ISC Class 12 Syllabus 2028 Robotics

ISC
INDIAN SCHOOL CERTIFICATE
EXAMINATION

YEAR 2028

ROBOTICS
(884)

Developed by:
Research, Development and Curriculum Division (RDCD)
CISCE

January 2026
____________________________________________________________________________________________

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Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE)

MISSION STATEMENT

The Council for the Indian School Certificate
Examinations is committed to serving the nation's
children, through high quality educational
endeavours, empowering them to contribute towards
a humane, just and pluralistic society, promoting
introspective living, by creating exciting learning
opportunities, with a commitment to excellence.

ETHOS OF CISCE

Trust and fair play.
Minimum monitoring.
Allowing schools to evolve their own niche.
Catering to the needs of the children.
Giving freedom to experiment with new ideas
and practices.
Diversity and plurality - the basic strength for
evolution of ideas.
Schools to motivate pupils towards the
cultivation of:
Excellence - The Indian and Global
experience.
Values - Spiritual and cultural - to be the bedrock
of the educational experience.
Schools to have an 'Indian Ethos', strong roots in
the national psyche and be sensitive to national
aspirations.

CLASS XII
There will be two papers in the subject:
Paper I: Theory - 3 hours…70 marks
Paper II: Practical - 3 hours ... 15 marks
Practical File… 15 marks

PAPER I (THEORY) : 70 MARKS
S.No. Unit Total Weightage
(Marks)
1. Introduction 12
2. Robotics in Healthcare 16
3. Robotics in Agriculture 16
4. Smart Manufacturing and Industry 4.0/5.0 16
5. Space Robotics 10
Total 70
Note: Key concepts of Class XI need to be revised as a prerequisite.

1. Introduction
(i) Design and Selection Parameter of a Robot.
Fundamental principles and considerations in designing and selecting robots for various applications.
(ii) Basic introduction to ROS and Gazebo.
Robot Operating System (ROS) and the Gazebo simulation environment, essential tools for robot
development and simulation.
(iii) Robotics Ethics.
Accountability, Privacy and Surveillance, Human-Robot Interaction, Impact on Employment, Safety and
Security, Autonomy vs. Control, Social Implications, Military and Defense, Environmental Impact.

2. Robotics in Healthcare
(i) Introduction
Represents a transformative shift in medical procedures, patient care, rehabilitation, and technological
advancements, with applications in complex surgeries, patient assistance, diagnostics, and physical
therapy.
(ii) Types of Robots
Surgical Robots, Assistance Robots, Diagnostic Robots, Rehabilitation and Therapy Robots.
(iii) Application
a. da Vinci Surgical System
Working Principle: operates on the principle of minimally invasive robotic-assisted surgery and
controlled by a surgeon from a console, the system translates hand movements into precise micro-
movements of tiny instruments inside the patient’s body through a high-definition, 3D magnified
view, which provides paralleled accuracy and precision, minimising tissue trauma and reducing
recovery time.
Components: Surgeon Console, Patient Cart, Vision System, Endo wrist Instruments.
Advantages: Enhanced Precision, Minimally Invasive, High-Definition Visualization, Reduced

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Fatigue for Surgeons.
b. Ultrasound Robotic System
Working Principle: diagnostic imaging by automating the positioning and movement of the
ultrasound probe. Controlled remotely or semi-autonomously, follows pre- programmed instructions
which ensures consistent and accurate imaging, reducing variability and improving diagnostic
quality.
Components: Robotic Arm, Control System, Ultrasound Probe, Display and Image Processing Unit.
Advantages: Consistent Imaging Quality, Enhanced Precision in Diagnosis, Reduced Technician
Strain.
c. Exoskeleton Robots
Working Principle: mimicking and supporting natural body movements, wearable devices that
provide powered support to the user’s limbs, enabling movement and reducing strain. Sensors detect
the movements or intentions, allowing the exoskeleton to respond accordingly. Assist patients with
mobility impairments in regaining strength and motor function.
Components: Structural Frame, Motors and Actuators, Control System, Sensors
Advantages: Improved Mobility, Rehabilitation Support, Enhanced Strength and Endurance.

3. Robotics in Agriculture
(i) Introduction
Application of robotics and artificial intelligence (AI) in farming, improve productivity, reduce costs, and
support sustainable practices. Agricultural robots, or "agrobots," for planting seeds and spraying
pesticides to monitoring crop health and harvesting.
(ii) Types of Robots
Seeding and Spraying Robot, Ground Mobile Robot (Weeding Robot, Harvesting Robot, Pruning Robot),
Monitoring and Sensing Robot.
(iii) Application
a. Seeding and Spraying Robot
Working Principle: based on GPS and sensor data to ensure precise placement and application,
navigate fields using predefined coordinates, placing seeds at specified intervals or spraying crops
with the right amount of chemicals.
Components: GPS Module, Sensors, Spraying System, Seeding Mechanism, Power Source.
Advantages: Precision Farming, Labour Reduction, Environmental Benefits.
b. Ground Mobile Robot
Working Principle: move autonomously across the farm, scanning and collecting data on soil
conditions, crop health, and more. Operate using wheels or tracks, equipped with GPS for navigation.
Components of the System: Mobility System. Control Unit, GPS Module, Imaging and Sensing
Equipment, Communication Module
Advantages of the System: Efficient Field Coverage, Real-Time Data Collection, Saves Resources.
c. Monitoring and Sensing Robot
Working Principle: Monitoring and sensing using cameras and sensors to assess crop health, detect
pest infestations, and monitor soil moisture levels.
Components of the System: Imaging Sensors, Environmental Sensors, Data Storage and Processing
Unit, Communication System, Power Source.
Advantages of the System: Data-Driven Insights, Early Problem Detection, Improves Yield Quality.

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4. Smart Manufacturing and Industry 4.0/5.0
(i) Introduction
Integrates digital technology and automation to enhance manufacturing efficiency, flexibility, and
intelligence. Emphasises the connectivity of machines, data, and artificial intelligence to create smart
factories, brings in human-centric approaches.
(ii) Types of Robots
Industrial Robot Arms, Collaborative Robots (Cobots), Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs), 3D Printing
Robots, Robotic Welding Systems.
(iii) Application
a. Manipulator
Working Principle: Arms with multiple joints that simulate human arm movements to manipulate tools
or work pieces, uses servo motors and controllers, the manipulator follows programmed paths,
allowing precise positioning and controlled force application.
Components: Actuators, Controller, End-Effector, Sensors, Power Supply.
Advantages: Precision, Speed, Reduced Labor Costs.
b. Security and Sensing Robot
Working Principle: Patrol factory floors, using sensors and cameras to monitor environments for
safety and security. Operates autonomously, analysing surroundings in real-time and alerting
personnel to issues like unauthorised access, fire hazards, or machinery malfunctions. Equipped with
AI, they can process data to detect anomalies and potential threats.
Components: Sensors, Navigation System, AI Processor, Communication Module, Power Source.
Advantages: Enhanced Security, Incident Detection, Data Collection
c. Collaborative Robots (Cobots)
Working Principle: Uses sensors to detect human presence, and algorithms to ensure safe
interactions, handle tasks that require precision and flexibility, assisting humans with labor-intensive
activities
Components: Sensors, AI-Driven Control Unit, End-Effector, Feedback Systems, Power Supply.
Advantages: Safety, Adaptability, Enhanced Productivity.

5. Space Robotics
(i) Introduction
Exploring and understanding the vast expanse beyond Earth as essential in exploring planets, moons, and
asteroids. Carryout tasks that would be dangerous or impossible for humans, such as collecting samples,
studying environments, and assisting in construction and repair tasks in space.
(ii) Types of Robots
Planetary Rovers, Space Probes and Landers, Space Station robotics.
(iii) Application
a. Mars Rover Program
Working Principle: Operate semi-autonomously, relying on instructions sent from Earth, use of
sensors, cameras, and AI algorithms to navigate Martian terrain, avoid obstacles, and perform tasks
such as drilling and soil analysis.
Components: Power Source, Mobility System, Camera and Imaging Systems, Scientific Instruments,
Communication System.
Advantages: Remote Exploration, Data Collection, Autonomous Operation.

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b. Chandrayaan-2 Mission
Working Principle: studying the Moon’s surface and its mineral composition. performs remote sensing,
operate semi-autonomously, gathering data and transmitting it back to Earth.
Components: Orbiter, Lander (Vikram), Rover (Pragyan), Power Source, Communication System.
Advantages: Detailed Lunar Study, National Achievement, Cost-Effective Research.
c. Gaganyaan–Vyommitra
Working Principle: Vyommitra, the humanoid robot developed for ISRO's Gaganyaan mission,
functions similarly to advanced robotic systems like the Canadarm2. It operates by responding to
commands from mission control and astronauts aboard the spacecraft.
Components: Joints and Actuators, End Effectors, Sensors and Cameras, Power Source.
Advantages: Versatility, Precision, Enhanced Safety.

PAPER II (PRACTICALS) : 30 MARKS
The practical paper of three hours’ duration will be evaluated by the Visiting Examiner appointed locally and
approved by CISCE.
The paper shall consist of three problem statements /problems from which a candidate has to attempt any one.
The practical consists of two parts:
(1) Planning/ Writing Session
(2) Examination Session
The total time to be spent on the Planning/Writing Session and the Examination session is three hours. A maximum
of 90 minutes is permitted for the Planning/Writing Session and 90 minutes for the Examination session.
Candidates are to be permitted to proceed to the Examination Session only after the 90 minutes of the
Planning / Writing Session are over.
Planning/Writing Session
The candidates will be required to prepare an algorithm and a handwritten program to solve the problem.
Examination Session
The program handed in at the end of the Planning/Writing session shall be returned to the candidates. The
candidates will be required to do and execute the program individually on the computer, hardware and show
execution to the Visiting Examiner. A printout of the program listing including output results should be attached
to the answer script containing the handwritten program and hardware results. This should be returned to the
examiner. The program should be sufficiently documented so that the apparatus/components required, circuit
diagram/block diagram, algorithm/flowchart, representation, development process, observations/output is clear
from reading the program. Large differences between the planned program and the printout will result in loss of
marks. Teachers should maintain a record of all the assignments done as part of the practical work throughout the
year and give it due credit at the time of cumulative evaluation at the end of the year. Students are expected to do
a minimum of twenty-five assignments for the year.
The details are as follows:
Details of Assignments to be done during the year
Broad Area Number of Assignments

Practical (Programming) 15
Hands-on (Case Study) 10
TOTAL 25

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List of suggested assignments:
Some sample problems are given below as examples. The problems are of varying levels of difficulty:
1. Design and build a simple robot using basic materials like cardboard, motors, and sensors.
2. Explore Robot Operating System (ROS) and simulate a robotic system using Gazebo simulation environment.
3. Research and present a case study on the application of robotics in healthcare, focusing on surgical robots,
rehabilitation robots, or telepresence robots.
4. Design a robot tailored for agricultural applications, considering factors like mobility, sensing, and autonomy.
5. Develop an implementation plan for integrating robotics and automation in a manufacturing facility as part of
Industry 4.0 initiatives.
6. Propose a robotic mission for space exploration, outlining the mission architecture, payload requirements, and
scientific goals.
7. Create educational robotics kits or tutorials for teaching robotics concepts to younger students or beginners.
8. Participate in a debate or discussion on ethical considerations in robotics, exploring topics like autonomy,
privacy, and safety.
9. Design and build a robot to compete in specific challenges, such as maze navigation, object manipulation, or
obstacle avoidance.
10. Pursue a self-directed robotics innovation project, exploring emerging technologies, novel applications, or
interdisciplinary collaborations.
NOTE: This list is indicative only. Teachers and students should use their imagination to create innovative and
original assignments.

EVALUATION OF ASSIGNMENTS
Marks (out of 30) should be distributed as given below.
Continuous Evaluation
Candidates will be required to submit a work file containing the practical work related to assignments done during
the year.

Assignments done throughout the year (Internal Evaluation) 10 marks

Assignments done throughout the year (Visiting Examiner) 5 marks

Proposed Guidelines for Marking
The actual grading will be done by the teacher based on his/her judgment. One possible way: divide the outcome
for each criterion into one of 3 groups: excellent, good, poor/unacceptable, then use numeric values for each grade
and add to get the total.

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Evaluation will be done as follows:
Assignments: 10 Marks
Criteria (Total 10 marks) Class design - Execution Documentation Practical File
(4 marks) (6 marks)
Excellent 4 6
Good 3 4
Poor 1 2
Terminal Evaluation

Solution to Problem Statement on Hands-On/ Programming 15 marks

Marks should be given for choice of algorithm / flowchart / circuit / block diagram, and implementation strategy,
circuit making, documentation, correct output on known inputs mentioned in the question paper, correct output
for unknown inputs available only to the examiner.
Note: Program logic should be expressed through algorithm or flowchart; circuit or block diagram, and listing
required apparatus or components and writing observations/output.

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LABORATORY REQUIREMENTS
(For a class of 30 students)

Name of Components Quantity
Sl. No.
1 Joystick 15

2 Accelerometer and Gyro Sensor 10

3 IR Sensor 15

4 Ultrasonic Sensor 15

5 PIR Motion Sensor 15

6 Temp. Sensor 15

7 Soil Moisture Sensor 15

8 Gas detector Sensor 15

9 Trimmer Potentiometer 15

10 Mini micro submersible water pump 5

11 Wheel 65mm 4

12 BO Wheel 70mm 4

13 Water flow measurement sensor 1

14 LED Matrix4 in 1 display 5

15 Switch keyboard 5

16 Bluetooth Module with button 10

17 BO Motor straight 15

18 Motor driver module (L298N) 10

19 Servo motor 15

20 Stepper Motor (D Type shaft) 5

21 Breadboard 400 Pin 10

22 Lithium Polymer battery (2200mAh) 3

23 Buzzer (pack of 5 Nos) 2

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Name of Components Quantity
Sl. No.
24 Transistor 1

25 Linear Voltage Regulator (Pack of three) 5

26 Capacitor Assorted Kit 1

27 LED Assortment Kit 1

28 Metal Film Resistor 2

29 Digital Multimeter 2

30 Tactile Push Button Switch 6x6x5 (Pack of 10) 2

31 Soldering Iron with Solder Wire 2

32 Wire stripper and cutter 5

33 Mecanum Wheels (80MM) 4

34 LCD Display 10

35 Dupont Cable (40 pin) 10

36 Jumper wires (M & F , F & F M&M ) 20 each

37 Stepper motor driver 10

38 Hook up Wire Kit 2

39 Lithium Polymer Battery (1000mAh) 30

40 SPST Rocker Switch 10

41 Digital LDR Module 15

42 Arduino UNO with cable 45

43 Battery holder 10

44 Battery with connector 15

45 Raspberry Pi 5, 8 GB / ESP32 5

46 Measuring Tape 5M 1

47 Screw Driver set 1

48 Parallel Charging Board (pack of 6) 1
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Name of Components Quantity
Sl. No.
49 Multipurpose PCB Ruler 1

50 Omni Wheel (90 mm) 4

51 NodeMcu (ESP8266 V3 Lua CH340 Wifi Dev. Board) 10

52 LDR 5mm (Pack of 10) 2

53 Dust Smoke particle Sensor (PM2.5) 1

54 Light Assorted Kit 2

55 Proto Screw Shield 5
Computer Desktop System
Configuration: 10
(Dell Optiplex 3000 Desktop
12th Generation Intel Core I5-12500
Processor Intel B660 Chipset
2GB NVidai Dedicated Graphics
ENERGY STAR Qualified
8GB, DDR4, Non-ECC Ram 3200 Mhz
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M.2 512GB Gen 4 PCIe NVMe Solid State Drive
Power Cord 1M for India Dell USB Keyboard & Optical Mouse
Windows 11 Pro OEM with License
Dell 24” Display
Wifu Card + HDMI 1 Mtr. Cable
3 Years onsite Warranty
Micro-Tech UPS - 600 VA (15 mins)

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SAMPLE TABLE FOR PRACTICAL WORK

Assessment of Assessment of the Practical Examination TOTAL MARKS
Practical File (To be evaluated by the Visiting Examiner only) (Total Marks are to
Unique be added and
Identification Internal Visiting Algorithm C/Python Program Hard Output entered by the
S. No. Number (Unique Evaluation Examiner with internal Copy Visiting Examiner)
ID) of the 10 Marks 5 Marks Documentation (printout)
candidate 3 Marks 7 Marks 2 Marks 3 Marks 30 Marks

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Name of the Visiting Examiner:_________________________________
Signature: _______________________________
Date:___________________________________

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