
(3) Panchayati Raj system (iii) Mayor
(4) Zila Parishad (iv) Intermediate tier
Choose the correct option.
(a) (1):(iv), (2):(ii), (3):(i), (4):(iii)
(b) (1):(iii), (2):(iv), (3):(i), (4):(ii)
(c) (1):(iii), (2):(i), (3):(iv), (4):(ii)
(d) (1):(ii), (2):(i), (3):(iv), (4):(iii)
(Application)

22. [Democracy in India – a Perspective of the Challenges Faced]
Which statement BEST describes communalism in India?
(a) Communalism is a form of religious tolerance and coexistence.
(b) Communalism is the belief in the superiority of one religious group over others.
(c) Communalism is the use of religious identity for political mobilisation and conflict.
(d) Communalism is a secular ideology that promotes equality among religious communities

(Understanding)

23. [Democracy in India – a Perspective of the Challenges Faced]

Which of the following best defines the "sons of the soil" principle?

(a) A principle advocating the rights of non-residents of the state.
(b) A policy promoting exclusive privileges for the residents of the state.
(c) A belief in the superiority of one's own ethnicity over others.
(d) A policy for promoting multi-culturalism and diversity in the state.
(Understanding)

24. [Forms of Government]
One-party domination reflects the absence of:
(a) strong alternative political parties.
(b) democratic ideals in a country.
(c) organised public opinion.
(d) periodic elections. (Understanding)

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S.No. Questions

25. [Forms of Government]
In a liberal democracy, the government will ensure:
(i) regular conduct of elections.
(ii) people’s participation in the decision-making process.
(iii) informed public opinion.
(iv) committed bureaucracy.

Choose the correct option.

(a) (i), (ii) & (iii)
(b) (ii), (iii) & (iv)
(c) (iii), (iv) & (i)
(d) (ii), (i) & (iv) (Application)

26. [Forms of Government]
The UK has a single legislature, a single executive, and a single judiciary. India on the other hand
has which of the following options?
(i) Single uniform administration
(ii) Single constitution
(iii) Single citizenship
(iv) Single integrated judiciary
Select from the correct option:
(a) (i), (ii) & (iii)
(b) (ii), (iii) & (iv)
(c) (iii), (iv) & (i)
(d) (ii), (i) & (iv) (Understanding)

27. [Forms of Government]

Choose the CORRECT option that suggests the manner in which the Executive heads in a
Presidential form of government participate in the activities of the legislature.

(a) The members of the lower house step in.
(b) They take the help of ‘friends in the legislature’.
(c) They seek help from the Senators.
(d) The Supreme Court drafts laws for them. (Understanding)

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S.No. Questions

28. [Constitution]

The constitution of the USA was drafted by the Philadelphia Convention and has been in
operation since 1789 while the constitution of India was drafted and enacted by the Constituent
Assembly in 1946.

In light of the given statement, which one of the following options BEST describes the nature of
the two constitutions?

They are:

(a) partly rigid and partly flexible constitutions.
(b) both written and rigid constitutions.
(c) enacted but flexible constitutions.
(d) unwritten but rigid constitutions. (Understanding)

29. [Franchise and Representation]
Which of the following statements MOST accurately describes the principle of ‘Universal Adult
Franchise’?
(a) It is the universal right of adult citizens to work in the country where they belong.
(b) It guarantees adult citizens, the opportunity to contest in elections at the state and national
level.
(c) It guarantees adult citizens the right to vote, though certain exceptions may apply.
(d) It grants adult citizens the right to vote, though the weight of the vote may vary from person
to person. (Application)

30. [The Legislature]
Which of the following are the differences between the legislative process in the House of
Representatives and that in the Senate?

(i) Senate enjoys more freedom of debate than the House of Representatives.
(ii) The amendment bills are always proposed in the House and not in the Senate.
(iii) An Impeachment can be initiated only by the House and not by the Senate.
(iv) Money bills can originate only in the Senate and not in the House.

Which is the correct option?
(a) (ii) and (iii)
(b) (i) and (ii)
(c) (ii) and (iv)
(d) (i) and (iii) (Application)

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S.No. Questions

31. [Fundamental Rights & Directive Principles]

Which of the following are included in the Right to Freedom?

(i) Right to Privacy
(ii) Right to Education
(iii) Right to Freedom of religion
(iv) Right to Information
Choose the correct option:
(a) (i), (ii) & (iii)
(b) (ii), (iii) & (iv)
(c) (i), (ii) & (iv)
(d) (i), (iii) & (iv) (Application)

32. [Local self-government]
The basic purpose of Panchayat Raj is:
(a) give posts to party members.
(b) democratic decentralisation.
(c) to collect taxes directly.
(d) to give employment to local people.
(Understanding)

33. [Local self-government]
The Constitutional provision of urban development exists under the:
(a) 75th Constitutional Amendment Act.
(b) 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act.
(c) 74th Constitutional Amendment Act.
(d) 76th Constitutional Amendment Act. (Understanding)

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S.No. Questions

34. [The Judiciary]
Match the content given below in column ‘A’ with the Judicial body/power in column ‘B’.

Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’

(i) 8 Judges and 1 Chief Justice. (A) The case involves a substantial question of
law.
(ii) Appellate jurisdiction of Indian Supreme (B) US Supreme Court.
Court.
(iii) 33 Judges and 1 Chief Justice. (C) Can review the decisions of the Court of
Claims.
(iv)Appellate jurisdiction of US Supreme (D) Supreme Court of India.
Court.

(a) (i)-D, (ii)-A, (iii)-C, (iv)-B
(b) (i)-D, (ii)-A, (iii)-C, (iv)-B
(c) (i)-B, (ii)-A, (iii)-D, (iv)-C
(d) (i)-D, (ii)-B, (iii)-C, (iv)-A (Application)

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S.No. Questions

35. [Democracy in India – a Perspective of the Challenges Faced]

Mandya: Police use batons to stop farmers as they try to enter the Krishna Raja Sagara (KRS)
dam during the Karnataka Bandh against the Supreme Court order to release Cauvery water to
Tamil Nadu, in Mandya district on Friday.
Source: PTI (Photo credit)
The above picture portrays which of the following challenges of Democracy?
(a) Caste system
(b) Communalism
(c) Political violence
(d) Regionalism (Understanding)

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II. Assertion-Reason Questions (1 Mark Each)

The questions in this section have two statements marked Assertion and Reason. Read both the
statements carefully and choose the correct option.

S.No. Questions

36. [Forms of Government]
Assertion (A): In a Liberal democratic State, the legislature is the custodian of the finances
of the nation.
Reason (R): The members of the legislature are elected by the people for a fixed term and
remain accountable to the people.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true, but R is false.
(d) A is false, but R is true. (Understanding)

37. [Franchise and Representation]
Assertion (A): Under the system of Universal Adult Franchise, the need for change of
government through revolution is not felt.
Reason (R): People change the government by using their right to vote.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true, but R is false.
(d) A is false, but R is true.
(Application)
38. [The Legislature]
Assertion (A): A no-confidence motion passed by the Lok Sabha makes it obligatory for
the ministers to resign.
Reason (R): The Council of Ministers in the Union Parliament of India is collectively
responsible to the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true, but R is false.
(d) A is false, but R is true. (Application)

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S.No. Questions

39. [The Executive]
Assertion (A): The Prime Minister of India is the real executive head of the state of India.
Reason (R): All executive orders are issued in the name of the Prime Minister of India.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true, but R is false.
(d) A is false, but R is true. (Application)

40. [The Judiciary]
Assertion (A): The Judicial Review process in the USA involves a dual test for determining
the issue of constitutionality of a law.
Reason (R): In the USA, the Principle of Procedure established by law is more important
than the Due Process of Law.

(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true, but R is false.
(d) A is false, but R is true. (Application)

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III: Very Short Answer Questions (1 Mark Each)

S.No. Questions

41. [Forms of Government]

Name a state that is opposed to parliamentary democracy and believes in the monistic character
of society. (Recall)

42. [Forms of Government]

Name the feature that acts as a guide to keep the ministers together in a parliamentary system
of government. (Understanding)

43. [Constitution]
Name the stage in which an amendment may be suggested by a two-thirds vote of both Houses
of Congress in the US, or, if two-thirds of the States request one, by a convention called for
that purpose.
(Recall)

44. [Indian Constitution]
TNN / Mar 10, 2002 reported:

‘Uttar Pradesh was on Friday brought under the central rule and the newly constituted
assembly kept in suspended animation.’

The situation as shown in the above article depicts one of the Emergency provisions. Name
the provision that is mentioned in the Constitution of India.
(Application)

45. [Fundamental Rights & Directive Principles]

Name the fundamental right given in the constitution of India that upholds the cardinal
objective of ‘Liberty’. (Recall)

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S.No. Questions

46. [The Judiciary]

March 16, 2016 / CBS News reported with the title, ‘U.S. Supreme Court nomination battles’
by Radhika Chalasani.

Associate Justice of the Supreme Court is delivering the final judgement thereby cancelling
the appointment of Robert Bork to the position of a Judge, whose name was nominated by
President Ronald Reagan in 1987.
Source: https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/supreme-court-nomination-battles/2/

State one reason behind this rejection by the Judiciary which upheld the power of the Senate
over the President. (Understanding)

47. [Indian Constitution]

In one of the constituent assembly debates, one of the members Ms. Purnima Banerjee
debated:

“An upper house could perform the useful function of being a revising body, and its views may
count but not its votes, those who could not enter into the rough and tumble of active politics
could advise the lower house. It makes it possible to have every decision reconsidered.”

The above suggestion was adopted in the original constitution of India. Identify the structure
of the legislature that has been followed since 1950.
(Understanding)

48. [Fundamental Rights & Directive Principles]
In a remote village near Badaun, Uttar Pradesh, a group of farmers were not provided with
proper dwelling conditions and wages by their factory owner. They were not even allowed to
leave the premises. Identify the fundamental right that has been violated by the action of the
factory owner . (Application)

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IV. Fill in the Blanks/ True or False (1 Mark Each)

S.No. Questions

49. [The Legislature]

The House of Representatives has the power to ________________the articles of
impeachment. (Recall)

50. [The Legislature]

In the USA, the power to declare war lies with the ________________. (Recall)

51. [The Executive]
Mahima Sandhu has recently been appointed as Minister for Women and Child development.
She belongs to the __________________ executive. (Understanding)

52. [The Executive]
______________ executive is primarily responsible for continuity and stability in the
administration of the nation. (Recall)

53. [The Executive]
President: Impeachment: Prime Minister: _______________. (Understanding)

54. [The Judiciary]
The judges of the US Supreme Court are appointed by the President with the consent of the
____________________. (Understanding)

State whether True or False from Q. No. 55 to Q.No.59.

55. [The Judiciary]
Under the provision of Independence of Judiciary in India, Hon’ble Justice Kumar of the
Supreme Court is allowed to establish a Law firm post his retirement so that he can use his
experience as well as enjoy his pension. (Understanding)

56. [Local self-government]

The objective of empowering the Village Panchayats got a concrete shape with the 74th
Amendment Act. (Recall)

57. [Democracy in India – a Perspective of the Challenges Faced]
Communalism puts the interest of the nation ahead of religious interests. (Recall)

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58. [Constitution]
A rigid constitution typically requires a long-drawn process to change the constitution and
may lead to unilateral amendments. (Understanding)

59. [Democracy in India – a Perspective of the Challenges Faced]
The caste system in India is primarily based on economic status rather than social hierarchy.
(Recall)

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V. Short Answer Questions (4 Marks Each)

S.No. Questions
60. [Forms of Government]

From the cartoon given above answer the following questions:
(a) Who decides ‘which party will go down?’ What are elections indicative of in a liberal
democracy?
(b) Which type of state does NOT encourage elections and why?
(Application)

61. [Forms of Government]

From the picture given above identify the form of government. Mention three salient
features of this form of government. (Application)

62. [Forms of Government]
The States of the US are given more autonomy and representation than the states of India
which have less autonomy. Give appropriate reasons which prove this difference between
the two states. (Application)

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S.No. Questions
63. [Forms of Government]

“In addition to separating the government’s legislative, executive, and judicial branches,
the framers imposed a range of other limitations.”

Source-July 17, 2019 -Harvard Law Today Erin Peterson

(a) What kind of executive does such a country have? How is it different from the executive
where a close relationship between the organs of government exists?

(b) Enumerate two ways in which the legislature checks and balances the powers of the
real executive in such a state. (Application)

64. [Constitution]

A constitution is a framework of fundamental principles that helps in the governance of a
nation. However, it may or may not be formally codified in a structured manner.

Name the two types of constitutions with one example each mentioned in the statement
given above. State the procedure of their amendment. (Application)

65. [Franchise and Representation]
Republic at 70: Universal adult franchise was the Constitution’s boldest move
Hindustan Times, Jan 25, 2020 11:05 PM IST
“The adoption of universal suffrage is a great and bold venture of faith of the Constituent
Assembly in the people of the country and the principle of democracy.”
Suggest your views on the above statement by giving appropriate reasons to support the
acceptance of universal suffrage by democratic countries. (Application)

66. [The Legislature]
Rajya Sabha on Thursday cleared the landmark bill to reserve one-third of the seats in the
Lok Sabha and state assemblies for women. The 128th Constitution Amendment Bill was
approved by a two-thirds majority in the Lok Sabha on Wednesday. With Rajya Sabha’s
nod, the landmark bill has been passed by Parliament.
Source: India Today News Desk
New Delhi, Updated: Sep 22, 2023, 01:37

(a) Which power of the two houses is being referred to here? Briefly explain the method
that must have been followed in the two houses for the passing of the landmark bill.
(b) Had the above-mentioned been an ordinary bill, what would have been the
consequences of its disapproval by the Rajya Sabha?
(Application)

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Political Science ISC-Class XII

S.No. Questions
67. [The Executive]
“The Prime Minister of India is the steering wheel of the cabinet of the state.” Justify the
given statement by giving four suitable reasons.
(Application)

68. [The Judiciary]
Chief Justice John Marshall of the US Supreme Court in its historic judgement in Marbury
vs. Madison case (1803), referred to Article VI Section 2 of the Constitution and said,
‘A written Constitution is superior to all other acts of government made under it and it is
the sworn duty of federal judges to follow the Constitution and give effect only to
constitutional law if there is a conflict in between a Congressional law with the
Constitutional law.
(a) The above passage describes one unique power of the Judiciary in India and USA which
enables it to check the law-making power of the legislature and executive. On which
two principles does this judicial power function in India and the United States of
America (USA)?
(b) The judiciary has been assigned an active role under the constitution. Judicial activism
and judicial restraint are facets of that uncourageous creativity and pragmatic wisdom.
Explain these two terms.
(Application)

69. [The Judiciary]

“Shraddha from New Delhi, India, and Simon from New York, USA decided to compare
the complexities of powers exercised by the Supreme Courts of their respective countries.
Their study led them to conclude that the power of determining the validity of laws passed
by the legislature is a wide-ranging power of the Supreme Court of the USA as compared
to that of India.”

Identify the power mentioned in the passage given above. How has this power been
established in the Supreme Courts of India and USA? (Understanding)

70. [Indian Constitution]

(a) According to the Preamble, who is the source of authority for the Constitution of India?

(b) The Preamble of the Indian Constitution is inspired by the ideals of the French
Revolution. Explain these ideals. (Understanding)

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Political Science ISC-Class XII

S.No. Questions
71. [Indian Constitution]

Malikram and Sonu aged 7 and 9 belonged to the famine-affected region in Vidarbha, who
were illiterate. Their father sold them to a person who owns a cracker-making unit in
Sivakasi in Tamil Nadu for ₹3,000 each. They were made to work in a factory where many
more children were already working under extremely unhealthy and hazardous conditions.
There was no medical facility, in case they got hurt or burnt or fell ill. They were beaten
up, tortured, and forced to work for more than 18-20 hours.

(a) Which two Fundamental Rights of Malikram and Sonu are violated?
(b) How can the 86th Amendment in the Indian Constitution be of any help to Malikram
and Sonu because of its added feature in Fundamental Rights and Fundamental
Duties?
(Application)

72. [Fundamental Rights & Directive Principles]

Sampriti Sahu is a politician who was warned by the court a month ago for giving a hate
speech during an election campaign. She is being prevented from addressing a rally in her
hometown of Udaipur in Rajasthan. She has promised not to indulge in any kind of
criticism of opponents that would be against the law.

(a) Identify the Fundamental Right along with its provision that is being violated for not
granting permission to Sampriti. Mention its article number.
(b) Does Sampriti have legal options available to seek redressal of her grievance? Justify
your answer by citing reasons. (Application)

73. [Fundamental Rights & Directive Principles]
What are the differences between Part III and Part IV of the Constitution of India?
(Recall)

74. [Democracy in India – a perspective of the challenges faced]
No politician can seek a vote in the name of caste, creed, or religion: Supreme Court
Source: [ET Online Last Updated: Jan 02, 2017, 12:39:00 PM IST]

With reference to the above context, which two challenges of democracy are being
separated from politics? How is the first one a challenge in Indian politics?
(Application)

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Political Science ISC-Class XII

S.No. Questions
75. [Indian Constitution]

‘The preamble resembles the Declaration of Independence of the United States of America
but is more than a declaration’. All Human beings are born free, and equal in dignity and
rights. ‘It is the soul of our constitution which lays down the pattern of our political
society.’ It states is a Sovereign, Democratic, Republic. ‘It contains a solemn resolve which
nothing, but a revolution can alter.’

-Former Chief Justice of India, M. Hidayatullah
Source(edited)-https://jntulibrary.wordpress.com/2017/01/16/preamble-of-the-
constitution/
Explain the ideals/objectives and the nature of the State which are mentioned in this article.
(Understanding)

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Political Science ISC-Class XII

VI: Long Answer Questions (8 Marks Each)

S.No. Questions

76. [Fundamental Rights & Directive Principles]

Source: South India Cell for Human Rights Education and Monitoring (SICHREM-
WordPress.com)

Refer to the picture given above and answer the questions that follow.

(a) Identify the fundamental rights of children highlighted in it. Mention its article
number.
(b) Which other right given in the constitution grants protection to children? Explain its
provisions.
(c) Name the body that can restore the rights mentioned in the constitution of India.
Under which right can it restore them? What steps does it take for that?
(Application)

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Political Science ISC-Class XII

S.No. Questions

77. [Fundamental Rights & Directive Principles]
‘All About the Socialist Directive Principles in the Indian constitution’ by Adv.
Rupa K.N.
‘The constitution makers of the country were of the firm belief that the country should
have a constitution that had both socialist and Gandhian philosophies enacted in it.
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, when in the chairmanship of the drafting committee of the
constitution, believed that the government of the State should follow the directive
principles of the state policy to create or make the loss or public policy’.

Source:https://www.ezylegal.in/blogs/all-about-the-socialist-directive-principles-in-
the-indian-constitution

Answer the questions that follow.

(a) How did the inclusion of Directive Principles help the people of rural India?

(b) The Socialist directive principles in the constitution of India are for the welfare of
the citizens at the individual level. Explain with six examples these principles are
included in Part IV.
(Understanding)
78. [Indian Constitution]
(a) Is there any provision of the Indian Constitution that ensures that there is enough
representation for people who are part of a minority or are disadvantaged due to social
norms? Explain.

(b) How is the Indian Constitution unique in its own way regarding:

(i) Detailed interpretation about all the necessary features.
(ii) Consultation of all eminent sources before its implementation.
(iii) Handling emergencies. (Recall)

79. [Forms of Government]

The USA is a true example of a Federal State whereas India is a quasi-federal state. State
how the division of powers between the Centre and States have been actualised in the
Federal State of the USA and the Indian Union. (Application)

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Political Science ISC-Class XII

S.No. Questions

80. [Democracy in India – a perspective of the challenges faced]

(a) Identify the challenge highlighted in the newspaper headline given above. Has it
adversely affected Indian politics? Justify your answer with four appropriate reasons

(b) In what way, does the Indian Constitution provide protection to those affected by the
above-mentioned challenge? (Application)

81. [The Judiciary]
42nd Amendment was the most substantial of all the amendments to the Constitution
until then. It included the deletion of several provisions, changes in many others, and
adding a host of Articles to the Constitution. The amendment reduced the Constitution
into a thing that could be played with by the political establishment by inserting clauses
that rendered legislative acts beyond the purview of the Judiciary. In this, the majority
decision of the Supreme Court in the landmark Kesavananda Bharati case of 1973 – that
enunciated the Basic Structure Doctrine – was buried, while the 43rd amendment act
restored it. This was a valuable recognition to the power of Judiciary to keep a check on
the executive and legislature.
With reference to the above paragraph, answer the questions that follow.
(a) Explain the role of the Judiciary.
(b) Analyse the maxims of this role of the Judiciary.
(Understanding)
82. [Democracy in India – a Perspective of the Challenges Faced]
“Opposition parties have rallied around the demands of a nationwide caste census for
long, particularly after Congress leader Rahul Gandhi’s “jitni aabadi, utnahaq”
pronouncement in April this year, a slogan that borrows from the progressive caste
movement’s leaders and translates representation equalling population.”
Source: Scroll [Democracy in India Challenges to Indian Democracy]
(a) What is caste?
(b) “This sociological stratification of the Indian society has immensely affected the
Politics of India”. Justify with suitable reasons.
(Recall & Understanding)

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Political Science ISC-Class XII

S.No. Questions

83. [Franchise and Representation]
On 23rd March,1933, Enabling Law was passed by the Reichstag (German Parliament)
allowing the Chancellor to draft all laws and pass them without the approval of
Reichstag. Following this, the Chancellor incarcerated all leaders with opposing
Ideologies.
Source: Indian History by Raghunath Rai
With reference to this, answer the questions that follow.
(a) This act of Chancellor led to the changing of Germany into which type of party
system. Explain this type of Party system.
(b) Give reasons as to how this change was a boon for an unstable Germany.
(Understanding)
84. [The Legislature]
“Republican Henry Cabot Lodge was the chair of the Foreign Relations Committee,
which would report to the entire chamber on the Treaty of Versailles. Lodge criticised
the Treaty of Versailles as “peace without victory” and demanded a number of
amendments which were unacceptable to the president Woodrow Wilson. Although not
totally opposed to the idea of an international peace-seeking body, Lodge and his allies
criticised the League of Nations, a component of the Treaty of Versailles, as infringing
on American sovereignty. Thus, it ultimately led to the Senate not ratifying the treaty.”
Source: thecollector.com
The American Senate's structure and function reflect its status as a pre-eminent upper
chamber among global legislatures. Elaborate with suitable reasons.
(Application)

85. [The Executive]
With reference to the below image answer:

Though both stand at the zenith of administration, they diverge like twin stars with
distinct paths. Elaborate. (Application)

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Political Science ISC-Class XII

ANSWER KEY

Q.No. Expected Answers

1. (d) (iv), (i) & (ii)

2. (c) state relinquishes control of armed forces to military leaders.

3. (a) Single constitution

4. (a) (i), (iii) & (iv)

5. (a) Each organ is vested with powers distinct from other organs to act as a check on the
other.

6. (a) executive over the legislature.

7. (b) Simple majority of both houses of the Parliament.

8. (b) Relative majority vote victory system, Multi-party system, Territorial Representation.

9. (c) 1:(iii), 2:(iv), 3:(ii), 4:(i)

10. (c) according to the state’s population.

11. (d) The Senate decides on the final impeachment and not the House of Representatives.

12. (b) Emergency due to constitutional breakdown of the state machinery.

13. (b) (ii), (iii) & (iv)

14. (c) (i), (iii) & (iv)

15. (b) (i), (ii) & (iii)

16. (c) (i)-D, (ii)-A, (iii)-C, (iv)-B

17. (d) A Sovereign Democratic Republic

18. (b) (i), (ii), are correct but (iii) and (iv) are incorrect.

19. (d) (i), (ii), (iv)

20. (b) (ii) and (iii)

21. (b) (1):(iii), (2):(iv), (3):(i), (4):(ii)

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Political Science ISC-Class XII

Q.No. Expected Answers

22. (c) Communalism is the use of religious identity for political mobilisation and conflict.

23. (b) A policy promoting exclusive privileges for the residents of the state.

24. (b) democratic ideals in a country.

25. (a) (i), (ii) & (iii)

26. (b) (ii), (iii) & (iv)

27. (b) They take the help of ‘friends in the legislature’.

28. (b) They are both written and rigid constitutions.

29. (c) It guarantees adult citizens the right to vote, though certain exceptions may apply.

30. (d) (i) and (iii)

31. (c) (i), (ii) & (iv)

32. (b) democratic decentralisation.

33. (c) 74th Constitutional Amendment Act.

34. (c) (i)-B, (ii)-A, (iii)-D, (iv)-C

35. (d) Regionalism

36. (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct explanation of A.

37. (a) Both A and R are true, but R is the correct explanation of A.

38. (c) A is true, but R is false.

39. (c) A is true, but R is false.

40. (c) A is true, but R is false.

41. Totalitarian

42. Political homogeneity

43. Proposal Stage

44. Article 356/ Constitutional Emergency in a State/or some states.

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Political Science ISC-Class XII

Q.No. Expected Answers

45. Right to Freedom/ Right to Freedom of Religion.

46. Any appointment/nomination of Judges by the US President should get approval by the
Senate.

47. Bicameral Legislature

48. Right against Exploitation

49. initiate

50. Congress

51. political

52. Permanent

53. No-confidence motion or any equivalent motion.

54. Senate

55. False

56. False

57. False

58. False

59. False

60. (a) There is a free and open struggle for power among several political parties who freely
select and field their candidates in elections from clearly defined and delimited
constituencies. Free and fair elections will decide the outcome of who will emerge as the
winner. Periodic elections in a liberal democracy are indicative of the accountability and
responsibility of the representatives to the people of the land.

(b) A totalitarian state will not encourage elections because the voices of the people are
suppressed. Change of rulers is sudden and characterised by violent changes in all
policies. In an authoritarian state, big limitations are imposed on open political
competition, upon political parties and elections. They may conduct elections, but the
outcome is largely decided by the authoritarian ruler.

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Political Science ISC-Class XII

Q.No. Expected Answers

61. Totalitarian government.
• The absence of liberty of thought and expression- a totalitarian state is opposed to
socio-economic and political pluralism.
• Total centralisation of powers in the hands of the top ruler and his party.
• Individual existence tied to a monolithic ideology-state is regarded as the end and the
individual as a means.
• Presence of brutal force and fear. (Any three points)

62. In USA, there is a division of powers between the centre and the states. The centre cannot
change the boundaries of states and residuary powers are with the states. On the other
hand, in India the Constitution calls India a ‘Union of states’. While powers are divided,
centre has power to change the boundaries of states, and the residuary powers are with the
centre.

63. (a) A single unified executive that exists in a Presidential form of government. In a single
unified executive, the Head of the State is the Head of the government for e.g., USA.
It is different from a Parliamentary form of government where there is a nominal
executive Head of the State and also a real executive Head of the Government i.e., the
Prime Minister.
(b) Two ways by which legislature controls the executive in such a state are as follows:
(i) The threat of Impeachment: The US Congress has the power and duty to remove the
President through impeachment if it finds him guilty of treason, bribery or high crimes
or misdemeanours.
(ii) Senatorial approval for appointments made by the President: All federal appointments
made by the President have to be approved by the Senate. In this connection, the
President has to adhere to the convention of Senatorial Courtesy.
(iii) Treaties require Senatorial ratification: The treaties negotiated and concluded by the
President become operative only when these secure senatorial ratification by a 2/3rd
majority.
(iv) Dependence of the President upon the Congress for Laws and Finances: The President
is dependent on the Congress for getting laws passed needed for running the
administration. The Budget is prepared by the Bureau of Budget in consultation with
the President, but Congress alone has the power to pass it. Congress has the power to
reduce the funds demanded by the President. Congress is the custodian of the national
finances, and it can be released only with the approval of the Senate.
(Any two relevant points may be accepted.)

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Political Science ISC-Class XII

Q.No. Expected Answers

64. Written and Unwritten constitutions; USA- written and Great Britain- Unwritten.
Method of Amendment in the US Constitution:
First Stage: Proposal Stage
(i) The proposal can be adopted by 2/3 majority vote by the two houses of the US
Congress (voting held separately in the houses) OR
(ii) Proposal can be adopted by a constitutional convention which may be summoned by
the US Congress when 2/3 of the state legislatures may make such a request
Second Stage: Ratification Stage
(a) Can be done either by the legislatures of 3/4th of the State legislatures OR
(b) by special conventions in 3/4th of the States of the US federation
A proposal that successfully passes the two stages does not need the President's signature.
Method of Amendment in Great Britain:
There is no distinction between Ordinary and Constitutional law; British Parliament can
pass a law by a simple majority and make any amendment to the Constitution.

65. (1) The system rouses political awakening among all the citizens. They are in a position
to safeguard their rights and freedoms.
(2) One of the merits of universal adult suffrage is the fact that it is based on political
equality. The system is truly democratic as it gives political equality to all the citizens
irrespective of their caste, creed, sex, religion or property.
(3) Universal adult suffrage also protects the interest of the minority groups in a country.
(4) The adult franchise spreads the message that no one is privileged. This promotes
national unity.
(5) Adult suffrage ensures full participation of the people in politics.
(6) People follow the uniform law of the land therefore all the people should be given this
right.
(7) Universal adult suffrage is a source of better obedience of laws which ensures political
stability.
(8) Universal adult suffrage is a source of individual’s unity and Nation’s integrity.

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Political Science ISC-Class XII

Q.No. Expected Answers

66. (a) The constituent power of the two houses is being referred to in the question. The
amendment bill was introduced in Lok Sabha by the union law minister; the members
of the Lok Sabha passed the bill by a majority of total membership and 2/3 majority
of members present and voting in the house. After getting full support from Lok Sabha
the bill was sent to the Rajya Sabha for approval. The Rajya Sabha unanimously passed
the bill proposing to reserve 1/3 of all seats for women in the Lok Sabha, the State
legislatures and the Delhi legislative assembly. After the bill was approved by both the
houses the bill was sent to the President for signature.

(b) If the bill would have been an ordinary bill, then to become a law, it has to be passed
by both the houses of the Parliament.
• If the bill was introduced in the Lok Sabha, it should seek 2/3 majority support
from the house to get passed to the Rajya Sabha.
• When it reaches the Rajya Sabha, the Rajya Sabha may or may not approve the
bill or the Rajya Sabha may suggest certain recommendations related to the bill.
• In the first circumstance, if the Rajya Sabha does not approve the bill, there arises
a deadlock between the Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha in order to resolve the
deadlock the President calls for a joint sitting of the two houses. The joint sitting
is presided by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha and usually the decision of the Lok
Sabha prevails.
• If the Rajya Sabha approves the bill, then it is sent to the President for signature.
• In case the Rajya Sabha suggests recommendations or changes, it is up to the Lok
Sabha to approve or not. If the Lok Sabha approves it the bill gets passed by both
the houses and is sent to the President for signature.

67. The functions of the Prime Minister as the Head of the Cabinet of the state are:
1. formation of Council of Ministers.
2. allocation/ reshuffling of portfolios.
3. Chairman of the Cabinet.
4. removal of ministers.
5. chief link between President and cabinet.
6. coordinator in chief.

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Political Science ISC-Class XII

Q.No. Expected Answers

68. (a) Judicial Review:
1. While conducting Judicial Review, its assessed-(i) whether the law has been made
strictly in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution or not; and (ii) whether
the law satisfies the ends of justice and meets ‘Due Process of Law’ i.e. whether it’s a
justified law or not.
2. It is not an automatic power of the judiciary. It is exercised only when a case comes
for a trial.
3. Judiciary only invalidates law or a part of the law which is unconstitutional.
4. Judicial Review is an order and not advisory in nature. It is not executed by a single
Judge but by a bench, where the decision is always taken by the majority.
(b) The explanation of the two terms are given below.
(i) Judicial Activism: It is the active use of judicial power to articulate and enforce what
is beneficial for the society in general and people at large.
1. Golaknath case in which the Supreme Court said that Part III [Fundamental Rights] of
the Constitution is immutable and beyond the reach of the amendatory process.
2. Ruling on use of CNG for public vehicles in Delhi as mandatory to reduce pollution.
(ii) Judicial Restraint: It is a theory of judicial interpretations that encourages judges to
limit the exercise of their power. It asserts that judges should hesitate to strike down laws
unless they are obviously unconstitutional.

69. Judicial Review; Principles/ Basis of establishment of Judicial Review-
Judicial Review in India is governed by the principle ‘Procedure established by law.’
Under it, the court conducts one test only i.e., whether the law has been made in
accordance with the powers vested by the constitution in the law-making body and
follows the prescribed procedure or not.
The principle for the USA is ‘Due process of law.’ It is the principle by which the
Supreme Court determines the validity of laws. While conducting Judicial Review it tests,
(i) as to whether the law has been made strictly in accordance with the provisions of the
‘Constitution or not’ and,
(ii) as to whether the law satisfies the ends of justice and meets ‘Due process of Law.’
The law is declared invalid if it fails to satisfy either of these two tests.

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Political Science ISC-Class XII

Q.No. Expected Answers

70. (a) The Preamble states that the Constitution derives its authority from the people of India.
The Constitution draws its authority from the people and has been promulgated in the
name of the people.
(b)
Liberty: Liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship. The term ‘Liberty’
means freedom for the people to choose their way of life, have political views and
behaviour in society. Liberty does not mean freedom to do anything; a person can do
anything but in the limit set by the law.
Equality: Equality of status [natural equality], Equality of opportunity. The term
‘Equality’ means no section of society has any special privileges and all the people have
given equal opportunities for everything without any discrimination. Everyone is equal
before the law.
Fraternity: The term ‘Fraternity’ means a feeling of spiritual and psychological unity
based on a feeling of brotherhood. It helps to promote dignity and unity in the nation.

71. (a) Right against exploitation and Right to Education.
(b) 86th Amendment Act 2002 through the Right of Education [Fundamental Right], has
made free and compulsory education for children between the age of 6 to 14 years. It
has also been added it as a Fundamental Duty for parents to provide opportunities for
education to his child or ward between the age of six and fourteen years.

72. (a) Right to Freedom; Freedom of speech and expression; Article- 19.

(b) Yes, Sampriti has legal options available to seek redressal of her grievances. She can
approach the Supreme Court under the Right to Constitutional Remedies, which can
issue a writ for the restoration of her fundamental right.

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Political Science ISC-Class XII

Q.No. Expected Answers

73. Fundamental Rights (Part-III)- Fundamental rights are rights without which a human
being cannot survive in a dignified manner in a civilized society. Fundamental rights are
known as “basic rights”. They are also called individual rights or negative rights” and
impose negative obligations on the state not to encroach on individual liberty.
Directive Principles (Part-IV)- Part-IV of the constitution deals with “directive principles
of state policy”. They are positive rights and impose positive obligations on the state.
Difference between fundamental rights and directive principles of state policy:
1. Directive principles are in the nature of instruments of instruction to the government
of the day to do something positive. They are not justiciable or enforceable in courts.
On the other hand, the fundamental rights are enforceable in the courts under Articles
32 and 226 of the constitution and hence are justiciable.
2. During the proclamation of emergency the operation of the Fundamental rights (except
Arts. 20 and 21) can be suspended, but no such provisions are required to be made
with regard to the Directive Principle of State Policy.
3. Fundamental rights are facilities given by the state to the people, whereas directive
principles are directions given by the constitution to the state.
4. Fundamental rights aim at establishing political democracy in India, while directive
principles attempt to provide socioeconomic foundations to Indian democracy.
5. Directive principles and fundamental rights cannot be isolated because there is
interrelation between the two i.e. the fundamental right represents civil and political
rights and the directive principles embody social and economic rights. Merely because
the directive principles are non-justiciable by the judicial process does not mean that
they are of subordinate importance.

74. The statement reflects the ideal of equality and secularism in electoral processes, aiming
to separate the caste system and communalism from politics. The caste system often plays
a significant role in Indian elections.
Political parties frequently appeal to caste sentiments and identities to mobilise voters.
1. Identity politics: Caste serves as a crucial aspect of identity for many Indian voters.
Parties often target specific caste-based communities with promises or policies tailored
to their interests, leading to the intertwining of caste and the electoral process.
2. Vote bank politics: Political parties may strategically align themselves with certain
caste groups to secure their votes, leading to the exploitation of caste sentiments for
electoral gains.
3. Polarisation: Appeals to caste identities can sometimes deepen divisions within society,
leading to polarisation along the caste lines. This polarisation can influence voting
behaviour and shape electoral outcomes.

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Political Science ISC-Class XII

Q.No. Expected Answers

75. Nature of the State:
Sovereign:
The word ‘sovereign’ implies that India is neither dependent on nor dominated by any
other country, but it is a self-governing state. No authority is above it, and it is free to
manage its own external and internal affairs. Being a sovereign state, India can either
acquire a foreign territory or cede a part of its territory in favour of a foreign state.
Democratic:
The word ‘democratic’ emphasises the establishment of a government that is accountable
to the people and operates based on the consent of the governed. The Indian Constitution
provides for a representative parliamentary democracy under which the executive is
responsible to the legislature for all its policies and actions. The term ‘democratic’
embraces not only political democracy but also social and economic democracy.
Republic:
The term “republic” signifies a form of government where the head of state is elected by
the people or their representatives, rather than being hereditary or appointed based on
lineage. It reflects the rejection of monarchy, and the establishment of a political system
based on democratic principles, where the authority of the government is derived from the
consent of the governed. A republic also means additional things such as Political
sovereignty is vested in the people rather than a single ruler like a king.
Socialist:
The word ‘socialist’’ implies that it envisions a socio-economic system where there is an
equitable distribution of wealth, resources, and opportunities, aiming to reduce economic
inequalities among citizens.
Indian socialism is a ‘democratic socialism’ wherein both private and public sectors co-
exist side by side.

76. (a) Right to Education under the Fundamental Right to Freedom; Article 21 A.
(b) Right against Exploitation; the provisions of the Right against Exploitation are as
follows:

Article 23- Prohibition of trafficking in human beings and forced labour: Under it, the
constitution prohibits trafficking in human beings, and beggar and similar forms of
forced labour. Any contravention of this provision is punishable in accordance with
law. It makes buying and selling of men and women and exploitation of people by
forcing them to work as bonded labourers or work without remuneration an offence.
To protect women against selling and buying for immoral purposes, Suppression of
Immoral Traffic in Women and Girls (SITA) has been in operation in India. However,
it does not prevent the state from imposing compulsory service for public purposes. It
cannot discriminate against citizens on grounds religion, race, caste or class.

Article 24- Prohibition of employment of children: It provides that no child below the
age of 14 years shall be employed to work in any factory or mine or engaged in any
other hazardous employment. This provision provides protection to children from
exploitation which adversely affects their health.

(c) The Supreme Court or High Court is the body that can restore the rights under Right
to Constitutional Remedies- Article 32. The step is that it empowers the Supreme Court
to issue directions or orders or writs for this purpose.

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Political Science ISC-Class XII

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77. (a) Directive Principles of State Policy through Gandhian principles will help through
these features:
(i) Promote the educational and economic interests of SCs, STs, and other weaker sections
of society and protect them from social injustice and exploitation.
(ii) Promote cottage industries on an individual or co-operation basis in rural areas
(iii) Promote voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control and
professional management of co-operative societies.
(iv) Organise village panchayats and endow them with the necessary powers and authority
to enable them to function as units of self-government.
(v) Prohibit the slaughter of cows, calves and other milch and draught cattle and to
improve their breeds
(b) Principles promoting social and economic equality:
There are certain principles that are very important for realising the goals of social and
economic democracy in India. Many people in India have been suffering from social and
economic inequalities since ages.
The following principles are aimed at ensuring economic and social equality:
1. The state should ensure for its people adequate means of livelihood.
2. The state should ensure fair distribution of the material resources of the country for the
common good.
3. The state should distribute the wealth in such a way that the wealth is not concentrated
in a few hands.
4. There should be equal pay for equal work for both men and women.
5. The state is directed to take steps to impart compulsory and free education to the
children up to the age of 14 years.
6. The state should try to secure the participation of workers in the management of the
factory.
7. Childhood and Youth should be protected against exploitation. Men, women and
children should not be forced by economic necessity to enter jobs and vocations not suited
to their age or strength.

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Political Science ISC-Class XII

Q.No. Expected Answers

78. (a) Yes, there is a provision and it's an important feature of the Indian Constitution.
Special provisions for Scheduled castes and Scheduled tribes: Part XVI and- Article 330
provides for the reservation of seats for SCs and STs in the Lok Sabha in proportion to
their population. The National Commission for SCs, National Commission for STs, and
the National Minorities Commission are monitoring the conditions of the weaker sections
of society.
(b)

(i) Written and Comprehensive:

It is a comprehensive, elaborate and detailed document explicitly mentioning the rights,
duties and other provisions contained in 448 articles in 25 parts and 12 schedules.
Incorporation of Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles of State Policy, and
Emergency provisions, Powers of Legislature, Executive and Jurisdiction of Judiciary are
one of the few important things covered in the Constitution.

(ii) Constitution drawn from several sources:

The structural part of the Constitution is, to a large extent, derived from the Government
of India Act of 1935. The philosophical part of the Constitution (Fundamental Rights and
the Directive Principles of State Policy) derives its inspiration from the American and
Irish Constitutions respectively. The political part of the Constitution (the principle of
Cabinet government and the relations between the executive and the legislature) has been
largely drawn from the British Constitution. Emergency provisions from Weimar
Republic Germany Independence of Judiciary and Judicial Review from USA

(iii) Emergency powers: It converts federal structure into a unitary one without any
formal amendment. During an emergency, the central government becomes all-powerful
and the states go into total control of the centre.

Indian constitution contains detailed provisions for three types of emergencies:

1. National Emergency (Article 352)- Emergency caused by war, external aggression or
armed rebellion.
2. State Emergency (Article 356 and Article 365)- Emergency arising out of the failure of
constitutional machinery in states.
3. Financial Emergency (Article 360)- Emergency arising out of country’s financial
stability or credit is in danger.

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Political Science ISC-Class XII

Q.No. Expected Answers

79. The division of powers has been affected as follows in the US:
• The US Constitution gives 18 powers to the federal government and prohibits
specific powers out of its purview.
• The powers not vested in the Federal Government and not prohibited to the States
are vested with the States.
• Certain powers have been vested both with the Federation and the States.
• This makes the US a true example of a Federation.
• The Constitution of India divides power between the Centre and the States.
• The Union list with 97 subjects.
• The State List with 66 subjects.
• The Concurrent List with 47 subjects which are virtually in the hands of the Union
because of the rule that in case of a conflict between a Union law and a State Law
over a subject of the Concurrent List, the former gets precedence over the latter.
• The Union list under the purview of the Union Government is vested with more
subjects than the State List.
• The Residuary list lies under the purview of the Union Government.
• The Union Parliament gets the right to legislate on a state subject when the Rajya
Sabha passes a resolution by a 2/3rd majority and declares a subject of state list as a
subject of national importance.
• India is federal in nature and unitary in spirit. The division of powers between the
Centre and states reveals a strong Unitarian bias.

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Political Science ISC-Class XII

Q.No. Expected Answers

80. (a) The challenge highlighted in the Newspaper headline is the Caste system. It has
adversely affected the Indian political system in the following ways.
(i) Caste and political socialisation: Caste group are their loyalties behind different
political parties and their ideologies. In India, citizens inherit a caste and grow up as
members of that particular caste group. They begin banking upon caste solidarity for
occupying and performing a leadership role in society.
(ii) Caste and political socialisation: Caste group are their loyalties behind different
political parties and their ideologies. In India, citizens inherit a caste and grow up as
members of that particular caste group. They begin banking upon caste solidarity for
occupying and performing a leadership role in the society.
(iii) Selection of Leaders on Caste basis: On account of the politics in the country various
political parties at the time of elections elect their respective candidates while taking into
account the numerical strength of the caste groups present in the respective constituencies.
The candidate's ability, leadership qualities and popularities amongst the masses take a
back seat as against caste equations. Eg. in Haryana, the leadership comes either from
Jats, Bishnois or Brahmins.
(iv) Electoral Alliances on Caste basis: The political parties at the time of election pick
up their election allies taking into account the caste factor. In the election campaigns,
votes are demanded in the name of castes.
(v) Immature Leadership: The caste politics has totally marred (spoiled) the vision of
leaders of various caste groups. The leaders are simply concerned about the benefit of the
members of their own castes at the cost of the general welfare and the credibility of the
country.
(vi) Role of cates in government making: Castes factor influences the policies and
decisions of the state government because the party in power would try to use its decision
making powers to win the favour of major caste groups. Most of the political parties
always try to nurture people belonging to scheduled castes as their vote banks.
Recruitment to political offices is mostly done with due consideration of peoples’ castes.
(vii) Caste-based violence: The negligence of democratic values by the caste politics has
encouraged the use of violence in Indian politics. In states like Maharashtra, Haryana,
Bihar and UP caste violence has raised its head even in the urban areas.
(b) (i) With a view to protecting the interests of people belonging to scheduled castes and
scheduled tribes, the constitution in its part XVI specifies certain special provisions.
Article 330 provides for the reservation of seats for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes
in the Lok Sabha as proportion (as near as possible) to their population.
(ii) Provisions for reservation of the seats for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in the
state legislatures have also been incorporated, and the reservation benefits have also been
extended to other backward classes (OBCs) not only in respect of legislative seats, in
respect of the jobs in government services and admission in various universities and
professional institutions.
(iii) Several commissions like the National Commission for SCs, the National
Commission for ST’s, the National Minorities Commission, the National Commission on
OBCs have been monitoring the conditions of the weaker sections of society.
(iv) The National Human Rights Commission NHRC can also look into the complaints
involving the violation of the rights of the people belonging to scheduled castes and
scheduled tribes.

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Political Science ISC-Class XII

Q.No. Expected Answers

81. (a) The passage discusses the Judicial review which the power of courts to examine the
acts of legislature and the executive with a view to determine their constitutional validity.
(b) The maxims of Judicial review are:
• Judicial review is not an automatic power of the judiciary. It is exercised only when a
case comes for a trial. After a trial, when the law is challenged, the court gives a
judgement. It becomes operative after the judgement is delivered.
• While giving a judgement, the judiciary has to give grounds for recognising any law
invalid or unconstitutional.
• The judiciary only invalidates a law or a part of the law which is unconstitutional.
• Judicial review is not done by one judge. It is done by a bench and decisions are always
taken by a majority.
• The due process of law or procedure established by law are two alternative bases for
conducting judicial review.
• Judicial review is an order and not advisory in nature.
• Judiciary decision is implemented from the day the judgement is given.
• Judiciary generally refrains from delivering judgements on political issues.

82. (a) The caste is a form of social stratification characterised by endogamy, hereditary
transmission of a style of life which often includes an occupation, ritual status, (is a
hierarchy) and customary social interaction, and exclusion based on cultural notions of
purity and pollution. The Indian Varna system is divided into four castes: Brahmin,
Kshatriya, Vaishyas and Shudras.
(b) The caste has immense effects on Indian Politics in the following ways:
1. Caste and Political Socialisation –Different caste groups have their loyalties towards
their caste since birth. In the process of picking up their political beliefs, a person comes
under the influence of caste groups. He begins to bank upon caste solidarity for occupying
and performing a leadership role in society.
2. Caste and Leadership Recruitment – Caste influences the process of leadership
recruitment. This is particularly true for states like Haryana, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, etc. In
Haryana, the leadership comes from Jats or Bishnoi. In Andhra Pradesh, Reddy’s or
Kammas provide state leaders.
3. Caste and party politics – Political Parties bank upon direct or indirect caste basis. This
is particularly true for regional parties. This may include certain parties that identifies
itself as anti-Brahmin, Dalit Party, and a Jat-Sikh-based.
4. Caste Violence– The traditional difference between higher and lower castes have often
converted into violent and fierce struggle for power in society. This includes states like
Maharashtra, Bihar, Haryana, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh.

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Political Science ISC-Class XII

Q.No. Expected Answers

83. (a) The act led to Germany becoming a single/mono/one-party system. It is a system
where only one party or one ideology is allowed to function and flourish. Other Ideologies
are barred or penalized. In the above case, Nazi party and its ideology of Nazism was
allowed to function.
(b) This acted as a boon to unstable Germany because of the following reasons:
1. Stable Strong Government: In a one-party system, there is no wastage of time in
discussion and no dissipation of public money. There is no fear of a change of government
and there comes into being strong and stable government.
2.Fast Economic Progress: Fast economic progress of the country is possible in such a
system. It becomes easier for the government to make plans for a longer period and then
to implement them. The standard of living of the people goes up and the plans for the
welfare of the people are in progress.
3.Strengthens National Duty: In a single-party system, the residents of a country are not
divided into separate factions. There, the people are not duped by political parties. By
supporting a single ideology or a single policy, the nation remains united and thrives
continually.
4. Efficient Administration: In a one-party system, the government employees are very
well known that the government is stable and there is no possibility of its being changed.
Therefore, they have to be vigilant about their duties and responsibilities. This leads to
efficiency in the administration. Such a system is devoid of internal disturbance,
opposition or any fear of movement. The government makes economic progress,
strengthens military strength and makes a successful foreign policy to promote national
welfare.

84. The American senate is the called a pre-eminent house because of the following reasons:
• The Senate has certain types of special powers to control the executive. These are as
follows:
(i) To ratify all appointments made by the executive.
(ii) To ratify all treaties signed by the US president.
• The Senate is based on federal principles and gives representations to all states on the
basis of equality. Every state, irrespective of its size, is given two seats, giving it a
predominant position over the House of Representatives.
• The tenure of the Senate is longer than the members of the House of Representatives,
allowing them to build their own individuality and a broader vision as compared to
the members of the House of Representatives. Hence, in the case of a Joint
Conference Committee, the Senate prevails.
• The budget is introduced in the House of Representatives, but the Senate has equal
powers to amend and revise the budget. This gives it a special position.

ISC Competency-Focused Practice Questions 44

Political Science ISC-Class XII

Q.No. Expected Answers

85. The above image shows the President Biden of USA and Prime Minister Narendra Modi
of India.
Though both stand at the zenith of administration, they diverge like twin stars with distinct
paths. This is reflected through the following points:
• Type of Executive: While USA has a singular executive - there president is both
the head of state and government, India has a plural or dual executive where the
president is the head of the state and the PM is the head of the government.
• Election: In USA, the president is elected indirectly by PEC. However, election
system makes the election direct. In India, the president is indirectly elected by
MLA and MP while pm is the leader of majority party in the Lok Sabah and is
elected by the people as Member of Parliament.
• Real vs. Nominal executive: In USA, the president is the real executive. There is
no nominal executive in the USA. In India, the president is the nominal executive
while the real executive is the Council of Ministers headed by the PM.
• Stability of Tenure: The president of USA is elected for a fixed term of four years
and cannot be removed before that, unless a provision of impeachment is there.
The President of India is also elected for 5 years and can be removed only through
impeachment. The PM of India can however be removed if he loses majority in
the Lok Sabha; a vote of no - confidence is passed against him, so his tenure is
not fixed.

ISC Competency-Focused Practice Questions 45