NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Geography (Practical Work in Geography) Chapter 4 Map Projections
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Page 1
NCERT
SOLUTIONS
CLASS - 11th
aglase .co
SOLUTIONS
CLASS - 11th
aglase .co
Page 2
Book : Practical Work in Geography Ncert Solutions | Chapter - 4 Social Science Geography
Class : 11th
Subject : Geography
Chapter : 4
Chapter Name : Map Projections
Q1 Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below:
(i) A map projection least suitable for the world map :
(a) Mercator
(b) Simple Cylindrical
(c) Conical
(d) All the above
(ii) A map projection that is neither the equal area nor the correct shape and even the
directions are also incorrect
(a) Simple Conical
(b) Polar zenithal
(c) Mercator
(d) Cylindrical
(iii) A map projection having correct direction and correct shape but area greatly
exaggerated polewards is
(a) Cylindrical Equal Area
(b) Mercator
(c) Conical
(d) All the above
(iv) When the source of light is placed at the centre of the globe, the resultant projection
is called
(a) Orthographic
(b) Stereographic
(c) Gnomonic
(d) All the above
(i) -(c ) Conical
Page 1 of 6
Class : 11th
Subject : Geography
Chapter : 4
Chapter Name : Map Projections
Q1 Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below:
(i) A map projection least suitable for the world map :
(a) Mercator
(b) Simple Cylindrical
(c) Conical
(d) All the above
(ii) A map projection that is neither the equal area nor the correct shape and even the
directions are also incorrect
(a) Simple Conical
(b) Polar zenithal
(c) Mercator
(d) Cylindrical
(iii) A map projection having correct direction and correct shape but area greatly
exaggerated polewards is
(a) Cylindrical Equal Area
(b) Mercator
(c) Conical
(d) All the above
(iv) When the source of light is placed at the centre of the globe, the resultant projection
is called
(a) Orthographic
(b) Stereographic
(c) Gnomonic
(d) All the above
(i) -(c ) Conical
Page 1 of 6
Page 3
Book : Practical Work in Geography Ncert Solutions | Chapter - 4 Social Science Geography
(ii) -(a) Simple Conical
(iii) -(b) Mercator
(iv) -(c ) Gnomonic
Page : 47 , Block Name : Exercises
Q2 Answer the following questions in about 30 words:
(i) Describe the elements of map projection.
(ii) What do you mean by global property?
(iii) Not a single map projection represents the globe truly. Why?
(iv) How is the area kept equal in cylindrical equal area projection?
(i) The elements of map projection are Reduced Earth, Parallels of Latitude, Meridians
of Longitude and Global Property.
(ii) While preparing a map projection, there are certain properties that need to be
preserved using certain methods. These properties are called global properties and
have been listed below:
1. Distance between any given points of a region
2. Shape of the region
3. Size or area of the region in accuracy
4. Direction of any one point of the region bearing to another point.
(iii) For a map projection to be truly accurate, it needs to preserve all four of the global
properties. But none of the projections can preserve all of them simultaneously, hence
not a single map projection represents the globe truly.
(iv) In a cylindrical equal area projection, the surface area of the globe is projected on a
cylinder with parallel rays meeting at the equator. Since the longitudes and latitudes
intersect each other at right angles, the area is equal.
Page : 47 , Block Name : Exercises
Page 2 of 6
(ii) -(a) Simple Conical
(iii) -(b) Mercator
(iv) -(c ) Gnomonic
Page : 47 , Block Name : Exercises
Q2 Answer the following questions in about 30 words:
(i) Describe the elements of map projection.
(ii) What do you mean by global property?
(iii) Not a single map projection represents the globe truly. Why?
(iv) How is the area kept equal in cylindrical equal area projection?
(i) The elements of map projection are Reduced Earth, Parallels of Latitude, Meridians
of Longitude and Global Property.
(ii) While preparing a map projection, there are certain properties that need to be
preserved using certain methods. These properties are called global properties and
have been listed below:
1. Distance between any given points of a region
2. Shape of the region
3. Size or area of the region in accuracy
4. Direction of any one point of the region bearing to another point.
(iii) For a map projection to be truly accurate, it needs to preserve all four of the global
properties. But none of the projections can preserve all of them simultaneously, hence
not a single map projection represents the globe truly.
(iv) In a cylindrical equal area projection, the surface area of the globe is projected on a
cylinder with parallel rays meeting at the equator. Since the longitudes and latitudes
intersect each other at right angles, the area is equal.
Page : 47 , Block Name : Exercises
Page 2 of 6
Page 4
Book : Practical Work in Geography Ncert Solutions | Chapter - 4 Social Science Geography
Q3 Differentiate between—
(i) Developable and non-developable surfaces
(ii) Homolographic and orthographic projections
(iii) Normal and oblique projections
(iv) Parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude
(i)
Developable Surface Non-Developable Surface
1. It is a surface which can be It is a surface which cannot be flattened
flattened and a network of without breaking, shrinking or creasing.
longitudes and latitudes can be
projected.
2. Developable surfaces include Non Developable surfaces include
planes, cones and cylinders. globes and spheres.
(ii) Homolographic projections are those projections in which the latitudes and
longitudes are projected in such a way that area of every graticule on the map is equal
to the area of corresponding graticule on the globe. Hence, it is also called equal area
projection.
Orthographic projections, on the other hand are the projections in which the correct
shape of a particular area of the Earth's surface is preserved.
(iii) When the developable surface touches the globe at the equator, it is called a normal
projection. However, when the projection is tangential to any point between the poles
and the equator, it is called an orthogonal projection.
(iv)
Parallels of Latitude Meridians of Longitude
1. It is the angular distance of a It is the angular distance of a place, east
place, north or south of the or west of the Prime Meridian measured
equator measured in degrees, in degrees, minutes and seconds.
minutes and seconds.
2. It uses 0° Latitude as the It uses 0° Longitude as the reference,
reference, known as the equator. known as the Prime Meridian.
Page 3 of 6
Q3 Differentiate between—
(i) Developable and non-developable surfaces
(ii) Homolographic and orthographic projections
(iii) Normal and oblique projections
(iv) Parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude
(i)
Developable Surface Non-Developable Surface
1. It is a surface which can be It is a surface which cannot be flattened
flattened and a network of without breaking, shrinking or creasing.
longitudes and latitudes can be
projected.
2. Developable surfaces include Non Developable surfaces include
planes, cones and cylinders. globes and spheres.
(ii) Homolographic projections are those projections in which the latitudes and
longitudes are projected in such a way that area of every graticule on the map is equal
to the area of corresponding graticule on the globe. Hence, it is also called equal area
projection.
Orthographic projections, on the other hand are the projections in which the correct
shape of a particular area of the Earth's surface is preserved.
(iii) When the developable surface touches the globe at the equator, it is called a normal
projection. However, when the projection is tangential to any point between the poles
and the equator, it is called an orthogonal projection.
(iv)
Parallels of Latitude Meridians of Longitude
1. It is the angular distance of a It is the angular distance of a place, east
place, north or south of the or west of the Prime Meridian measured
equator measured in degrees, in degrees, minutes and seconds.
minutes and seconds.
2. It uses 0° Latitude as the It uses 0° Longitude as the reference,
reference, known as the equator. known as the Prime Meridian.
Page 3 of 6
Page 5
Book : Practical Work in Geography Ncert Solutions | Chapter - 4 Social Science Geography
3. There are 181 parallels of latitude. There are 360 meridians of longitude.
4. It is useful to determine the It is useful to determine the time zone of
temperature of a place. a place.
Page : 47 , Block Name : Exercises
Q4 Answer the following questions in not more than 125 words :
(i) Discuss the criteria used for classifying map projection and state the major
characteristics of each type of projection.
(ii) Which map projection is very useful for navigational purposes? Explain the
properties and limitations of this projection.
(iii) Discuss the main properties of conical projection with one standard parallel and
describe its major limitations.
(i) The criteria used for classifying the map projection are as follows:
● On the basis of drawing techniques, the projections can be either perspective,
non perspective and conventional.
● On the basis of developable surface, the projections can be either on a
developable surface or on a non developable surface.
● On the basis of global properties, the projections can be classified as equal area,
orthomorphic, azimuthal and equidistant projections.
● On the basis of source of light, the projections can be either gnomonic,
stereographic or orthographic.
(ii) The Mercator projection is very useful for navigational purposes. It is a mathematical
projection developed by a Dutch Cartographer named Mercator Gerardus Karmer in
1569.
Properties:
1. All parallels and meridians are straight lines and they intersect each other at right
angles.
2. All parallels have the same length which is equal to the length of equator.
3. All meridians have the same length and equal spacing. But they are longer than the
corresponding meridian on the globe.
4. Spacing between parallels increases towards the pole.
Page 4 of 6
3. There are 181 parallels of latitude. There are 360 meridians of longitude.
4. It is useful to determine the It is useful to determine the time zone of
temperature of a place. a place.
Page : 47 , Block Name : Exercises
Q4 Answer the following questions in not more than 125 words :
(i) Discuss the criteria used for classifying map projection and state the major
characteristics of each type of projection.
(ii) Which map projection is very useful for navigational purposes? Explain the
properties and limitations of this projection.
(iii) Discuss the main properties of conical projection with one standard parallel and
describe its major limitations.
(i) The criteria used for classifying the map projection are as follows:
● On the basis of drawing techniques, the projections can be either perspective,
non perspective and conventional.
● On the basis of developable surface, the projections can be either on a
developable surface or on a non developable surface.
● On the basis of global properties, the projections can be classified as equal area,
orthomorphic, azimuthal and equidistant projections.
● On the basis of source of light, the projections can be either gnomonic,
stereographic or orthographic.
(ii) The Mercator projection is very useful for navigational purposes. It is a mathematical
projection developed by a Dutch Cartographer named Mercator Gerardus Karmer in
1569.
Properties:
1. All parallels and meridians are straight lines and they intersect each other at right
angles.
2. All parallels have the same length which is equal to the length of equator.
3. All meridians have the same length and equal spacing. But they are longer than the
corresponding meridian on the globe.
4. Spacing between parallels increases towards the pole.
Page 4 of 6
Page 6
Book : Practical Work in Geography Ncert Solutions | Chapter - 4 Social Science Geography
5. Scale along the equator is correct as it is equal to the length of the equator on the
globe; but other parallels are longer than the corresponding parallel on the globe; hence
the scale is not correct along them. For example, the 30º parallel is 1.154 times longer
than the corresponding parallel on the globe.
6. Shape of the area is maintained, but at the higher latitudes distortion takes place.
7. The shape of small countries near the equator is truly preserved while it increases
towards poles.
8. It is an azimuthal projection.
9. This is an orthomorphic projection as scale along the meridian is equal to the scale
along the parallel.
Limitations:
1. There is greater exaggeration of scale along the parallels and meridians in high
latitudes. As a result, size of the countries near the pole is highly exaggerated. For
example, the size of Greenland equals to the size of USA, whereas it is 1/10th of USA.
2. Poles in this projection cannot be shown as 90º parallel and meridian touching them
are infinite.
(iii) A conical projection is one which is drawn by projecting the image of a graticule of a
globe on a developable cone which touches the globe along a parallel. This parallel is
taken as a standard and the other parallels are distorted in length.
Properties:
1. All the parallels are arcs of concentric circle and are equally spaced.
2. All meridians are straight lines merging at the pole. The meridians intersect the
parallels at right angles.
3. The scale along all meridians is true, i.e. distances along the meridians are accurate.
4. An arc of a circle represents the pole.
5. The scale is true along the standard parallel but exaggerated away from the standard
parallel.
6. Meridians become closer to each other towards the pole.
7. This projection is neither equal area nor orthomorphic.
Limitations:
1. It is not suitable for a world map due to extreme distortions in the hemisphere
opposite the one in which the standard parallel is selected.
2. Even within the hemisphere, it is not suitable for representing larger areas as the
distortion along the pole and near the equator is larger.
Page 5 of 6
5. Scale along the equator is correct as it is equal to the length of the equator on the
globe; but other parallels are longer than the corresponding parallel on the globe; hence
the scale is not correct along them. For example, the 30º parallel is 1.154 times longer
than the corresponding parallel on the globe.
6. Shape of the area is maintained, but at the higher latitudes distortion takes place.
7. The shape of small countries near the equator is truly preserved while it increases
towards poles.
8. It is an azimuthal projection.
9. This is an orthomorphic projection as scale along the meridian is equal to the scale
along the parallel.
Limitations:
1. There is greater exaggeration of scale along the parallels and meridians in high
latitudes. As a result, size of the countries near the pole is highly exaggerated. For
example, the size of Greenland equals to the size of USA, whereas it is 1/10th of USA.
2. Poles in this projection cannot be shown as 90º parallel and meridian touching them
are infinite.
(iii) A conical projection is one which is drawn by projecting the image of a graticule of a
globe on a developable cone which touches the globe along a parallel. This parallel is
taken as a standard and the other parallels are distorted in length.
Properties:
1. All the parallels are arcs of concentric circle and are equally spaced.
2. All meridians are straight lines merging at the pole. The meridians intersect the
parallels at right angles.
3. The scale along all meridians is true, i.e. distances along the meridians are accurate.
4. An arc of a circle represents the pole.
5. The scale is true along the standard parallel but exaggerated away from the standard
parallel.
6. Meridians become closer to each other towards the pole.
7. This projection is neither equal area nor orthomorphic.
Limitations:
1. It is not suitable for a world map due to extreme distortions in the hemisphere
opposite the one in which the standard parallel is selected.
2. Even within the hemisphere, it is not suitable for representing larger areas as the
distortion along the pole and near the equator is larger.
Page 5 of 6
Page 7
Book : Practical Work in Geography Ncert Solutions | Chapter - 4 Social Science Geography
Page : 48 , Block Name : Exercises
Page 6 of 6
Page : 48 , Block Name : Exercises
Page 6 of 6
Document Details
| Board / Org | NCERT |
| Exam | Class 11 |
| Type | Solution |
| Pages | 7 |
| Updated | 30 Apr 2026 |