Page 1
isc
specimen paper
2025
ISC Study Material
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SOCIOLOGY
Maximum Marks: 70
Time Allotted: Three Hours
Reading Time: Additional Fifteen Minutes
Instructions to Candidates
➢ You are allowed additional fifteen minutes for only reading the question
paper.
➢ You must NOT start writing during reading time.
➢ This question paper has 7 printed pages.
➢ It is divided into three sections and has twelve questions in all.
➢ All questions are compulsory. Answer all questions.
➢ Section A has fourteen subparts which are very short answer questions.
Each question carries 1 mark.
➢ While attempting Multiple Choice Questions in Section A, you are
required to write only ONE option as the answer.
➢ Section B has seven questions which are short answer questions.
Each question carries 4 marks.
➢ Section C has four questions which are long answer questions.
Each question carries 7 marks.
➢ Internal choices have been provided in two questions in Section B and in
one question in Section C.
➢ The intended marks for questions are given in brackets [ ].
Instruction to Supervising Examiner
➢ Kindly read aloud the Instructions given above to all the candidates present
in the examination hall.
ISC SPECIMEN QUESTION PAPER 2025
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SECTION A – 14 MARKS
Question 1
(i) In accordance with the traditional norms, Ramu’s mother always refers to her [1]
husband indirectly using the name of their son.
Which Kinship usage is used by Ramu’s mother? (Understanding)
(a) Couvade
(b) Teknonymy
(c) Avunculate
(d) Amitate
(ii) The life of the Toda tribe is largely centred on the sacred buffaloes, which forms [1]
an integral part of their sustenance and cultural heritage. Walker (1986) reported
that it was not only the economic and social life of the Todas which was
traditionally centred on the buffalo but their religious observance too.
(Source(edited):https://nbagr.icar.gov.in/wpcontent/uploads/2020/02/Toda.pdf
Indian Council of Agricultural Research)
Identify the economic activity of Toda tribe. (Understanding)
(a) Shifting axe cultivation
(b) Food gathering
(c) Pastoralism
(d) Handicrafts
(iii) Given below are two statements marked as Assertion and Reason. Read the [1]
statements carefully and choose the correct option. (Analysis)
Assertion: In some communities, a son-in-law can be very friendly with his
father- in-law and can ask for anything in his in-laws’ house.
Reason: A Joking Relation exists among some kin members to ease the strain
that may arise in their relationship.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation
for Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct
explanation for Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true and Reason is false.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
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(iv) Given below are two statements marked as Assertion and Reason. Read the [1]
statements carefully and choose the correct option. (Analysis)
Assertion: Bal Panchayats are an important political platform for children in
rural India.
Reason: They provide children with a platform to voice issues that concern
them directly or indirectly.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation
for Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct
explanation for Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true and Reason is false.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
(v) Sukhi lives in a communal residence with other young members of his tribe. [1]
They have been living there since an early age and the residence is also the
centre for education for the youth in their community.
Which one of the following is true for the residence that Sukhi inhabits?
(Understanding)
(a) Sukhi lives in a joint family.
(b) He lives in a dormitory.
(c) He lives in a matriarchal family.
(d) He lives in a patriarchal family.
(vi) Free goods are those goods that are gifts of nature and are available in [1]
abundance to all.
Which one of the following examples indicates the use of free goods?
(Application)
(a) Ravi bought a packet of pens at a discount from a shop in his locality.
(b) Sakshi was gifted a pair of gold earrings by her friends on her birthday.
(c) Hari collected water from a river for his family’s consumption.
(d) Sam got an oxygen cylinder for his ailing grandfather.
(vii) Certain individuals are forbidden from entering some places of worship.
The concept of religion that forbids them is: (Recall)
(a) Superstition
(b) Ritual
(c) Belief
(d) Taboo
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(viii) The movie Do Bhigha Zameen (1953) commences with Thakur Harnam Singh, [1]
who owned acres of land, attempting to confiscate the modest two third of land
owned by the impoverished farmer, Shambhu. Thakur Harnam Singh’s
intention is to build a factory in the village. However, Shambhu doesn't
surrender easily; instead, he fights for his land.
Use specific terminology to identify the two classes of the Indian agrarian
structure to which Thakur Harnam Singh and Shambhu belong.
(Understanding)
(ix) Name the rule of marriage that forbids marriage between individuals of a [1]
common lineage. (Recall)
(x) Identify the type of Kinship shown in the image given below. [1]
(Understanding)
(Source: https://in.pinterest.com/)
(xi) The Iban tribals observe the mannerisms of a particular animal and believe that [1]
this animal is their protector spirit.
Which theory of religion is represented here? (Understanding)
(xii) Soumen migrated from his village to a city in search of a job. Though he was a [1]
Vaishya by birth, he soon realised that the status an individual earned in the city
was on the basis of skills, abilities and efforts.
With reference to the above case, identify the system of social stratification that
Soumen experienced in the city. (Understanding)
(xiii) What is regionalism? (Recall) [1]
(xiv) State any one difference between Consanguineous and Conjugal families. [1]
(Recall)
ISC SPECIMEN QUESTION PAPER 2025
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SECTION B – 28 MARKS
Question 2 [4]
Identify the examples of the three degrees of kinship from the image shown below.
Discuss each of the three degrees briefly. (Understanding)
(Source(edited): https://en.wikipedia.org/)
Question 3 [4]
Patriarchal ideology undervalues attributes seen as “feminine” or pertaining to women
and privileges traits that are “masculine” or relating to men.
Reflect on the above statement and with the help of any four arguments, outline the
impact of such an ideology on different genders.
(Understanding)
Question 4 [4]
Explore any four characteristics of the Jajmani system. (Analysis)
Question 5 [4]
Discuss any four effects of the Act implemented in 2009 by the Government of India
to improve the level of literacy.
(Understanding)
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Question 6 [4]
India has been inhabited by tribal communities since ancient times. These
communities lived in relative seclusion until recent times. They maintained their
separate identity as they had a distinct way of life that set them apart.
In this context, elucidate the separate identity and distinct culture of tribes that set
them apart from the rest of the population. (Understanding)
Question 7 [4]
(i) “The major religions of the world have achieved their success largely because
they offer a satisfying theodicy or explanation for eternal human problems,
such as suffering, death, and the meaning of life.” – Ian Robertson
With respect to the given statement, justify any four similar impacts that
religion can have on human beings. (Evaluate)
OR
(ii) The Sacred are those things that are revered and viewed as extraordinary while
the Profane are identified with the ordinary aspects of life.
With respect to the two concepts highlighted in the above statement, evaluate
the relevance of the theory of religion by Durkheim. (Evaluate)
Question 8 [4]
(i) Explain any four features of family as given by Mac Iver.
(Understanding)
OR
(ii) Explain any four functions of marriage. (Understanding)
SECTION C – 28 MARKS
Question 9 [7]
(i) Discuss the relevance of Monogamy as a marriage form in contemporary
society. (Understanding)
OR
(ii) Discuss any seven features of Exogamy. (Understanding)
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Question 10 [7]
Image 1 Image 2
(Source: https://www.medium.com/) (Source: https://www.freepik.com/)
The two images shown above represent two family forms. Which one is characteristic
of urban societies? Justify your answer with the help of six reasons. (Evaluate)
Question 11
(i) List four castes in India according to the order of hierarchy. (Recall) [2]
(ii) Discuss the Divine Origin Theory of Caste. (Understanding) [5]
Question 12
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow.
I was born and raised in a large family in Ahmedabad where many members lived
under the same roof. However, few months after I got married, my husband and I
moved to Chennai. In the beginning, I enjoyed the privacy with my husband. But on
certain occasions I also felt the absence of other family members around us along with
their interactions and regular ‘interference’. As time passed by, I started feeling lonely
and missed the crowd of relatives around me. I particularly remembered the fun-filled
moments that I spent with my large family during festivals.
My husband and I made good friends with few neighbours, but the loneliness
remained. After the birth of both my children, I needed my mother and mother-in-law
around to assist me for a while, but I had to manage on my own. Things became really
difficult when I took up a job. I had to leave both my children in a day care centre.
It was then that I most cherished the memories of my childhood spent with my family.
(i) What types of family have been referred to by the narrator? (Understanding) [2]
(ii) Compare the two types of families identified in subpart (i). (Analysis) [5]
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SOCIOLOGY
ANSWER KEY
SECTION A – 14 MARKS
Question 1
In answering Multiple Choice Questions, candidates have to write either the
correct option number or the explanation against it. Please note that only
ONE correct answer should be written.
(i) (b) Teknonymy [1]
(ii) (c) Pastoralism [1]
(iii) (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation [1]
for Assertion.
(iv) (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation [1]
for Assertion.
(v) (b) He lives in a dormitory. [1]
(vi) (c) Hari collected water from a river for his family’s consumption.
(vii) (d) Taboo
(viii) Thakur Harnam Singh - Owner [1]
Shambhu - Tenant
(ix) Sapinda Exogamy [1]
(x) Affinal kinship [1]
(xi) Totemism [1]
(xii) Class System [1]
(xiii) When a group agitates for a separate political identity within the nation state [1]
on the basis of their socio-economic and political demands, it is known as
regionalism.
(Any other correct meaning will be accepted.)
(xiv) Consanguineous family-based on blood relations [1]
Conjugal family- based on marital relations.
(Any other relevant difference will be accepted.)
ISC SPECIMEN ANSWER KEY 2025
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SECTION B – 28 MARKS
The answers given in Section B and Section C are suggestive and not exhaustive. Any other
correct answer to the questions will be accepted.
Question 2 [4]
The image shows the various ways in which an individual i.e., ego is related to his
kin. The closeness of ego to his kin members is known as degree of kinship.
The image shows Mother and brother as the Primary kin.
Mother’s sister and grandma are the Secondary kin of ego. Tertiary kin, in this image,
is the Cousin.
Hence, three major kinship bonds exist, that are, Primary, Secondary and Tertiary.
• Primary kin: Those members who are directly related to ego are primary kin.
For example, father is one’s primary consanguine kin and one’s wife is one’s
primary affinal kin. Siblings too are included in this.
• Secondary kin: These are ego’s primary kin’s primary kin. For e.g. one’s
father’s brother or one’s wife’s sister.
• Tertiary kin: These are ego’s secondary kin’s primary kin, or ego’s primary
kin’s secondary kin. For instance,
(Candidates have to correctly identify the examples shown in the image. It should
then be followed by a brief explanation of each degree of kinship.)
Question 3 [4]
Impact of patriarchy on different genders:
On Women
• It leads to practice and prevalence of social evils like female foeticide / Female
infanticide / Child marriage / Sati / Dowry.
• It also legitimises subordination of women to men and leads to heinous crimes
like rape, sexual harassment and domestic violence.
• It creates unequal opportunities for men and women which culminates in
unequal pay norms at workplace.
• Women interiorise their inferior status and at times end up submitting to the
will of the men. Many a times they remain unaware of their rights.
On Men
• Men develop a superiority complex.
• They often feel pressured to conform to the normative roles of being ‘tough’
and the ‘provider’.
• It makes them ignorant of the challenges that women encounter.
• Patriarchal notion of rigid masculinity makes men violent in their behaviour
towards women since they begin to view women as a secondary being.
(Candidates have to give any four arguments to bring out the impact of patriarchal
ideology on different genders. The impact must be written considering the opening
statement given in the question.)
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Question 4 [4]
Jajmani System – It is a system of economic, ritual and social ties among different
caste groups in a village. The word ‘Jajman’ originates from the Sanskrit ‘jajna’
meaning ‘one who has rites performed’. It involves two sets of people- the ‘Jajman’
or patron and ‘Kamin’ or client.
Characteristics
• It was a traditional caste-based exchange system. It can also be viewed as a
system of occupational obligation between castes.
• Jajmani rights were permanent and hereditary like property rights. They did
not allow for any kind of upward social mobility to the Kamin.
• This system had an arrangement for payment in kind.
• One Kamin could serve more than one Jajman.
• The system established closer family links among Jajman and Kamin. It added
to village solidarity as some Jajmans took care of the wellbeing of their
Kamins but also restricted the Kamin to that order.
• Jajmani relationships were exclusive.
• Jajmani relationships were multiple.
• This system has been criticised for being based on coercion and exploitation.
(Candidates are required to expand on any four of the above characteristics or any
other relevant characteristics.)
Question 5 [4]
Effects of the RTE Act implemented in 2009:
• By providing free and compulsory education to all children till the age of 14,
it has led to an increase in enrollments in schools.
• The Act has made it obligatory for the state government to provide education
to all children from 6 to 14 years of age.
• It has provided access to the education to children from socially disadvantaged
and weaker sections of society.
• It has helped reduce the gap between the social classes.
• It has specified duties and responsibilities of the government in the field of
education.
• It has also regulated private and public schools and kept a check on their
policies.
• It has prohibited physical punishment and mental harassment.
• It has stresses on the appointment of trained teachers.
• This initiative by the Government has made the society more aware about the
importance of basic education.
(Candidates are required to discuss any four effects of the RTE. Each effect must
be discussed in brief and not written in phrases or incomplete sentences.)
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Question 6 [4]
Tribes have their own identity and culture which are intertwined. Some of them are
as follows:
• Tribes have a definite territory which does not blend with the other
communities.
• Kinship bonds are strong, and members of a tribe remain united at all times.
• Tribes are mostly divided into clans.
• Tribal endogamy is strictly followed.
• All members of a tribe speak a common language / dialect.
• Property is mostly jointly owned.
• Tribes have their own panchayat though politically they are under the Indian
government.
• They have their own set of religious beliefs and moral codes which are distinct
from that of the rest of the population.
• There is an absence of formal schools, and the dormitory is the training
institution for tribal children.
(Candidates have to explain any four ways in which tribes sustain their identity and
distinctiveness of their culture that distinguishes them from other communities.)
Question 7 [4]
(i) Functions / Positive impact of Religion:
• Religion conserves the value of life by making humans view it as
meaningful.
• It explains individual suffering and provides a rationale for those
experiences, thereby, satisfying the anxiety.
• It acts as the source of strength and inspires human beings to navigate
through the most difficult situations in life.
• It acts as an agent of social control, disciplines human instinct, therefore,
establishing order.
• Priestly functions are performed by religious leaders, leading to stability
in society.
• Religion promotes welfare by teaching human beings to be kind and
compassionate to others.
• It provides recreation.
• Religion enhances self-importance as it enables humans to view
themselves as the superior and favoured creation of God.
(Candidates have to evaluate those four effects of religion on human beings
that substantiate the quote given in the question. Any other relevant positive
effect of religion, apart from the ones given above, will be accepted.)
OR
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(ii) Durkheim’s Theory of Religion and the Sacred and the Profane
• Durkheim offered the concepts of sacred and profane. These concepts
are exclusive of each other. According to him, every society makes a
distinction between these two concepts. All positive beliefs are attributed
to God and are considered sacred. These beliefs create fear in the minds
of people.
• Profane, on the other hand, are all those things that people use in their
everyday lives. It consists of magic and pseudo-science. Magic can also
be anti-social. For e.g., Mahalis worship Surji Devi as a joint
performance, but each family has its own deity Orak Bonga.
• His theory focuses on the importance of the collective conscience that
can be raised by the sacred. Through celebrations of festivals and rituals,
communal ties are strengthened, and solidarity is maintained.
• The theory also stresses on the functionalist aspect of religion through
religious beliefs and rites.
• Durkheim’s ideas are highly relevant as they help us understand the way
religion exists and functions in contemporary societies. All modern
societies use the two concepts of sacred and profane to reinforce social
order and unity.
(Candidates are required to first discuss the ideas of sacred and profane in the
context of Durkheim’s theory of religion. They must conclude by judging the
relevance of his theory in present day societies.)
Question 8 [4]
(i) Features of the family by MacIver
• Universality: Family is the most basic universal social unit. All cultures
all over the world have this institution. There is no substitute for family.
The world has seen many changes in civilizations, but the institution of
family has remained constant.
• Emotional basis: A family integrates all the members emotionally.
Affection, mutual cooperation and blood ties keep the family together.
This bond ensures proper cultural transmission.
• Educative role: Early education begins with the family. It helps develop
an individual’s personality and makes him / her internalise social
behaviour. The family guides and nurtures the individuals in their first
lessons of love, respect, cooperation, normative behaviour and social
customs.
• Limited size: Since the size of the modern family is limited,
communication is better and keeps the family closely knit.
• Nuclear position: The family is the nucleus around which an
individual’s life revolves. It is an individual’s most important primary
group.
• Sense of responsibility: It allocates a duty to each family member.
There are defined roles for all members with expectations from each one.
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• Social regulation: A family acts as a social agent and trains the
members in socially acceptable behaviour. The social regulations and
restrictions set by the family enable members to behave in a socially
useful manner.
• Persistence and change: The form and structure of the family has been
changing with time. It has changed with evolving times. As a unit,
however it has continued to exist.
(Candidates have to explain any four of the above features. They may explain
any other correct feature of the family besides the ones given above. Headings
are not mandatory.)
OR
(ii) Functions of Marriage:
• It regularises and socially sanctions the satisfaction of sex relations.
• It also instils an awareness of incest as taboo specifying who can be
marital partners.
• Marriage helps in survival and continuity of the human race.
• It helps in the economic organisation and division of labour between
marital members.
• It justifies property inheritance.
• It legitimises parenthood and establishment of the family.
• It aims at social solidarity.
(Candidates have to explain any four of the above functions. They may
explain any other correct function of marriage besides the ones given above.
Headings are not mandatory.)
SECTION C – 28 MARKS
Question 9 [7]
(i) Relevance of Monogamy
• It is a form of marriage between one man and one woman.
• It is the most common form of marriage across the world.
• It is practised by every modern society except Islam.
• It ensures stability, peace, loyalty and the highest form of love between
spouses as only two individuals are involved.
• It is economically better suited.
• It promotes better understanding between partners.
• It helps in the process of socialisation.
• Monogamy takes care of dependent parents and family members.
• It ascribes a higher status to women.
(Candidates are required to discuss the relevance of Monogamy in
contemporary times with the help of any seven arguments given above or any
other relevant argument. Please note that they cannot disagree with the
statement but only discuss it.)
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OR
(ii) Exogamy is the practice of marrying outside one’s clan, village or group-
descent group or lineage.
Features:
• There are four kinds of exogamy among the Hindus. They are Gotra,
Pravara, Sapinda and village.
• The fear of racial degeneration leads to exogamy.
• The desire to widen the area of co-operative cultural contact is another
reason.
• The need for genetic diversity also led to exogamy.
• Norms related to incest are also responsible for exogamy.
• In hunting and food gathering communities, women were a burden, and
this would have led to female infanticide and female scarcity. This might
have forced men to marry girls from outside.
• Man’s desire to marry someone belonging to a different social group led
to marital alliances with members from other groups.
• Exogamy led to culture conflict and cultural degeneration.
(Candidates have to discuss any seven features of exogamy. They may write
any other correct feature of exogamy apart from the ones given above.)
Question 10 [7]
Image 2 that represents a nuclear family is characteristic of urban societies.
Reasons
• Nuclear family is a small family group consisting of husband, wife and
children. Image 2 shows a small family of four members.
• Since there is a dearth of space and housing facilities in urban areas, this family
form is most preferred. The nuclear family culture has emerged predominantly
due to this reason.
• As nuclear family does away with the traditional patriarchal structure and
divides the authority equally between both the partners, it has acquired
popularity in urban societies.
• It priortises the ideas of love and understanding in marriage, hence, is preferred
by the present generation in urban societies.
• It gives space and promotes individualism.
• The focus on religion and traditions is less in this family form.
• Traditional gender roles are reshaped with the participation of women in
workforce. It makes women independent and assertive and so is increasingly
becoming common in urban setup.
• It promotes family planning and has led to a decline in birth rate.
(Candidates have to identify the family form common in urban set up. They are
required to provide six arguments to support the growing preference for it.)
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Question 11
(i) Following are the four castes in the order of hierarchy. [2]
1. Brahmin
2. Kshatriya
3. Vaishya
4. Shudra
(Candidates must mention the four castes in the correct order of hierarchy.
These should not be listed randomly but in the strict order of hierarchy.)
(ii) Theory of Caste Origin [5]
This theory has been outlined in the Purushasukta of the Rig Veda. It states that
the four castes originated from the different body parts of Brahma – the Divine
Supreme being. The place of origin for each varna indicates its function in the
society.
• Brahmins – mouth- related to speech and thus the bearers of knowledge.
• Kshatriyas – arms – related to strength and bravery and thus the warrior
caste.
• Vaishyas – thighs – near the stomach and providers of food and economic
wellbeing of society.
• Shudras – from the feet of the creator and thus their duty is to serve
everyone as the feet serve the other parts of the body.
This theory has been supported by Manu and the Bhagvad Gita.
Demerits:
• It is unscientific.
• In reality, Jati and not varna is the actual basis of caste. This theory
considers varna to be the actual basis.
• This arrangement blocks an individual’s progress by restricting him / her
to her caste-based occupations.
• A fourfold division of caste is an oversimplification. There are many
subcastes that exist in the society but have not been included in the fold
of the theory. For example, the Dalits.
(Candidates have to discuss all aspects of the theory.)
Question 12
(i) Joint family [2]
Nuclear family
(ii) Joint family and Nuclear family [5]
These two family types can be compared on certain parameters that are common
to both.
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• Rural vs Urban: Joint family structure has been equated with the
traditional social setup and is more prevalent in rural belt. While nuclear
family setup emerged with the rise of urbanisation.
• Family size: Joint family size large and many generations live together
under the same roof. Family members cook and eat from a common
kitchen. Nuclear family size is small and only two generations live
together.
• Authority and roles: In the Joint family structure, authority lies with
the oldest male / female member and gender roles are clearly defined.
They are mostly aligned with stereotypical gender roles. On the
contrary, authority is divided and gender roles are reversible in a Nuclear
family structure.
• Decision making: Marriage is a family decision in Joint family. It is an
individual’s decision in Nuclear family.
• Individualism: Joint family allows little scope for individualism since
most of the decisions are taken jointly and an individual is expected to
perform them. Nuclear family, on the other hand, promotes
individualism and gives autonomy to the members to take their own
decisions.
• Occupation: Family occupation is considered important in Joint family
and has to be carried forward by the children. Nuclear family allows an
individual to choose his / her profession or occupation and does not
necessarily impose the choice of the elders.
• Socialisation: Owing to the large family size, socialisation is mainly
within the family. Different generations in the family jointly celebrate
festivals and other important occasions. It is considered an ideal setup
to raise children and instil cultural awareness and values in them. In a
Nuclear family setup, socialisation happens outside of the family,
sometimes with neighbours or other families dwelling in the same
community. Often, secondary agencies take the responsibility of
socialisation.
• Status of women: Women perform traditional gender roles of a home
maker in a Joint family. They are conditioned to perform this role and
are not expected to question the decisions made by men. On the other
hand, women have an almost equal status in Nuclear family and they
participate in the decision making alongside men.
(Candidates have to analyse the similarities and differences between the two
family types. The comparison must be made on common criteria such as size
of the family, authority, marriage decisions, status of women and freedom of
choice.)
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CISCE STUDY MATERIAL
ICSE ISC
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