NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Geography (Fundamental of physical geography) Chapter 11 World Climate and Climate Change
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Page 1
NCERT
SOLUTIONS
CLASS - 11th
aglase .co
SOLUTIONS
CLASS - 11th
aglase .co
Page 2
Book : Fundamental of Physical Geography Ncert Solutions | Chapter - 12 Social Science Geography
Class : 11th
Subject : Geography
Chapter : 12
Chapter Name : World Climate and Climate Change
Q1 Multiple choice questions.
(i) Which one of the following is suitable for Koeppen’s “A” type of climate?
(a) High rainfall in all the months
(b) Mean monthly temperature of the coldest month more than freezing point
(c) Mean monthly temperature of all the months more than 18o C
(d) Average temperature for all the months below 10° C
(ii) Koeppen’s system of classification of climates can be termed as :
(a) Applied
(b) Systematic
(c) Genetic
(d) Empirical
(iii) Most of the Indian Peninsula will be grouped according to Koeppen’s system under:
(a) “Af”
(b) “BSh”
(c) “Cfb”
Page 1 of 7
Class : 11th
Subject : Geography
Chapter : 12
Chapter Name : World Climate and Climate Change
Q1 Multiple choice questions.
(i) Which one of the following is suitable for Koeppen’s “A” type of climate?
(a) High rainfall in all the months
(b) Mean monthly temperature of the coldest month more than freezing point
(c) Mean monthly temperature of all the months more than 18o C
(d) Average temperature for all the months below 10° C
(ii) Koeppen’s system of classification of climates can be termed as :
(a) Applied
(b) Systematic
(c) Genetic
(d) Empirical
(iii) Most of the Indian Peninsula will be grouped according to Koeppen’s system under:
(a) “Af”
(b) “BSh”
(c) “Cfb”
Page 1 of 7
Page 3
Book : Fundamental of Physical Geography Ncert Solutions | Chapter - 12 Social Science Geography
(d) “Am”
(iv) Which one of the following years is supposed to have recorded the warmest temperature the
world over?
(a) 1990
(b) 1998
(c) 1885
(d) 1950
(v) Which one of the following groups of four climates represents humid conditions?
(a) A—B—C—E
(b) A—C—D—E
(c) B—C—D—E
(d) A—C—D—F
Answer.
(i) (a) High rainfall in all the months
(ii) (d) Empirical
(iii) (d) “Am”
(iv) (b) 1998
(v) (b) A—C—D—E
Page : 106 , Block Name : Multiple Choice Questions
Page 2 of 7
(d) “Am”
(iv) Which one of the following years is supposed to have recorded the warmest temperature the
world over?
(a) 1990
(b) 1998
(c) 1885
(d) 1950
(v) Which one of the following groups of four climates represents humid conditions?
(a) A—B—C—E
(b) A—C—D—E
(c) B—C—D—E
(d) A—C—D—F
Answer.
(i) (a) High rainfall in all the months
(ii) (d) Empirical
(iii) (d) “Am”
(iv) (b) 1998
(v) (b) A—C—D—E
Page : 106 , Block Name : Multiple Choice Questions
Page 2 of 7
Page 4
Book : Fundamental of Physical Geography Ncert Solutions | Chapter - 12 Social Science Geography
Q2 Answer the following questions in about 30 words.
(i) Which two climatic variables are used by Koeppen for classification of the climate?
(ii) How is the “genetic” system of classification different from the “empirical one”?
(iii) Which types of climates have very low range of temperature?
(iv) What type of climatic conditions would prevail if the sunspots increase?
Answer.
(i) The two climatic variables used by Koeppen for classification of the climate are temperature
and precipitation. He selected certain sets of temperature and precipitation and studies them in
relation to the distribution of vegetation and further used these values for classifying the climate.
(ii) The genetic classification tries to classify climates according to their causes whereas
empirical classification to classify the climate based on observed data of temperature and
precipitation.
(iii) The following types of climates have very low range of temperature.
→Tropical Wet Climate
→Tropical Monsoon
→Tropical Wet and Dry
(iv) Sunspots are dark and cooler patches on the sun which increase and decrease in a cyclical
manner. According to some meteorologists, when the number of sunspots increase, cooler and
wetter weather and greater storminess occur. A decrease in sunspot numbers is associated with
warmer and drier conditions.
Page : 106 , Block Name : Short Answer Question
Page 3 of 7
Q2 Answer the following questions in about 30 words.
(i) Which two climatic variables are used by Koeppen for classification of the climate?
(ii) How is the “genetic” system of classification different from the “empirical one”?
(iii) Which types of climates have very low range of temperature?
(iv) What type of climatic conditions would prevail if the sunspots increase?
Answer.
(i) The two climatic variables used by Koeppen for classification of the climate are temperature
and precipitation. He selected certain sets of temperature and precipitation and studies them in
relation to the distribution of vegetation and further used these values for classifying the climate.
(ii) The genetic classification tries to classify climates according to their causes whereas
empirical classification to classify the climate based on observed data of temperature and
precipitation.
(iii) The following types of climates have very low range of temperature.
→Tropical Wet Climate
→Tropical Monsoon
→Tropical Wet and Dry
(iv) Sunspots are dark and cooler patches on the sun which increase and decrease in a cyclical
manner. According to some meteorologists, when the number of sunspots increase, cooler and
wetter weather and greater storminess occur. A decrease in sunspot numbers is associated with
warmer and drier conditions.
Page : 106 , Block Name : Short Answer Question
Page 3 of 7
Page 5
Book : Fundamental of Physical Geography Ncert Solutions | Chapter - 12 Social Science Geography
Q3 Answer the following questions in about 150 words.
(i) Make a comparison of the climatic conditions between the “A” and “B” types of climate.
(ii) What type of vegetation would you find in the “C” and “A” type(s) of climate?
(iii) What do you understand by the term “Greenhouse Gases”? Make a list of greenhouse
gases.
Answer.
(i) Group A : Tropical Humid Climates
Tropical humid climates exist between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn. The sun
being overhead throughout the year and the presence of Inter Tropical Convergence Zone
(ITCZ) make the climate hot and humid. Annual range of temperature is very low and annual
rainfall is high. The tropical group is divided into three types :-
➔ Af- Tropical wet climate
➔ Am - Tropical monsoon climate
➔ Aw- Tropical wet and dry climate
Type Letter code Characteristics
Tropical wet climate Af Tropical wet climate is found near the equator.
Significant amount of rainfall occurs in every month of
the year as thunder showers in the afternoon. The
temperature is uniformly high and the annual range of
temperature is negligible. The maximum temperature
on any day is around 30°C while the minimum
temperature is around 20°C. Tropical evergreen
forests with dense canopy cover and large biodiversity
are found in this climate.
Page 4 of 7
Q3 Answer the following questions in about 150 words.
(i) Make a comparison of the climatic conditions between the “A” and “B” types of climate.
(ii) What type of vegetation would you find in the “C” and “A” type(s) of climate?
(iii) What do you understand by the term “Greenhouse Gases”? Make a list of greenhouse
gases.
Answer.
(i) Group A : Tropical Humid Climates
Tropical humid climates exist between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn. The sun
being overhead throughout the year and the presence of Inter Tropical Convergence Zone
(ITCZ) make the climate hot and humid. Annual range of temperature is very low and annual
rainfall is high. The tropical group is divided into three types :-
➔ Af- Tropical wet climate
➔ Am - Tropical monsoon climate
➔ Aw- Tropical wet and dry climate
Type Letter code Characteristics
Tropical wet climate Af Tropical wet climate is found near the equator.
Significant amount of rainfall occurs in every month of
the year as thunder showers in the afternoon. The
temperature is uniformly high and the annual range of
temperature is negligible. The maximum temperature
on any day is around 30°C while the minimum
temperature is around 20°C. Tropical evergreen
forests with dense canopy cover and large biodiversity
are found in this climate.
Page 4 of 7
Page 6
Book : Fundamental of Physical Geography Ncert Solutions | Chapter - 12 Social Science Geography
Tropical monsoon Am It is found over the Indian sub-continent, North
climate Eastern part of South America and Northern Australia.
Heavy rainfall occurs mostly in summer. Winter is dry
Tropical wet and Aw It occurs north and south of Af type climate regions. It
dry climate borders with dry climate on the western part of the
continent and Cf or Cw on the eastern part.The
annual rainfall in this climate is considerably less than
that in Af and Am climate types and is variable also.
The wet season is shorter and the dry season is
longer with the drought being more severe.
Temperature is high throughout the year and diurnal
ranges of temperature are the greatest in the dry
season. Deciduous forest and tree-shredded
grasslands occur in this climate.
Group B : Dry Climates
Dry climates are characterised by very low rainfall that is not adequate for the growth of plants.
These climates cover a very large area of the planet extending over large latitudes from 15° -
60° north and south of the equator. Dry climates are divided into steppe or semi-arid climate
(BS) and desert climate (BW). They are further subdivided as subtropical steppe (BSh) and
subtropical desert (BWh) at latitudes from 15° - 35° and mid-latitude steppe (BSk) and
mid-latitude desert (BWk) at latitudes between 35° - 60°.
Type Letter Code Characteristics
Subtropical steppe BSh Evaporation exceeds precipitation on average
but is less than potential evaporation. Average
temperature is more than.These climates tend
to have hot, sometimes extremely hot
summers and warm to cool winters, with some
to minimal precipitation
Page 5 of 7
Tropical monsoon Am It is found over the Indian sub-continent, North
climate Eastern part of South America and Northern Australia.
Heavy rainfall occurs mostly in summer. Winter is dry
Tropical wet and Aw It occurs north and south of Af type climate regions. It
dry climate borders with dry climate on the western part of the
continent and Cf or Cw on the eastern part.The
annual rainfall in this climate is considerably less than
that in Af and Am climate types and is variable also.
The wet season is shorter and the dry season is
longer with the drought being more severe.
Temperature is high throughout the year and diurnal
ranges of temperature are the greatest in the dry
season. Deciduous forest and tree-shredded
grasslands occur in this climate.
Group B : Dry Climates
Dry climates are characterised by very low rainfall that is not adequate for the growth of plants.
These climates cover a very large area of the planet extending over large latitudes from 15° -
60° north and south of the equator. Dry climates are divided into steppe or semi-arid climate
(BS) and desert climate (BW). They are further subdivided as subtropical steppe (BSh) and
subtropical desert (BWh) at latitudes from 15° - 35° and mid-latitude steppe (BSk) and
mid-latitude desert (BWk) at latitudes between 35° - 60°.
Type Letter Code Characteristics
Subtropical steppe BSh Evaporation exceeds precipitation on average
but is less than potential evaporation. Average
temperature is more than.These climates tend
to have hot, sometimes extremely hot
summers and warm to cool winters, with some
to minimal precipitation
Page 5 of 7
Page 7
Book : Fundamental of Physical Geography Ncert Solutions | Chapter - 12 Social Science Geography
Subtropical desert BWh Evaporation exceeds precipitation on average
but is less than half of potential evaporation.
Average temperature is more than l8°. Frost is
absent or infrequent. Also known as an arid
climate, is a climate that does not meet the
criteria to be classified as a polar climate, and
in which precipitation is too low to sustain any
vegetation at all, or at most a very scanty
shrub.
Mid-latitude steppe BSk Evaporation exceeds precipitation on average
but is less than potential evaporation. Average
temperature is less than 18°C.
Mid-latitude desert BWk Evaporation exceeds precipitation on average
but is less than half potential evaporation.
Average temperature is less than 18°C.
Winter has below freezing temperatures.
(ii)
Group Type Letter Type of vegetation
Code
Tropical Wet Af Tropical evergreen rain forests
with dense canopy cover and
large biodiversity are found in this
climate.
A-Tropical Humid Tropical Monsoon Am Tropical Evergreen Forest
Climate
Tropical Wet and dry Aw Deciduous forest and
tree-shredded grasslands occur in
this climate.
Page 6 of 7
Subtropical desert BWh Evaporation exceeds precipitation on average
but is less than half of potential evaporation.
Average temperature is more than l8°. Frost is
absent or infrequent. Also known as an arid
climate, is a climate that does not meet the
criteria to be classified as a polar climate, and
in which precipitation is too low to sustain any
vegetation at all, or at most a very scanty
shrub.
Mid-latitude steppe BSk Evaporation exceeds precipitation on average
but is less than potential evaporation. Average
temperature is less than 18°C.
Mid-latitude desert BWk Evaporation exceeds precipitation on average
but is less than half potential evaporation.
Average temperature is less than 18°C.
Winter has below freezing temperatures.
(ii)
Group Type Letter Type of vegetation
Code
Tropical Wet Af Tropical evergreen rain forests
with dense canopy cover and
large biodiversity are found in this
climate.
A-Tropical Humid Tropical Monsoon Am Tropical Evergreen Forest
Climate
Tropical Wet and dry Aw Deciduous forest and
tree-shredded grasslands occur in
this climate.
Page 6 of 7
Page 8
Book : Fundamental of Physical Geography Ncert Solutions | Chapter - 12 Social Science Geography
Humid Subtropical Cfa Broadleaf Forest
C-Warm Mediterranean Cs Evergreen Broadleaf forest
temperate
(Mid-latitude)
Climate
Marine west coast Cfb Broadleaf forest
(iii) The atmosphere transmits the incoming solar radiation but absorbs the vast majority of long
wave radiation emitted upwards by the earth’s surface. The gases that absorb long wave
radiation are called greenhouse gases.
The primary GHGs are :-
➔ Carbon dioxide (CO2 )
➔ Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
➔ Methane (CH4 )
➔ Nitrous oxide (N2O)
➔ Ozone (O3 )
Some other gases such as nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO) easily react with GHGs
and affect their concentration in the atmosphere.
Page : 106 , Block Name : Long Answer Question
Page 7 of 7
Humid Subtropical Cfa Broadleaf Forest
C-Warm Mediterranean Cs Evergreen Broadleaf forest
temperate
(Mid-latitude)
Climate
Marine west coast Cfb Broadleaf forest
(iii) The atmosphere transmits the incoming solar radiation but absorbs the vast majority of long
wave radiation emitted upwards by the earth’s surface. The gases that absorb long wave
radiation are called greenhouse gases.
The primary GHGs are :-
➔ Carbon dioxide (CO2 )
➔ Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
➔ Methane (CH4 )
➔ Nitrous oxide (N2O)
➔ Ozone (O3 )
Some other gases such as nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO) easily react with GHGs
and affect their concentration in the atmosphere.
Page : 106 , Block Name : Long Answer Question
Page 7 of 7
Document Details
| Board / Org | NCERT |
| Exam | Class 11 |
| Type | Solution |
| Pages | 8 |
| Updated | 30 Apr 2026 |