TS CPGET 2023 Syllabus Science - M.Sc

61. BOTANY
Part-A (40 Marks):

Microbial Diversity :
Bacteria: Structure, nutrition, reproduction and economic importance. An outline of plant
diseases of important crop plants caused by bacteria and their control with reference to Angular
leaf spot of cotton and Bacterial blight of Rice. Brief account of Archaebacteria, Actinomycetes.
General account of Mycoplasma with reference to Little leaf of brinjal and Papaya leaf curl.
Viruses: Structure, replication and transmission; plant diseases caused by viruses and their
control with reference to Tobacco Mosaic and Rice Tungro.
Algae
Algae: General characters, structure, reproduction and classification of algae (Fritsch).
Cyanobacteria: General characters, cell structure, thallus organisation and their significance as
biofertilizers with special reference to Oscillatoria, Nostoc and Anabaena.

Structure and reproduction of the following:
Chlorphyceae-Volvox, Oedogonium, Chara.
Phaeophyceae-Ectocarpus.
Rhodophyceae-Polysiphonia.

Fungi
Fungi: General characters and classification of fungi (Ainsworth). Structure and reproduction of
the following:
Mastigomycotina-Albugo
Zygomycotina-Mucor
Ascomycotina-Saccharomyces, Penicillium
Basidiomycotina- Puccinia
Deuteromucotina-Cercospora.
Lichens: Structure and reproduction; ecological and economic importance.

Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Paleobotany:
Bryophytes: Structure, reproduction, life cycle and systematic position of Marchantia,
Anthoceros and Polytrichum. Evolution of Sporophyte in Bryophytes. Pteridophytes: Structure,
reproduction, life cycle and systematic position of Rhynia, Lycopodium, Equisetum and Marsilea.
Stelar evolution, heterospory and seed habit in Pteridophytes. Gymnosperms: General
characters, structure, reproduction and classification (Sporne’s). Distribution and economic
importance of Gymnosperms. Morphology of vegetative and reproductive parts, systematic
position and life cycle of Pinus and Gnetum. Palaeobotany: Introduction, Fossils, types of fossils
and fossilization, Importance of fossils. Geological time scale.

Taxonomy of Angiosperms:
Principles of plant systematics, Types of classification: Artificial, Natural and Phylogenetic;
Systems of classification: Salient features and comparative account of Bentham & Hooker and
Engler & Prantle. An introduction to Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). Current concepts in
Angiosperm Taxonomy: Embryology in relation to taxonomy, Cytotaxonomy, Chemotaxonomy
and Numerical Taxonomy. Nomenclature and Taxonomic resources: An introduction to ICN,
Shenzen code - a brief account. Herbarium: Concept, techniques and applications. Systematic
study and economic importance of plants belonging to the families; Annonaceae, Capparidaceae,
Rutaceae, Fabaceae (Faboideae/papilionoideae, Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoideae), Cucurbitaceae,
Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Asclepiadaceae, Lamiaceae, Amaranthaceae, Euphorbiaceae,
Monocotyledons: Orchidaceae and Poaceae, Zinziberaceae.

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Ecology
Component of eco system, energy flow, food chain and food webs. Plants and environment,
ecological adaptations of plants, Hydrophytes, Xerophytes and Mesophytes. Plant Succession
serial stages, modification of environment, climax formation with reference to Hydrosere and
Xerosere. Generalaccount of adaptations in xerophytes and hydrophytes.

Part-B (60 Marks)
Plant Anatomy
Meristems: Types, histological organization of shoot and root apices and theories. Tissues and
Tissue Systems: Simple, complex and special tissues. Leaf: Ontogeny, diversity of internal
structure; stomata and epidermal outgrowths. Stem and root anatomy: Vascular cambium -
Formation and function. Anomalous secondary growth of Stem - Achyranthes, Boerhaavia,
Bignonia, Dracaena; Root– Beta vulgaris. Wood structure: General account. Study of local
timbers – Teak, Rosewood, Red sanders, Nallamaddi and Neem.

Embryology
History and importance of Embryology. Anther structure, Microsporogenesis and development of
male gametophyte. Ovule structure and types; Megasporogenesis; types and development of
female gametophyte. Pollen morphology, pollination and fertilization, Pollination – Types, Pollen
- pistil interaction, double fertilization. Seed structure appendages and dispersal mechanisms.
Endosperm - Development and types. Embryo - development and type, Polyembryony and
Apomixis - an outline.

Cell Biology
Plant cell envelops: Ultra structure of cell wall, Models of membrane structure, structure and
functions of Semi permeable Plasma membrane. Cell Organelles: Structure and
semiautonomous nature of Mitochondria and Chloroplast. Nucleus: Ultra structure, types and
functions of DNA & RNA. Mitochondrial DNA & Plastid DNA and Plasmids. Chromosomes:
Morphology, organization of DNA in a chromosome, Euchromatin and Heterochromatin,
Karyotype. Special types of chromosomes: Lampbrush and Polytene chromosomes. Cell division:
Cell and its regulation; mitosis, meiosis and their significance

Genetics
Mendelism: History, Principles of inheritance, Chromosome theory of inheritance, Autosomes
and sex chromosomes, Incomplete dominance and Co-dominance. Multiple alleles, Lethal alleles,
Epistasis, Recessive and Dominant traits, Polygenic inheritance. Linkage and crossing over,
Recombination frequency, two factor and three factor crosses; Interference and coincidence.
Numericals based on gene mapping; Sex Linkage.Variation in chromosome number and
structure: Deletion, Duplication, Inversion, Translocation, Position effect, Euploidy and
Aneuploidy. Gene mutations: Types of mutations; Molecular basis of Mutations; Mutagens-
physical and chemical (Base analogs, deaminating, alkylating and intercalating agents).

Plant Physiology
Plant -water Relations: Water potential, osmosis, osmotic and pressure potential, absorption
and transport of water. Mineral Nutrition: Essential micro & macro nutrients and symptoms of
mineral deficiency. Transpiration: Stomatal structure and movement. Mechanism of phloem
transport. Enzymes: Nomenclature, properties, Classification and factors regulating enzyme
activity. Photosynthesis: Photosynthetic pigments, Cyclic and Non-cyclic Photophosphorylation.
Carbon assimilation pathways: C3, C4 and CAM. Respiration: Aerobic and Anaerobic;
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Nitrogen Metabolism: Biological nitrogen
fixation. Physiological role of Phytohormones: Auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ABA, ethylene and
Brassinosteroids.

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62. CHEMISTRY

Part-A (40 Marks)
Coordination Compounds, Applications of Coordination Compounds, Organo metallic Chemistry,
Metal Carbonyls and Related Compounds, Bioinorganic Chemistry, Hard and Soft Acids and
Bases (HSAB). Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives, synthesis Based on Carbanions, Nitro
Hydrocarbons, Amines, Cyanides and Isocyanides, Heterocyclic Compounds, Carbohydrates,
Amino Acids and Proteins, Electrochemistry and Emf, Chemical Kinetics, Thermodynamics.
Photochemistry.

Part-B (60 Marks)
P-Block Elements, Chemistry of Zero Group Elements, Chemistry of d-Block Elements,
Chemistry of f-Block Elements, General Principles of Inorganic Qualitative Analysis,
Chemical Bonding, Molecular Orbital Theory, Theory of Quantitative Analysis, Theories
of Bonding in Metals. Structural Theory in Organic Chemistry, Acyclic Hydrocarbons,
alicyclic Hydrocarbons, aromatic Hydrocarbons, Halogen Compounds, Alcohols,
Phenols, Ethers and Epoxides, Carbonyl Compounds, Conformational Analysis,
Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds. Atomic Structure and Elementary Quantum
Mechanics, Gaseous State, Liquid State, Solutions, Dilute Solutions and Colligative
Properties, Solid State Chemistry, Phase Rule, Colloids and Surface Chemistry,
adsorption, Evaluation of Analytical Data.
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63. COMPUTER SCIENCE

Programming in C: (15 Marks)
Computer Fundamentals: Introduction of Computers, Classification of Computers, Anatomy of a
Computer, Memory Hierarchy, Introduction to OS, Operational Overview of a CPU.
Program Fundamentals: Generation and Classification of Programming Languages, Compiling,
Interpreting, Loading, Linking of a Program, Developing Program, Software Development.
Algorithms: Definitions, Different Ways of Stating Algorithms (Step-form, Pseudo-code, Flowchart),
Strategy for Designing Algorithms, Structured Programming Concept.
Basics of C: Overview of C, Developing Programs in C, Parts of Simple C Program, Structure of a C
Program, Comments, Program Statements, C Tokens, Keywords, Identifiers, Data Types, Variables,
Constants, Operators and Expressions, Expression Evaluation–precedence and associativity , Type
Conversions.
Input-Output: Non-formatted and Formatted Input and Output Functions, Escape Sequences,
Control Statements: Selection Statements – if, if-else, nested if, nested if-else, comma operator,
conditional operator, switch; Iterative Statements–while, for, do-while; Special Control Statement–goto,
break, continue, return, exit.
Arrays and Strings: One-dimensional Arrays, Character Arrays, Functions from ctype.h, string.h,
Multidimensional Arrays.
Functions: Concept of Function, Using Functions, Call-by-Value Vs Call-by-reference, Passing Arrays to
Functions, Score of Variables, Storage Classes, Inline Functions, and Recursion.
Pointers: Introduction, Address of Operator (&), Pointer, Uses of Pointers, Arrays and Pointers, Pointers
and Strings, Pointers to Pointers, Array of Pointers, Pointer to Array, Dynamic Memory Allocation.
User-defined Data Types: Declaring a Structure (Union) and its members, Initialization Structure
(Union), Accessing members of a Structure (Union), Array of Structures (Union), Structures verses
Unions, Enumeration Types.
Files: Introduction, Using Files in C, Working with Text Files, Working with Binary Files, Files of
Records, Random Access to Files of Records, Other File Management Functions.

Textbook: Pradip Dey, Manas Ghosh, Computer Fundamentals and Programming in C (2e)

Programming in C++ (18 Marks)

Introduction to C++: Applications, Example Programs, Tokens, Data Types, Operators, Expressions,
Control Structures, Arrays, Strings, Pointers, Searching and Sorting Arrays.
Functions: Introduction, Prototype, Passing Data by Value, Reference Variables, Using Reference
Variables as Parameters, Inline Functions, Default Arguments, Overloading Functions, Passing Arrays to
Functions.
Object Oriented Programming: Procedural and Object-Oriented Programming, Terminology, Benefits,
OOP Languages, and OOP Applications. Classes: Introduction, Defining an Instance of a Class, Why
Have Private Members? Separating Class Specification from Implementation, Inline Member Functions,
Constructors, Passing Arguments to Constructors, Destructors, Overloading Constructors, Private
Member Functions, Arrays of Objects, Instance and Static Members, Friends of Classes, Member-wise
Assignment, Copy Constructors, Operator Overloading, Object Conversion, Aggregation

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Inheritance: Introduction, Protected Members and Class Access, Base Class Access Specification,
Constructors and Destructors in Base and Derived Classes, Class Hierarchies, Polymorphism-Function
Overloading, Function Overriding and Virtual Member Functions, Abstract Base Classes and Pure Virtual
Functions, Multiple Inheritance.
C++ Streams: Stream Classes, Unformatted I/O Operations, Formatted I/O Operations.
Exceptions: Introduction, Throwing an Exception, Handling an Exception, Object-Oriented Exception
Handling with Classes, Multiple Exceptions, Extracting Data from the Exception Class, Re-throwing an
Exception.
Templates: Function Templates–Introduction, Function Templates with Multiple Type, Overloading with
Function Templates, Class Templates – Introduction, Defining Objects of the Class Template, Class
Templates and Inheritance, , Introduction to the STL.

Textbook: Tony Gaddis, Starting out with C++: from control structures through objects (7e)

Data Structures using C++ (17 Marks)

Basic data Structure: Introduction to Data Structures, Types of Data Structures, and Introduction to
Algorithms, Pseudo code, and Relationship among data, data structures, and algorithms,
Implementation of data structures, Analysis of Algorithms.
Stacks: Concept of Stacks and Queues, Stacks, Stack Abstract Data Type, Representation of Stacks Using
Sequential Organization (Arrays), Multiple Stacks, Applications of Stack, Expression Evaluation and
Conversion, Polish notation and expression conversion, Processing of Function Calls, Reversing a String
with a Stack, Recursion.
Recursion: Introduction, Recurrence, Use of Stack in Recursion, Variants of Recursion, Recursive
Functions, Iteration versus Recursion.
Queues: Concept of Queues, Queue as Abstract Data Type, Realization of Queues Using Arrays, Circular
Queue, Multi-queues, Dequeue, Priority Queue, Applications of Queues,
Linked Lists: Introduction, Linked List, Linked List Abstract Data Type, Linked List Variants, Doubly
Linked List, Circular Linked List, Representation of Sparse Matrix Using Linked List, Linked Stack,
Linked Queue.
Trees: Introduction, Types of Trees, Binary Tree, Binary Tree Abstract Data Type, Realization of a
Binary Tree, Insertion of a Node in Binary Tree, Binary Tree Traversal, Other Tree Operations, Binary
Search Tree, Threaded Binary Tree, Applications of Binary Trees.
Searching and Sorting: Search Techniques-Linear Search, Binary Search, Sorting Techniques- Selection
Sort, Bubble Sort, Insertion Sort, Merge Sort, Quick Sort, Comparison of All Sorting Methods, Search
Trees: Symbol Table, Optimal Binary Search Tree, AVL Tree (Height-balanced Tree).
Graphs: Introduction, Representation of Graphs, Graph Traversal – Depth First Search, Breadth First
Search, Spanning Tree, Prim’s Algorithm, Kruskal’s Algorithm.
Hashing: Introduction, Key Terms and Issues, Hash Functions, Collision Resolution Strategies, Hash
Table Overflow, Extendible Hashing
Heaps: Basic Concepts, Implementation of Heap, Heap as Abstract Data Type, Heap Sort,
HeapApplications.

Text books: 1. Varsha H. Patil “Data structures using C++”

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Data Base Management Systems: (20 Marks)
Introduction: Database-System Applications, Purpose of Database Systems, View of Data, Database
Languages, Relational Databases, Database Design, Data Storage and Querying, Transaction
Management, Database Architecture, Database Users and Administrators.
Introduction to the Relational Model: Structure of Relational Databases, Database
Schema, Keys, Schema Diagrams, Relational Query Languages, Relational Operations.
Database Design and the E-R Model: Overview of the Design Process, The Entity- Relationship Model,
Constraints, Removing Redundant Attributes in Entity Sets, Entity-Relationship Diagrams, Reduction to
Relational Schemas, Entity-Relationship Design Issues, Extended E-R Features, Alternative Notations for
Modeling Data, Other Aspects of Database Design.
Relational Database Design: Features of Good Relational Designs, Atomic Domains and First Normal
Form, Decomposition Using Functional Dependencies, Functional- Dependency Theory, Decomposition
Using Multivalued Dependencies, Normal Forms-2 NF, 3 NF, BCNF, The Database Design Methodology
for Relational Databases.
Introduction to SQL: Overview of the SQL Query Language, SQL Data Definition, Basic Structure of
SQL Queries, Additional Basic Operations, Set Operations, Null Values, Aggregate Functions, Nested
Subqueries, Modification of the Database.
Intermediate SQL: Join Expressions, Views, Transactions, Integrity Constraints, SQL Data Types and
Schemas, Authorization.
Advanced SQL: Accessing SQL from a Programming Language, Functions and Procedures, Triggers,
Recursive Queries.

Transaction Management: Transaction Support–Properties of Transactions, Database Architecture,
Concurrency Control–The Need for Concurrency Control, Serializability and Recoverability, Locking
Methods, Deadlock, Time Stamping Methods, Multi-version Timestamp Ordering, Optimistic
Techniques, Granularity of Data Items, Database Recovery–The Need for Recovery, Transactions and
Recovery, Recovery Facilities, Recovery Techniques, Nested Transaction Model. Security: Database
Security–Threats, Computer-Based Controls–Authorization, Access Controls, Views, Backup and
Recovery, Integrity, Encryption, RAID.

Text book: Silberschatz, H. Korth and S. Sudarshan, Database System Concepts, 6th Ed., Tata McGraw
Hill, 2011

Programming in Java: (15 Marks)
Introduction: Java Essentials, JVM, Java Features, Creation and Execution of Programs, Data Types,
Structure of Java Program, Type Casting, Conditional Statements, Loops, Classes, Objects, Class
Declaration, Creating Objects.
Method Declaration and Invocation, Method Overloading, Constructors – Parameterized Constructors,
Constructor Overloading, Cleaning-up unused Objects. Class Variables &Method-static Keyword, this
Keyword, One-Dimensional Arrays, Two-Dimensional Arrays, Command-Line Arguments, Inner Class.
Inheritance: Introduction, Types of Inheritance, extends Keyword, Examples, Method Overriding, super,
final Keyword, Abstract classes, Interfaces, Abstract Classes Verses Interfaces.
Packages: Creating and Using Packages, Access Protection, Wrapper Classes, String Class, StringBuffer
Class.
Exception: Introduction, Types, Exception Handling Techniques, User-Defined Exception.

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Multithreading: Introduction, Main Thread and Creation of New Threads –By Inheriting the Thread Class
or Implementing the Runnable Interface, Thread Lifecycle, Thread Priority and Synchronization.
Input/Output: Introduction, java.io Package, File Streams, FileInputStream Class, FileOutputStream
Class, Scanner Class, BufferedInputStream Class, BufferedOutputStream Class, RandomAccessFile
Class.
Applets: Introduction, Example, Life Cycle, Applet Class, Common Methods Used in Displaying the
Output (Graphics Class).
Event Handling: Introduction, Types of Events, Example.
AWT: Introduction, Components, Containers, Button, Label, Checkbox, Radio Buttons, Container Class,
Layouts.
Swings: Introduction, Differences between Swing and AWT, JFrame, JApplet, JPanel, Components in
Swings, Layout Managers, JTable.

Text Book: Sachin Malhotra, Saurabh Choudhary, Programming in Java (2e)

Web Technologies: (15 Marks)
Introduction To XHTML– Introduction, first HTML, Headings, Linking, Images, special characters and
horizontal rules, Lists, Tables, Frames, Forms, internal linking, meta Elements. CASCADING STYLE
SHEETS – Introduction, Inline Styles, Embedded Style Sheets, Conflicting Styles, Linking external
sheets, position Elements, box model and text flow, media types, building a CSS drop-down menu, user
style sheets, CSS3.
Introduction To Java Scripting- introduction, simple program, prompt dialog and alert boxes, memory
concepts, operators, decision making, control structures, if… else statement, while, counter-controlled
repetitions, switch statement, do… while statement, break and continue statements. Functions – program
modules in JavaScript, programmer–defined functions, functions definition, scope rules, global functions,
Recursion.
Arrays- introduction, declaring and allocating arrays, references and reference parameters, passing arrays
to functions. Multidimensional arrays, EVENTS – registering event handling, event onload,
onmouseover, onmouseout, onfocus, onblur, onsubmit, onreset, event bubbling, more events. JAVA
SCRIPT OBJECTS – introduction to object technology, Math Object, String Object, Date Object,
Boolean and Number Object, document and window Objects, using cookies.
XML - Introduction, XML Basics, Structuring Data, XML Namespaces, Document Type Definitions
(DTDs), W3C XML Schema Documents, XML Vocabularies, Extensible Style sheet Language and XSL
Transformations, Document Object Model (DOM).

Ajax-Enabled Rich Internet Applications: introduction, history of Ajax, traditional web applications Vs
Ajax Applications, RIAs with Ajax, Ajax example using XMLHttpRequest object, XML and DOM,
creating full scale Ajax-enabled application, Dojo Toolkit.

Text Book: Internet & World Wide Web: HOW TO PROGRAM- H. M. Deitel, P.J. Deitel, -
Fourth Edition- Pearson edition.

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64. ELECTRONICS

Part-A (40 Marks)
Digital Electronics:
1. Introduction to number systems, Logic gates OR, AND, NOT, XOR, NAND, NOR gates-Truth
tables-Positive and negative logic-Logic families and their characteristics-RTL, DTL, ECL, TTL
and CMOS.-Universal building blocks NAND and NOR gates. Laws of Boolean algebra De
Morgan’s Theorems-Boolean identities-Simplification of Boolean expressions-Karnaugh Maps-
Sum of Products (SOP) and Product of sums (POS).

2. Combinational and Sequential Circuits: Multiplexer and De-Multiplexer-Decoder, Half
adder, Full adder and Parallel adder circuits. Flip flops-Rs, D, JK and JK Maser-Slave (working
and truth tables) – Registers, Shift registers, Serial in Serial out, Serial in –parallel out, Parallel
in-Serial out and Parallel in Parallel out registers, -Synchronous and asynchronous binary
counters, Up/Down counters-Decade counter(7490)-working, truth tables and timing diagrams.
Semiconductor memories-RAM, ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM.

3. Digital Communication:
Fourier transforms, Properties of Fourier Transform, Sampling theorem, random signals and
noise, correlation and power spectrum. Analog to digital converter, digital to analog converters,
amplitude modulation, pulse width modulation. Pulse code modulation, pulse phase modulation,
delta modulation, adaptive delta modulation, amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying,
phase shift keying, quadrature amplitude modulation. Parity check, Hamming distance,
Hamming codes, cyclic codes, Manchester code, Walsh code, NRZ coding. Paging System, global
positioning system, cellular telephone, Facsimile and videotext.

Part-B (60 Marks):
Circuit Analysis and Electronic Devices:
1. AC Fundamentals: The sine wave-Average and RMS values, the Operator J, Phasor diagram-
Phasor representation of sinusoidal currents and voltages, Complex impedance and admittance,
Polar and rectangular forms of complex numbers, Circuit analysis using complex number
representation. 2. Passive networks: Concept of voltage and current sources-Kirchoffs Voltage
Law(KVL) and Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL)-Applications to simple networks consisting of
resistors with AC and DC sources-Solution of networks using node and mesh analysis. 3.
Network theorems (DC and AC): Superposition Theorem-Thevenin’s Theorem-Norton’s
Theorem-Maximun power transfer Theorem-Milliman’s Theorem-Reciprocity Theorem-
Applications to simple networks. 4. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope: Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) and
its working, electron gun, focusing, deflection sensitivity, fluorescent screen. 5. RC an RL
Circuits: Transient response of RL and RC circuits with step input-time constants. Frequency
response of RC and RL Circuits- Types of Filters: Low pass filter-High pass filter-Frequency
response-Passive differentiating and integrating circuits. 6. Resonance: Series resonance and
parallel resonance RLC Circuits-Resonant Frequency- Q factor-Band width-Selectivity. 7. PN
Junction: Depletion region-Junction capacitance- Diode equation (no derivation) – Effect of
temperature on reverse saturation current-V-I Characteristics and simple applications of
(i)junction diode (ii) Zener diode (iii) Tunnel diode and (iv) Varactor diode. 8. Bipolar Junction
Transistor (BJT): PNP and NPN transistors-current components in BJT-BJT static
characteristics(Input and Output)-Early effect-CB, CC, CE configurations (cutoff, active, and
saturation regions) CE configuration as two port network-h-parameters-h-parameter equivalent
circuit. Determination of h-parameters from the characteristics. Load line analysis. Transistor
Biasing-Fixed and self bias. 9. Field Effect Transistor (FET): Construction and working of JFET
and MOSFET- output and transfer characteristics-Determination of FET Parameters. Application
of FET as voltage variable resistor and MOSFET as a switch-Advantages of FET over BJT. 10.

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Uni Junction Transistor (UJT): Construction and working of UJT – Characteristics. Application
of UJT as a relaxation oscillator. 11. Sillicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR): Construction and
working of SCR. Two transistor representation, Characteristics of SCR. Application of SCR for
power control. 12. Photo Electronic Devices: Construction and characteristics of Light
Dependent Resistor (LDR), Photo voltaic cell, Photo diode, Photo transistor and Light Emitting
Diode (LED).

Analog Circuits and Communications:
1. Power Supplies: Rectifiers-Halfwave, fullwave and bridge rectifiers-Efficiency-Ripple factor-
Regulation – Harmonic components in rectified output – Types of filters- Choke input (inductor)
filter- Shunt capacitor filter-L section and π section filters- Block diagram of regulated power
supply – Series and shunt regulated power supplies – Three terminal regulators (78XX and
79XX) – Principle and working of switch mode power supply (SMPS). 2. RC Coupled Amplifier:
Analysis and frequency response of single stage RC coupled CE amplifier. 3. Feedback: Positive
and negative feedback – Effect of feedback on gain, band width, noise, input and output
impedances. 4. Operational Amplifiers: Differential amplifier Block diagram of Op-Amp-Ideal
characteristics of Op-Amp- Op- Amp parameters- Input resistance- Output resistance- Common
mode rejection ratio (CMMR)-Slew rate- Offset voltages-Input bias current-Basic Op-Amp
circuits- Inverting Op-Amp- Virtual ground-Non-inverting Op-Amp-Frequency response of Op-
Amp. Interpretation of Op-Amp data Sheets. 5. Applications of Op-Amps: Summing amplifier-
subtractor- Voltage follower- Integrator-Differentiator – Comparator- Logarithmic amplifier- Sine
wave [Wein Bridge] and square wave [Astable] generators- Triangular wave generator- Monostable
multivibrator- Solving simple second order differential equation. Basic Op-Amp series regulator
and shunt regulator – IC 555 Timer [Block diagram and its working] – IC 555 as monostable and
astable multivibrators. 6. Communications: Need for modulation-Types of modulation-
Amplitude, Frequency and Phase modulation. Amplitude modulation-side bands-modulation
index- square law diode modulator- Demodulation- diode detector. Frequency modulation
working of simple frequency modulator- Ratio detection of FM waves- Advantages of frequency
modulation. AM and FM radio receivers [block diagram approach].

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65. GEOGRAPHY

Part - A (40 Marks)
1. Human and Economic Geography: Nature and scope of Human Geography, Population
distribution and growth; human settlements, urbanization, migration; rural geography;
spatial structure and temporal trends of economic activity; Races of the world their
physical and socio-economic characteristics, Agriculture. Urban and Rural settlements.

2. Regional Geography of India with special reference to Telangana. a) Physiography,
Climate, vegetation, Soils & Drainage. b) Agriculture – Types of Agriculture, Food Crops,
Commercial crops – Distribution & Production patterns, Irrigation –Type of irrigation,
Projects – Multipurpose Projects. c) Minerals – Type, Distribution and Production d)
Industries – Types, Locational factors, Major Industries and distribution. Transport,
Trade – National & International.

3. Mapping Techniques: Types of maps, Scales, Projections, Graphs, Quantitative
techniques for central tendency measurements. Techniques of field Surveying; a) Plane
table b) Prismatic Compass c) Chain Survey.

Part– B (60 Marks)

1. Elements & Principles of Physical Geography : Lithosphere: A) Earth & Solar Systems,
Rocks, Interior of the earth, Earth movements Volcanoes & Earth quakes Isostacy
continental Drift, Cycle of Erosion, landforms made by River, Glacier, Wind, Underground
water. B) Atmosphere: Structure & Composition of atmosphere Insolation, Horizontal &
vertical Distribution of Temperature Pressure Belts, Planetary winds, Air masses, clouds
and Precipitation, Cyclones & Anti-cyclones, Koppen’s climatic classification, climatic
changes. C) Hydrosphere: Oceans, Submarine relief of oceans, properties of ocean water -
Temperature & salinity, Ocean currents, Tides, Ocean Deposits.
2. Economic Geography: Man- Environment relations, Primary, Secondary & Tertiary
activities., Resource - Types & Distribution, Conservation of Resources.

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66. GEOINFORMATICS

Part - A (40 Marks)
Interior of the Earth, Weathering, Erosional & Depositional Landforms - Cycle of Erosion,
Atmospheric Pressure & Winds, Insolation & Temperature distribution, forms of condensation,
Cyclones & Anticyclones, Classification of climates, submarine relief, Oceanic Circulation,
Oceanic resources; World population-distribution pattern, growth trends and density of
population, Patterns and processes of population migration, Concept of region, Industrial
location, Environmental Pollution, Urbanization Environmental Impact Assessment. Man
Environment relations, Primary, Secondary & Tertiary activities, Resource – Types &
Distribution, Conservation of Resources.

Part - B (60 Marks)
Map Scales, Types of Maps, Sampling, Relief Profiles, Graphic means of communication,
Projections, Digital Cartography, Data base management. GIS-Spatial Data Structures – Raster &
Vector, Non-Spatial Data structures-Hierarchical, Network, Relational and object oriented
models. Spatial Data Analysis-overlay, Buffering proximity. Aerial Photographs & satellite
imageries – High and Medium Resolution data, Utility of Aerial photographs, comparison of Aerial
photograph & Map, Digital image processing-supervised and unsupervised classification, Image
Rectification, ground truth location on satellite imagery, Remote sensing platforms & sensors,
Geo referencing, GPS concepts. Integration of GIS, RS & GPS-Their applications. Data base
connectivity in visual Basic. Fundamentals of C-Language, Internet Mapping.
Contributions of ISRO, NRSA, NIRD.

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67. GEOLOGY

Part - A (40 Marks)
Palaeontology: Definition of paleonotology, conditions of fossilization, modes of preservation, and
uses of fossils. Phylum Echinodermata and Phylum Brachiopod, Phylum Mollusca* and Phylum
Arthropoda* Study of the following fossils with respect to their classification, morphology, and
geological distribution: Cidaris, Micraster, Holaster, Hemiaster, Terebratula, Spirifer, Rhynchonella,
Productus, Turritella, Murex, Cypraea, Natica, Voluta, Pecten, Gryphaea, Glycimeris, Arca Cardita,
Exogyra, Nautilus, Ammonoids, Bellemnites, Calymene, Paradoxide. Plant fossils glossopteris,
gangamopteris, ptylophyllum.Indian Geology: Definition of stratigraphy, principles of stratigraphy,
standard geological time scale. Physiographic divisions of India with their stratigraphic and structural
characteristics. Dharwar system, cuddapah system; Vindhyan system; Kurnool system and
Gondwana System. Triassic of spiti, Jurassic of Kutch, Cretaceous of Tiruchinapalli, Deccan Traps
and their Age, Siwalliks with vertebrate fossils, Archaean – Proterozoic boundary problem and
cretaceous – Tertiary boundary problem. Geology of Andhra Pradesh.Economic Geology: Definition of
Economic geology, mineral resources and mineral deposit; importance of economic minerals and
rocks; ore minerals, gangue minerals (gangue), ore, industrial minerals, tenor and grade; syngenetic
deposits, epigenetic deposits. Classification of mineral deposits - Bateman’s classification modified by
Jensen. Processes of formation of mineral deposits; endogenetic and exogenetic processes - cavity
filling and replacement, sedimentation; residual and mechanical concentration; oxidation and
supergeneenrichment. Study of ore deposits of gold, copper, lead, zinc, aluminum, iron, manganese,
chromium, uranium and thorium, with respect to their mineralogy, uses, mode of occurrence (forms),
origin and distribution in India of the industrial minerals and rocks required for the following
industries; Abrasives, Cement, Ceramic & Glass, Fertilizers and Chemicals, Insulators, Refractories
and Fluxes. Fuels(Coal, Oil and natural gas) - their origin, occurrence and distribution in India, Major
mineral resources of Andhra Pradesh. Asbestos, Baryte, Bauxite,Coal, Clays, Gemstones, Limestone,
Manganese, Mica., Oil and Natural gas.

Part – B (60 Marks)
Physical Geology: General aspects, Definition of geology - Basic assumptions of Geology. Its
relationship with other sciences - Braches of geology Aim and applications of geology. Earth as a
planet - its shape, size, density - movements and their effects. Origin and age of earth. Geological
processes - exogenic and endogenic, Definition of weathering - Types of weathering of rocks- Physical
and Chemical; Definition of erosion and denudation, cycle of erosion; erosion, transportation and
deposition; agents of erosion. Rivers: Erosion, transporation and depositionof river (fluvial) cycle in
different stages - Development of typical land forms by river erosion and deposition. V-shaped valley,
waterfall, alluvial fans, meander, ox-bow lake – flood pane, natural plane, peneplain and deltas Types
of rivers, Glaciers: Definition of a glacier - types of glaciers - development of typical land forms by a
glacial erosion and deposition – cirque, U-Shaped valley – hanging valley, Roches - mentonnees.
Morains, drumline, kames-Eskors and Varves, Characteristic features of glaciated regions,
groundwater - storage of ground water – porosity permeability, aquifer, water table - zone of
saturation, artesian well, spring, geysers - development of typical land forms by erosion and
deposition by groundwater (Karst topography) sinkhole, cavern, stalactities and stalagmites. Seas -
Offshore profile - continental shelf- Continental slope. Abyssal plane, deep-movement of sea water-
tides-currents, waves, development of typical land forms by sea erosion and deposition coral reefs.
Lakes-origin of lake basins, geological importance of lakes, lacustrine deposits. Wind: Devleopment of
Characteristic features by winds (arid cycle) erosion and deposition-pedestal rock-mushroom
topography- Incelberg-ventifacts - loess - sand dunes. Earth movements - definition of diastgrophism,
epirogenic and orogenic movements. Earthquakes: Cause, kinds of earthquake waves, mode of
progapation, intensity of earthquakes, Richters scale seismograph and seismogram. Effect of
earthquakes, earthquake zones. Interior of the earth - structure and constitution, Volcanes - parts of
a typical volcano, products of Volcanoes,,Origin of volcano. Crystallography: Definition of crystal -
amorphous and crystalline, States, Morphology of crystals - face, edge, solid angle interfacial angle.
Forms: Simple, combination, closed and open forms. Symmetry: Plane, axis, centre, Crystallographic
axis, Parameters, indices; crystallographic notation - parameter. System of weiss, index following
classes of symmetry.I. Cubic system - Normal (Galena)II. Tetragonal system - Zircon type III.
Hexagonal system - Beryl type IV. Trigonal system - Calcite type.V. Orthorhombic system - Barytes

type. VI. Monoclinic System - Gypsum type.VII. Triclinic system - Axinite type. Twinning in crystals -
Definitions of twin, twin plane, twin axis, composite plane. Mineralogy: Definition of a mineral -
Classification of minerals into rock forming and ore forming minerals. Physical properties of minerals
- colour, streak, play of colours, opalescence, asterism, transparency, lustre luminiscence,
fluorescence, form hardness, tenacity, cleavage parting, fracture; specific gravity, magnetic properties,
Electricla properties, pyro and piezo-electricity. Modes of Mineral formation: Occurrence and
association of Minerals. Chemical properties of minerals - isomorphism, solid solution, polymorphism,
allotrophy, pseudomorphism, radio-activity; silicate structure. Descriptive of the following mineral
groups: Nesosilicate (Olivine, Garanet, Aluminum Silicates) Sorosilicate (Epidote) ‘Cyclosilicate (Beryl)
Inosilicate (Pyroxene; Amphibole) Phyllosilicate (Mica, Hydrous magnesium silicate) Tektosilicate
(Feldspars,Feldspathoids) Miscellaneous: Staurolite, Tourmaline, Zircon, Calcite, Corundum, Apatite.
Optical Mineralogy: Optical properties of minerals - Isotropic and anisotropic substances - Polarized
light refractive index, double refraction, uniaxial and biaxial minerals - Nicol Prism and its
construction - concept of crossed Nicols. Petrological microscope (polarising) - its mechanical and
optical parts - behaviour of isotropic and anisotropic minerals between crossed nicols - extinction,
pleochroism, interference colour. optical properties of important minerals. Petrology: Nature and
scope of petrology - definition of rock classification of rocks into igneous, sedimentary metamorphic.
Distinguishing features of three types of rocks. Igneous rocks: Classification into plutonic,
hypabassal and volcanic rocks; Forms- Lava flows, Intrusions, sills, laccolith, lopolith, dykes ring
dykes, cone sheets volcanic necks, phacoliths and batholiths. Structures - vesicular, amygdaloidal,
block lava ropy lava pillow, flow, jointing and sheeting structures. Plates, columnar and prismatic.
Textures - Definition of textures, micro-textures, devitrification, allotrimorophic, hypidiomorphic,
paniodiomorphic, porphyritic, poikilitic, ophitic, intergranular, intersertal, trachytic, graphic and
micro-graphic textures. Reaction structures - corona, myrmekitic, orbicular, spherulitic, perlitic.
Classification of igneous rocks - CIPW and Tyrrell tabular classification. Descriptive study of following
rock types: Granite, Granodiorite, Syentie, Nepheline syenite, Diorite porphyry. Pegmatite, Aplite,
Gabbro, Anorthosite, Peridotite, Pyroxenite, Dunite, Dolerite, Rhyolite, Obsidian, Trachyte, Andesite
and Basalt. Composition and constitution of magma -Crystallization of Magma,,uni-component binary
system, eutectic and solid solutions. Origin of igneous rocks - Bowen’s reaction principle,
differentiation and assimilation. Sedimentary Rocks: Sources of sediments – mechanical and
chemical weathering modes of transportation, sedimentary environments. Definitions of diagenetic
lithification and cementation, stratification, Sedimentary structures, Types of bedding, surface marks,
deformed bedding, solution structures. Classification of sedimentary rocks: clastic - rudaceous,
arenaceous, argillaceous, non-clastic - calcareous, carbonaceous, ferruginous, phosphatic, evaporites.
Descriptive study of the following sedimentary rocks-Conglomerate, Breccia, sandstone, Grit, Arkose,
Graywacke, Shale, Limestone, shelly limestone. Metamorphic Rocks: Definition of metamorphism,
agents of metamorphism, type of metamorphism, grade and zones of metamorphism, Metamorphic
minerals - stress and antistress minerals. Structures of metamorphic rocks - Cataclastic, maculose,
schistose, granulose and gneissose. Textures of metamorphic rocks - crystalloblastic, palimpset,
xenoblastic, idioblastic, Classification of metamorphic rocks - concept of metamorphic facies.
Cataclastic metamorphism of argillaceous and arenaceous rocks. Thermal metamorphism of
argillaceous, arenaceous and calcareous rocks. Dynamothermal metamorphism of agillaceous,
arenaceous and igneous rocks. Plutonic metamorphism, metasomatism and additive processes.
Drfiniton of anatexis and palingenesis, Descriptive study of the following metamorphic rocks: - Gneiss,
schist, slate, phyllite, quartzite, marble, granulite eclogite amphibolites migmatite. Indian examples -
Gondite, Charnockite and Khondalite. Structural Geology: Definition of structural geology, aim and
objectives of the structural Geology, Attitude of beds - strike, dip and apparent dip; use of clinometer,
Primary Structures as Folds - description, nomenclature of folds, recognition of folds in the field.
Joints - geometrical and genetic classification of joints. Faults - geometrical and genetic classification
of faults, recognition of faults in the field effects of faults on the outcrops. Unconformities - definition
of unconformity - types of unconformities, recognition of unconformities in the field distinguishing the
faults from unconformities. Definition of overlap, offlap, outlier, inlier, cleavage, schistosity; foliation
and lineation.

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68. MATHEMATICS

Differential and Integral Calculus (20 Marks)

Partial Differentiation : Introduction - Functions of two variables - Neighborhood of a point (a,
b) - Continuity of a Function of two variables, Continuity at a point - Limit of a Function of two
variables - Partial Derivatives - Geometrical representation of a Function of two Variables -
Homogeneous Functions.
Theorem on Total Differentials - Composite Functions - Differentiation of Composite Functions -
Implicit Functions - Equality of fxy(a, b) and fyx(a, b) - Taylor’s theorem for a function of two
Variables - Maxima and Minima of functions of two variables – Lagrange’s Method of
undetermined -
multipliers.
Curvature and Evolutes : Introduction - Definition of Curvature - Radius of Curvature - Length
of Arc as a Function, Derivative of arc - Radius of Curvature - Cartesian Equations - Newtonian
Method - Centre of Curvature - Chord of Curvature.
Evolutes: Evolutes and Involutes - Properties of the evolute.
Envelopes : One Parameter Family of Curves - the family of straight lines - Definition -
Determination of Envelope.
Lengths of Plane Curves : Introduction - Expression for the lengths of curves y = f (x) -
Expressions for the length of arcs x = f (y); x = f (t), y = ϕ(t); r = f (θ)
Volumes and Surfaces of Revolution : Introduction - Expression for the volume obtained by
revolving about either axes - Expression for the volume obtained by revolving about any line -
Area of the surface of the frustum of a cone - Expression for the surface of revolution - Pappus
Theorems - Surface of revolution.

Differential Equations (20 Marks)
Differential Equations of first order and first degree: Introduction - Equations in which
Variables are Separable - Homogeneous Differential Equations - Differential Equations
Reducible to Homogeneous Form - Linear Differential Equations - Differential Equations
Reducible to Linear Form - Exact differential equations - Integrating Factors - Change in
variables - Total Differential Equations - Simultaneous Total Differential Equations - Equations
of the form = =

Differential Equations first order but not of first degree: Equations Solvable for p -
Equations Solvable for y - Equations Solvable for x - Equations that do not contain x (or y)-
Equations Homogeneous in x and y - Equations of the First Degree in x and y - Clairaut’s
equation. Applications of First Order Differential Equations : Growth and Decay - Dynamics
of Tumour Growth - Radioactivity and Carbon Dating - Compound Interest - Orthogonal
Trajectories.

Higher order Linear Differential Equations: Solution of homogeneous linear differential
equations with constant coefficients - Solution of non-homogeneous differential equations P (D)y
=
Q(x) with constant coefficients by means of polynomial operators when Q(x) =eax, b sin ax/b cos
ax,bxk , V eax - Method of undetermined coefficients. Method of variation of parameters - Linear
differential equations with non constant coefficients - The Cauchy - Euler Equation - Legendre’s
Linear Equations - Miscellaneous Differential Equations.

Partial Differential Equations: Formation and solution- Equations easily integrable - Linear
equations of first order.

1

Real Analysis (20 Marks)
Sequences: Limits of Sequences- A Discussion about Proofs-Limit Theorems for Sequences-
Monotone Sequences and Cauchy Sequences -Subsequences-Lim superiors and Lim inferior-
Series-Alternating Series and Integral Test .
Continuity: Continuous Functions -Properties of Continuous Functions -Uniform Continuity -
Limits of Functions
Differentiation: Basic Properties of the Derivative - Mean Value Theorems - L ’Hospital Rule –
Taylor ’s Theorem.
Integration : The Riemann Integral - Properties of Riemann Integral-Fundamental Theorem of
Integral Calculus.

Algebra (20 Marks)
Groups: Definition and Examples of Groups- Elementary Properties of Groups-Finite Groups -
Subgroups -Terminology and Notation -Subgroup Tests - Examples of Subgroups.
Cyclic Groups: Properties of Cyclic Groups - Classification of Subgroups - Cyclic Groups.
Permutation Groups: Definition and Notation -Cycle Notation-Properties of Permutations -A
Check Digit Scheme Based on D5. Isomorphisms ; Motivation- Definition and Examples -
Cayley’s Theorem Properties of Isomorphisms -Automorphisms-Cosets and Lagrange’s Theorem
Properties of Cosets - Lagrange’s Theorem and Consequences-An Application of Cosets to
Permutation Groups -The Rotation Group of a Cube and a Soccer Ball.
Normal Subgroups and Factor Groups: Normal Subgroups-Factor Groups -Applications of
Factor Groups -Group Homomorphisms - Definition and Examples -Properties of
Homomorphisms -The First Isomorphism Theorem.
Introduction to Rings: Motivation and Definition -Examples of Rings -Properties of Rings -
Subrings.
Integral Domains: Definition and Examples - Fields –Characteristics of a Ring.
Ideals and Factor Rings: Ideals -Factor Rings -Prime Ideals and Maximal Ideals.
Ring Homomorphisms: Definition and Examples-Properties of Ring- Homomorphisms.

Linear Algebra (20 Marks)
Vector Spaces: Vector Spaces and Subspaces -Null Spaces, Column Spaces, and Linear
Transformations
-Linearly Independent Sets; Bases -Coordinate Systems -The Dimension of a Vector Space-
Rank-Change of Basis - Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors - The Characteristic Equation -
Diagonalization -Eigenvectors and Linear Transformations -Complex Eigenvalues - Applications
to Differential Equations.

Orthogonality and Least Squares : Inner Product, Length, and Orthogonality -Orthogonal Sets
-Orthogonal Projections - The Gram-Schmidt othogonalization Process.

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2

69. PHYSICS
Mechanics
1. Vector Analysis: Scalar and vector fields, gradient of a scalar field and its physical
significance. Divergence and curl of a vector field and related problems. Vector integration,
line, surface and volume integrals. Stokes, Gauss and Greens theorems- simple applications:
2. Mechanics of Particles: Laws of motion, motion of variable mass system, motion of a rocket,
multi-stage rocket, conservation of energy and momentum. Collisions in two and three
dimensions, concept of impact parameter, scattering cross-section,
3. Mechanics of rigid bodies: Definition of Rigid body, rotational kinematic relations, equation
of motion for a rotating body, angular momentum and inertial tensor. Euler’s equation,
precession of a top, Gyroscope,
4. Central Forces: Central forces – definition and examples, conservative nature of central
forces, conservative force as a negative gradient of potential energy, equation of motion under a
central force, gravitational potential and gravitational field, motion under inverse square law,
derivation of Kepler’s laws, Coriolis force and its expressions.
5. Special theory of relativity: Galilean relativity, absolute frames, Michelson-Morley
experiment, Postulates of special theory of relativity. Lorentz transformation, time dilation,
length contraction, addition of velocities, mass-energy relation. Concept of four vector formalism.
Waves and Oscillations
1. Fundamentals of vibrations: Simple harmonic oscillator, and solution of the differential
equation– Physical characteristics of SHM, torsion pendulum, - measurements of rigidity
modulus, compound pendulum, measurement of ‘g’, combination of two mutually perpendicular
simple harmonic vibrations of same frequency and different frequencies, Lissajous figures
2. Damped and forced oscillations: Damped harmonic oscillator, solution of the differential
equation of damped oscillator. Energy considerations, comparison with undamped harmonic
oscillator, logarithmic decrement, relaxation time, quality factor, differential equation of forced
oscillator and its solution, amplitude resonance, velocity resonance (Coupled Oscillators).
3. Vibrating Strings: Transverse wave propagation along a stretched string, general solution of
wave equation and its significance, modes of vibration of stretched string clamped at ends,
overtones, energy transport, transverse impedance
4. Vibrations of bars: Longitudinal vibrations in bars- wave equation and its general solution.
Special cases (i) bar fixed at both ends ii) bar fixed at the mid point iii) bar free at both ends iv)
bar fixed at one end. Transverse vibrations in a bar- wave equation and its general solution.
Boundary conditions, clamped free bar, free-free bar, bar supported at both ends, Tuning fork.
Thermodynamics
1. Kinetic theory of gases: Introduction-Deduction of Maxwell‟s law of distribution of
molecular speeds, Transport Phenomena-Viscosity of gases-thermal conductivity-diffusion of
gases.
2. Thermodynamics: Basics of thermodynamics-Kelvin‟s and Claussius statements –
Thermodynamic scale of temperature – Entropy, physical significance – Change in entropy
in reversible and irreversible processes – Entropy and disorder – Entropy of universe –
Temperature- Entropy (T-S) diagram – Change of entropy of a perfect gas-change of entropy
when ice changes into steam.
3. Thermodynamic potentials and Maxwell’s equations: hermodynamic potentials-
Derivation of Maxwell‟s thermodynamic relations-Clausius-Clayperon‟s equation-Derivation
for ratio of specific heats – Derivation for difference of two specific heats for perfect gas.Joule
Kelvin effect – expression for Joule Kelvin coefficient for perfect and Vanderwaal‟s gas.
4. Low temperature Physics: Joule Kelvin effect – liquefaction of gas using porous plug
experiment. Joule expansion – Distinction between adiabatic and Joule Thomson expansion –
Expression for Joule Thomson cooling – Liquefaction of helium, Kapitza‟s method – Adiabatic
demagnetization – Production of low temperatures – Principle of refrigeration, vapour
compression type.

1

5. Quantum theory of radiation: Black body-Ferry‟s black body – distribution of energy in
the spectrum of Black body – Wein‟s displacement law, Wein‟s law, Rayleigh-Jean‟s law –
Quantum theory of radiation - Planck‟s law – deduction of Wein‟s distribution law,
Rayleigh-Jeans law, Stefan‟s law from Planck‟s law. Measurement of radiation using
pyrometers – Disappearing filament optical pyrometer – experimental determination – Angstrom
pyroheliometer - determination of solar constant, effective temperature of sun.
6. Statistical Mechanics: Introduction, postulates of statistical mechanics. Phase space,
concept of ensembles and some known ensembles ,classical and quantum statistics and their
differences, concept of probability, Maxwell-Boltzmann‟s distribution law -Molecular energies
in an ideal gas- Maxwell-Boltzmann‟s velocity distribution law, Bose-Einstein Distribution
law, Fermi- Dirac Distribution law, comparison of three distribution laws, Application of B-E
distribution to Photons-planks radiation formula, Application of Fermi-Dirac statistics to white
dwarfs and Neutron stars.

OPTICS
1 Interference: Principle of superposition – coherence – temporal coherence and spatial
coherence – conditions for Interference of light
Interference by division of wave front: Fresnel‟s biprism – determination of wave
length of light. Determination of thickness of a transparent material using Biprism – change of
phase on reflection – Lloyd‟s mirror experiment.
Interference by division of amplitude: Oblique incidence of a plane wave on a thin film due
to reflected and transmitted light (Cosine law) – Colours of thin films – Non reflecting
films – interference by a plane parallel film illuminated by a point source – Interference by a
film with two non-parallel reflecting surfaces (Wedge shaped film) – Determination of diameter
of wire-Newton‟s rings in reflected light with and without contact between lens and glass
plate, Newton‟s rings in transmitted light (Haidinger Fringes) – Determination of wave
length of monochromatic light – Michelson Interferometer – types of fringes – Determination of
wavelength of monochromatic light, Difference in wavelength of sodium D 1,D2 lines and
thickness of a thin transparent plate.
2 Diffraction: Introduction – Distinction between Fresnel and Fraunhoffer diffraction
Fraunhoffer diffraction:- Diffraction due to single slit and circular aperture – Limit of resolution
– Fraunhoffer diffraction due to double slit – Fraunhoffer diffraction pattern with N slits
(diffraction grating) Resolving Power of grating – Determination of wave length of light in
normal and oblique incidence methods using diffraction grating. Fresnel diffraction-Fresnel‟s
half period zones – area of the half period zones –zone plate – Comparison of zone plate with
convex lens – Phase reversal zone plate – diffraction at a straight edge – difference between
interference and diffraction.
3 Polarization: Polarized light : Methods of Polarization, Polarization by reflection, refraction,
Double refraction, selective absorption , scattering of light – Brewsters law – Malus law – Nicol
prism polarizer and analyzer – Refraction of plane wave incident on negative and
positive crystals (Huygen‟s explanation) – Quarter wave plate, Half wave plate –
Babinet‟s compensator – Optical activity, analysis of light by Laurent‟s half shade
polarimeter.
4 Aberrations and Fiber Optics: Introduction – Monochromatic aberrations, spherical
aberration, methods of minimizing spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism and curvature of
field, distortion. Chromatic aberration – the achromatic doublet – Removal of chromatic
aberration of a separated doublet. Fiber Optics : Introduction – Optical fibers – Principles of
fiber communication – Step and graded index fibers – Rays and modes in an optical fiber –
Fiber material – Types of optical fibers and advantages of fiber communication.
Electromagnetism, Electrostatics:
Electric Field:- Concept of electric field lines and electric flux, Gauss‟s law (Integral
and differential forms), application to linear, plane and spherical charge distributions.
Conservative nature of electric field E, irrotational field. Electric Potential:- Concept of electric
potential, relation between electric potential and electric field, potential energy of a system of

2

charges. Energy density in an electric field. Calculation of potential from electric field for a
spherical charge distribution.

Magnetostatics
Concept of magnetic field B and magnetic flux, Biot-Savart‟s law, B due to a straight
current carrying conductor. Force on a point charge in a magnetic field. Properties of B, curl
and divergence of B, solenoidal field. Integral form of Ampere‟s law, applications of Ampere‟s
law: field due to straight, circular and solenoidal currents. Energy stored in magnetic field.
Magnetic energy in terms of current and inductance. Magnetic force between two current
carrying conductors. Magnetic field intensity. Ballistic Galvanometer:- Torque on a current
loop in a uniform magnetic field, working principle of B.G., current and charge
sensitivity, electromagnetic damping, critical damping resistance.
Electromagnetic Induction
Faraday‟s laws of induction (differential and integral form), Lenz‟s law, self and
mutual Induction. Continuity equation, modification of Ampere‟s law, displacement current,
Maxwellequations
Electromagnetic waves
Maxwell‟s equations in vacuum and dielectric medium, boundary conditions, plane
wave equation: transverse nature of EM waves, velocity of light in vacuum and in medium,
polarization, reflection and transmission. Polarization of EM waves, Brewster‟s
angle, description of linear, circular and elliptical polarization.
MODERN PHYSICS
Atomic Spectra and Models Inadequacy of classical physics:
Brief Review of Black body Radiation , Photoelectric effect, Compton effect, dual nature of
radiation, wave nature of particles. Atomic spectra, Line spectra of hydrogen atom, Ritz
Rydberg combination principle. Alpha Particle Scattering, Rutherford Scattering Formula,
Rutherford Model of atom and its limitations, Bohr‟s model of H atom, explanation of
atomic spectra, correction for finite mass of the nucleus, Bohr correspondence principle,
limitations of Bohr model, discrete energy exchange by atom, Frank Hertz Expt. Sommerfeld's
Modification of Bohr‟s Theory. Wave Particle Duality de Broglie hypothesis, Experimental
confirmation of matter wave, Davisson Germer Experiment, velocity of de Broglie wave, wave
particle duality, Complementarity. Superposition of two waves, phase velocity and group
velocity , wave packets ,Gaussian Wave Packet , spatial distribution of wave packet,
Localization of wave packet in time. Time development of a wave Packet; Wave Particle
Duality, Complementarity . Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, Illustration of the Principle
through Experiments of Gamma ray microscope and electron diffraction through a slit.
Time independent and time dependent Schrodinger wave equation. Estimation of ground
state energy of harmonic oscillator and hydrogen atom, non-existence of electron in the
nucleus. Uncertainty and Complementarities. Nuclear Physics Size and structure of
atomic nucleus and its relation with atomic weight; Impossibility of an electron being in
the nucleus as a consequence of the uncertainty principle. Nature of nuclear force, NZ
graph, Liquid Drop model: semi-empirical mass formula and binding energy, Nuclear
Shell Model and magic numbers. Radioactivity: stability of the nucleus; Law of radioactive
decay; Mean life and half-life; Alpha decay; Beta decay- energy released, spectrum and Pauli's
prediction of neutrino; Gamma ray emission, energy-momentum conservation: electron-
positron pair creation by gamma photons in the vicinity of a nucleus. Fission and fusion-
mass deficit, relativity and generation of energy; Fission - nature of fragments and
emission of neutrons. Nuclear reactor: slow neutrons interacting with Uranium 235;
Fusion and thermonuclear reactions driving stellar energy (brief qualitative discussions),
Classification of Elementary Particles.

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3

70. STATISTICS

Part–A (45 Marks)
Analysis of Quantitative Data:- Univariate data – Measures of central tendency (Mean, Median and
Mode with simple applications), Measures of Dispersion (definitions and simple examples), relative
Dispersion and their areas of application. Importance of Moments. Central and Non-central
Moments, Sheppard’s corrections for moments for grouped data. Skewness and Kurtosis-their
measures including those based on quartiles and moments with real life examples.
Probability and Random Experiment:- Definition of Probability, Classical and Relative frequency
approach to Probability, merits and demerits of these approaches. Random experiment, sample
point and sample space, definition of an event, operation of events. Properties of probability based on
axiomatic approach, Addition theorem for ’n’ events, conditional Probability, Multiplication rule of
probability for ‘n’ events, Boole’s inequality, Independence of events, Baye’s theorem and its
applications (with examples of real life).
Random Variables:- Notion of a Random variable, Distribution function and its properties. Discrete
random variable, Probability Mass function, Continuous random variable, Probability Density
function. Transformation of one dimensional random variable (simple1-1 functions only).
Mathematical Expectation:- Mathematical expectation of random variable and its properties.
Moments-Raw and Central moments with examples – Definition of Moment generating function
(m.g.f), Cumulant generating function (c.g.f). Probability generating function (p.g.f) and
Characteristic function, statements of their properties with applications. Chebychev’s inequality and
its applications. Statement and applications of Weak law of Large numbers and Central limit
theorem for i.i.d. random variables with finite variance.
Discrete Distributions:- Standard discrete distributions and their properties such as m.g.f, c.g.f,
p.g.f., Characteristic function, moments up to fourth order of Uniform, Binomial, Poisson, Negative
Binomial, Geometric and Hyper-Geometric distributions. Reproductive property wherever it exists.
Binomial approximation to Hyper-Geometric, Poisson approximation to Binomial and Negative
Binomial Distributions. Applications of these distributions in real life.
Continuous Distributions:- Normal distribution-Definition, properties and its importance in
Statistics. Normal distribution as limiting case of Binomial and Poisson distributions. Definitions
and properties such as m.g.f, c.g.f, Characteristic function, moments up to fourth order of
Rectangular, Gamma, Beta first and second kind distributions. Exponential, and Cauchy
distributions. Reproductive property wherever it exists. Application of these distributions in real life.
Bivariate date. Scattered diagram. Principle of Least squares, fitting of Straight line, Quadratic,
Power and Exponential curves. Product moment Correlation coefficient and its properties, Partial
and Multiple Correlation coefficients (only for three variables). Spearman’s Rank correlation
coefficient. Simple linear regression, Correlation and regression-comparison, Coefficient of
Determination, Correlation ratio. Bivariate random variable – discrete and contiuous, joint, marginal
and conditional distributions, distribution fuction of bivariate random variable, statement of its
properties, simple illustrations. Mathematical expectation of bivariate random variable. Covariance,
additive and multiplication theorems of mathematical expectation, correlation coefficient and lines of
regression with illustrations.
Concept of Population, Parameter, Random Sample, Statistic. Sampling distribution of the sum of
observations from Binomial, Poisson and Normal distribution, Standard error. Exact Sampling
Distributions – Statements and Properties of x2, t and F distributions and inter relations.
Theory of Estimation:- Point Estimate of parameter, concept of bias and mean square error of an
estimate. Criteria of good estimator-Consistency, Unbiased ness, Efficiency and Sufficiency,
Statement of Nyman’s Factorization theorem, derivations of Sufficient statistics in Binomial, Poisson,
Normal and Exponential cases (one parameter only). Estimation by the Method of Moments and
Maximum Likelihood Method. Statements of asymptotic properties of Maximum Likelihood
Estimators. Concept of Interval estimation, Confidence intervals of parameters of Normal
population.
Statistical Tests:- Concepts of null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis, critical region, two types of
errors, level of significance and power of a test. Neyman – Pearson lemma for testing a simple null
hypothesis against a simple alternative and examples on the case of Binomial, Poisson, Exponential
and Normal (for mean with known SD) distributions.

1

Part–B(60 Marks)
Analysis of Categorical Data:- Consistency of Categorical data. Independence and Association of
Attributes, various measures of association for two-way data with real life examples.
Large Sample Tests:- Use of central limit theorem for testing and interval estimation of a single
mean and a single proportion and difference of two means and two proportions. Fisher’s Z-
transformation and its uses.
Tests of significance based on t,  and F distributions,  test for goodness of fit, test for
2 2

independence of attributes. Comparison of Parametric and Nonparametric tests, their advantages
and disadvantages. Nonparametric tests:- One sample Run test. Sign test and Wilcoxon Signed
Rank tests for one sample and two related samples. Tests for two independent samples: Median
test, Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney U-test, Wald-Wolfowitz Runs test. (Small and Large samples).
Designs of Experiments:- Analysis of variance of one way and two way classifications. Expectation
of various sums of squares. Importance and applications of designs of experiments, principal of
Experimentation. Analysis of completely Randomized Design (CRD), Randomized Block Design
(RBD) and Latin Square Design (LSD) including one missing observation, comparison of their
efficiencies, expectation of various sums of squares.
Designs of Sample Surveys:- Random Numbers, drawing random samples, Sample surveys versus
census surveys. Planning and execution of large scale sample surveys, notion of non-sampling
errors, sources and treatment of non-sampling errors. Estimation of population mean, population
total, population proportion and variance of the estimators by
i) Simple Random sampling with and without replacements.
ii) Stratified Random sampling with proportional and Neyman’s optimum allocation.
iii) Symmetric sampling with N = nk. Comparison of their efficiencies.
Time Series Analysis:- Components of Time Series, Determination of trend by graphical, semi-
average, Least squares and moving average methods. Determination of Seasonal indices by Simple
averages, Ratio to moving averages, Ratio to trend and Link relative methods.
Index Numbers:- Construction, uses and limitations of Index numbers. Simple and Weighted index
numbers, consistency tests for an Index number, base shifting, splicing and deflation. Fixed and
Chain base Index numbers. Cost of living Index numbers and Wholesale price Index numbers.
Demand Analysis:- Introduction, Demand and Supply, Price Elasticity’s of Supply and Demand,
Methods of determining Demand and Supply Curves: Time Series Data, Leontief’s method of finding
Demand Curve from time Series Data. Limitations of the method, Pigous’s method from Time Series
Data, Pareto’s law of Income distribution, Curve of concentration.
Vital Statistics and Indian Official Statistics:- Rates and ratios, Standardized rates, Fertility and
Reproduction rates, Construction and uses of complete and abridged life tables. Functions and
organization of CSO and NSSO. Agricultural statistics, Area and Yield statistics. National Income
and its computation. Utilities and difficulties in estimation of National Income.

***

2

71. ZOOLOGY

Part–A (40 Marks)
Physiology and Biochemistry:
Digestion Digestion definition and extra and intracellular digestion. Digestion of Carbohydrates,
Proteins, Lipids and Cellulose. Absorption and Assimilation of digested food; role of
Gastrointestinal hormones in digestion Respiration Definition of Respiration and Respiratory
mechanisms-External, Internal and cellular. Respiratory Pigments; Transport of oxygen, Oxygen
dissociation curves. Bohr’s effect. Transport of CO2 – Chloride shift; Regulation of respiration –
nervous and chemical Circulation Types of circulation - Open and Closed circulation Structure
of Mammalian Heart, Types of hearts – Neurogenic and Myogenic; Heart function - Conduction
and regulation of heart beat. Regulation of Heart rate – Tachycardia and Bradycardia; Blood
Clotting mechanism. Excretion Classification of Animals on the basis of excretory products-
Ammonotelic, Uricotelic, Ureotelic, Structure and function of Nephron. Urine formation, Counter
current mechanism.

Physiology
Muscle Contraction: Types of Muscles, Ultra structure of skeletal muscle fibre, Sliding Filament
theory, muscle contraction mechanism and energetics. Nerve Impulse Structure of Neuron,
Nerve impulse - Resting potential and Action potential and Conduction of Nerve impulse,
Synapse, types of synapses and Synaptic transmission. Endocrine System Endocrine glands -
Structure, secretions and functions of Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal glands and
Pancreas, Hormone action and concept of Secondary messengers, Male and Female Hormones,
Hormonal control of Menstrual cycle in humans.

Physiology and Biochemistry:
Homeostasis and Enzymes Concept of Homeostasis. Mechanism of Homeostasis.
Osmoregulation - Water and ionic regulation by freshwater, brackish water and marine animals,
Enzymes: Definition, Classification, Inhibition and Regulation. Biomolecules and Metabolism
Carbohydrates: Classification and function of Carbohydrates, Carbohydrate metabolism -
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation. Proteins:
Classification of proteins based on functions and Chemical nature, Protein Metabolism -
Transamination, Deamination and Urea Cycle, Lipids: Classification of Lipids, Lipid Metabolism -
Fatty acid synthesis and Fatty acid oxidation.

Immunology and Animal Biotechnology:
Immunology – Basic concepts; antigens and antibodies Basic concepts of immunology. Cells
of immune system, Primary and secondary Organs of immune system, Types of Immunity –
Innate and acquired, Basic properties of antigens, Structure, function and types of an antibody.
B and T cell epitopes, haptens, adjuvants. Antigen-antibody reactions, T-Cell and B-Cell
activation, Monoclonal antibodies and their production. Working of an Immune system;
Immune system in health and disease Structure and functions of major histocompatibility
complex. Basic properties and functions of Cytokines, Interferons and complement proteins,
Humoral and Cell mediated immunity. Types of hyper sensitivity. Concepts of autoimmunity and
immunodeficiency. Introduction to Vaccines and types of Vaccines. Animal Biotechnology and
Genetically modified organisms Concept and Scope of Animal Biotechnology. Cloning vectors -
Plasmids, Cosmids, Lambda bacteriophage, YAC Cloning- Cloning methods (Cell, Animal and
Gene cloning) Animal Cell culture - Equipment and materials for animal cell culture; applications
of cell culture techniques Recombinant DNA technology and its applications, Transgenesis –
Methods of Transgenesis. Production of Transgenic animals and Application of Transgenic
animals in Biotechnology. Stem cells –types and their applications.

1

Part–B (60 Marks)
Animal Diversity – Invertebrates
Brief history of Invertebrates: Kingdom Animalia, Brief history of Invertebrates. Protozoa
General characters Classification up to classes with examples, Type study – Elphidium, Life cycle
of Plasmodium. Locomotion, Reproduction and Diseases. Porifera General characters,
Classification of Porifera up to classes with examples, Type study – Sycon, Canal system in
sponges and Spicules. Cnidaria General characters, Classification of Cnidaria up to classes with
examples, Type study – Obelia, Polymorphism in hydrozoa, Corals and coral reef formation.
Platyhelminthes General characters Classification of Platyhelminthes up to classes with
examples, Type study-Schistosoma. Nemathelminthes General characters Classification of
Nemathelminthes up to classes with examples Type study-Dracunculus, Parasitic Adaptations in
Helminthes.

Annelida General characters, Classification of Annelida up to classes with examples Type study -
Hirudinaria granulosa. Evolutionary significance of Coelome and Coelomoducts and metamerism.
Arthropoda General characters, Classification of Arthropoda up to classes with examples, Type
study – Prawn, Crustacean larvae, Insect metamorphosis, Peripatus - Structure and affinities.
Mollusca General characters, Classification of Mollusca up to classes with examples, Type study
– Pila, Pearl formation, Torsion and detorsion in gastropods. Echinodermata General
characters, Classification of Echinodermata up to classes with examples, Water vascular system
in star fish, Echinoderm larvae and their significance. Hemichordata General characters,
Classification of Hemichordata up to classes with examples, Balanoglossus - Structure and
affinities.

Ecology, Zoogeography and Animal Behavior:
Ecology-I: Ecosystem structure and functions. Types of Ecosystems –Aquatic and Terrestrial.
Biogeochemical cycles - Nitrogen, Carbon, Phosphorus and Water. Energy flow in ecosystem.
Food chain, food web and ecological pyramids. Animal Associations - Mutualism, commensalism,
parasitism, competition, predation.
Ecology–II: Concept of Species, Population dynamics and Growth curves. Community Structure
and dynamics and Ecological Succession. Ecological Adaptations. Environmental Pollution –
Sources, Effect and Control measures of Air, Water, Soil and Noise Pollution. Wildlife
conservation-National parks and Sanctuaries of India, Endangered species. Biodiversity and
hotspots of Biodiversity in India.

Zoogeography: Zoogeographical regions – Palaearctic, Nearctic, Neotropical, Oriental, Australian
and Ethiopian regions - their Climatic and faunal peculiarities, Wallace line, Discontinuous
distribution Continental Drift. Animal Behaviour Types of Behaviour- Innate and Acquired,
Instinctive and Motivated behavior, Taxes, Reflexes, Tropisms, Biological rhythms and types of
rhythms, trial and error learning, Imprinting, habituation, Classical conditioning, Instrumental
conditioning, Social behavior, Communication, Pheromones, Biological rhythms, Biological
clocks, Circadian rhythms.

Animal Diversity- Vertebrates and Developmental Biology:
Urochordata, Cephalochordata, Cyclostomata: Salient features of Urochordata, Retrogressive,
metamorphosis and its significance in Urochordata, Salient features and affinities of
Cephalochordata General characters of Cyclostomata, Comparison of the Petromyzon and
Myxine, General characters and classification of Chordata upto orders with examples. Pisces
General characters of Fishes, Classification of fishes up to order level with examples, Scoliodon –
Respiratory, Circulatory and Nervous system. Types of Scales and types of Fins

2

Amphibia General characters of Amphibians, Classification of Amphibians up to orders with
examples. Rana tigrina-Respiratory, Circulatory and Nervous system. Parental care in
amphibian; neoteny and paedogenesis.

Reptilia: General characters of Reptilia, Classification of Reptilia up to orders with examples,
Calotes – Respiratory system, Circulatory and Nervous system. Temporal fosse in reptiles and its
evolutionary importance, Distinguished characters of Poisonous and Non poisonous snakes.
Rhynchocephalia. Aves General characters of Aves, Classification of Aves up to orders with
examples. Columba livia -, Digestive system, Circulatory systems, Respiratory system and
Nervous, system. Migration in Birds, Flight adaptation in Birds, Mammalia General characters of
Mammalia, Classification of Mammalia up to orders with examples Rabbit–Digestive, Respiratory,
Circulatory and Nervous system. Dentition in mammals. Aquatic adaptations in Mammals.
Developmental Biology and Embryology Gametogenesis (Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis)
Fertilization, Types of eggs, Types of cleavages, Development of Frog up to formation of primary
germ layers Formation of Foetal membrane in chick embryo and their functions, Types and
functions of Placenta in mammals, Regeneration in Turbellaria and Lizards.

Cell Biology, Genetics & Evolution:
1. Cell Biology Ultrastructure of animal cell, Structure and functions of plasma membrane
proteins. Structure and functions of cell organelles –Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body,
Ribosomes, Lysosomes, centrosomes, Mitochondria and Nucleus Chromosomes – Structure,
types, giant chromosomes, Cell Division - Mitosis, Meiosis. 2. Molecular Biology DNA (Deoxyribo
Nucleic Acid) – Structure, RNA (Ribo Nucleic Acid) - Structure, types, DNA Replication, Protein
Synthesis – Transcription and Translation, Gene Expression – Genetic Code; operon concept,
Molecular Biology Techniques- Polymerase Chain Reaction, Electrophoresis 3. Genetics Mendals
laws of Inheritance and Non-Medelian Inheritance, Linkage and Crossing over, Sex determination
and sex-linked inheritance, Chromosomal Mutations- Deletion, Duplication, Inversion,
Translocation, Aneuploidy and Polyploidy. Gene mutations- Induced versus Spontaneous
mutations. Inborn errors of metabolism. 4. Evolution Theories of evolution – Lamarckism and
Neo-Lamarckism, Darwinism and Neo-Darwinism, Modern synthetic theory. Evidences of
Evolution and Hardy Weinberg Law. Forces of Evolution – mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, and
natural selection. Isolation – Pre-mating and post mating isolating mechanisms, Speciation:
Methods of speciation-Allopatric and sympatric.

***

3

72. BIOCHEMISTRY/ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE/FORENSIC SCIENCE /
FERMENTATION TECHNOLOGY/GENETICS/MICROBIOLOGY (BCESFSFTG&M)

PART – A: CHEMISTRY (40 Marks)

BCESFSG&M
Part-A (40 Marks)
Coordination Compounds, Applications of Coordination Compounds, Organo metallic Chemistry,
Metal Carbonyls and Related Compounds, Bioinorganic Chemistry, Hard and Soft Acids and Bases
(HSAB). Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives, synthesis Based on Carbanions, Nitro Hydrocarbons,
Amines, Cyanides and Isocyanides, Heterocyclic Compounds, Carbohydrates, Amino Acids and
Proteins, Electrochemistry and Emf, Chemical Kinetics, Thermodynamics. Photochemistry.

P-Block Elements, Chemistry of Zero Group Elements, Chemistry of d-Block Elements,
Chemistry of f-Block Elements, General Principles of Inorganic Qualitative Analysis,
Chemical Bonding, Molecular Orbital Theory, Theory of Quantitative Analysis, Theories of
Bonding in Metals. Structural Theory in Organic Chemistry, Acyclic Hydrocarbons, alicyclic
Hydrocarbons, aromatic Hydrocarbons, Halogen Compounds, Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers
and Epoxides, Carbonyl Compounds, Conformational Analysis, Stereochemistry of Carbon
Compounds. Atomic Structure and Elementary Quantum Mechanics, Gaseous State,
Liquid State, Solutions, Dilute Solutions and Colligative Properties, Solid State Chemistry,
Phase Rule, Colloids and Surface Chemistry, adsorption, Evaluation of Analytical Data.

PART – B (60 Marks)

SECTION – I: PHYSICS
Mechanics
1. Vector Analysis: Scalar and vector fields, gradient of a scalar field and its
physical significance. Divergence and curl of a vector field and related problems. Vector
integration, line, surface and volume integrals. Stokes, Gauss and Greens theorems- simple
applications:
2. Mechanics of Particles: Laws of motion, motion of variable mass system, motion of a
rocket, multi-stage rocket, conservation of energy and momentum. Collisions in two and
three dimensions, concept of impact parameter, scattering cross-section,
3. Mechanics of rigid bodies: Definition of Rigid body, rotational kinematic relations,
equation of motion for a rotating body, angular momentum and inertial tensor. Euler’s
equation, precession of a top, Gyroscope,
4. Central Forces: Central forces – definition and examples, conservative nature of central
forces, conservative force as a negative gradient of potential energy, equation of motion
under a central force, gravitational potential and gravitational field, motion under inverse
square law, derivation of Kepler’s laws, Coriolis force and its expressions.
5. Special theory of relativity: Galilean relativity, absolute frames, Michelson-Morley
experiment, Postulates of special theory of relativity. Lorentz transformation, time dilation,
length contraction, addition of velocities, mass-energy relation. Concept of four vector
formalism.

1

Waves and Oscillations
1. Fundamentals of vibrations: Simple harmonic oscillator, and solution of the differential
equation– Physical characteristics of SHM, torsion pendulum, - measurements of
rigidity modulus, compound pendulum, measurement of ‘g’, combination of two mutually
perpendicular simple harmonic vibrations of same frequency and different frequencies,
Lissajous figures
2. Damped and forced oscillations: Damped harmonic oscillator, solution of the
differential equation of damped oscillator. Energy considerations, comparison with
undamped harmonic oscillator, logarithmic decrement, relaxation time, quality factor,
differential equation of forced oscillator and its solution, amplitude resonance, velocity
resonance. Coupled Oscillators.
3. Vibrating Strings: Transverse wave propagation along a stretched string, general
solution of wave equation and its significance, modes of vibration of stretched string
clamped at ends, overtones, energy transport, transverse impedance
4. Vibrations of bars: Longitudinal vibrations in bars- wave equation and its general
solution. Special cases (i) bar fixed at both ends ii) bar fixed at the mid point iii) bar free at
both ends iv) bar fixed at one end. Transverse vibrations in a bar- wave equation and its
general solution. Boundary conditions, clamped free bar, free-free bar, bar supported at
both ends, Tuning fork.
Thermodynamics
1. Kinetic theory of gases: Introduction-Deduction of Maxwell‟s law of distribution of
molecular speeds, Transport Phenomena-Viscosity of gases-thermal conductivity-diffusion
of gases.
2. Thermodynamics: Basics of thermodynamics-Kelvin‟s and Claussius statements –
Thermodynamic scale of temperature – Entropy, physical significance – Change in
entropy in reversible and irreversible processes – Entropy and disorder – Entropy of
universe – Temperature- Entropy (T-S) diagram – Change of entropy of a perfect gas-
change of entropy when ice changes into steam.
3. Thermodynamic potentials and Maxwell’s equations: hermodynamic potentials-
Derivation of Maxwell‟s thermodynamic relations-Clausius-Clayperon‟s equation-
Derivation for ratio of specific heats – Derivation for difference of two specific heats for
perfect gas.Joule Kelvin effect – expression for Joule Kelvin coefficient for perfect and
Vanderwaal‟s gas.
4. Low temperature Physics: Joule Kelvin effect – liquefaction of gas using porous plug
experiment. Joule expansion – Distinction between adiabatic and Joule Thomson
expansion – Expression for Joule Thomson cooling – Liquefaction of helium, Kapitza‟s
method – Adiabatic demagnetization – Production of low temperatures – Principle of
refrigeration, vapour compression type.
5. Quantum theory of radiation: Black body-Ferry‟s black body – distribution of energy
in the spectrum of Black body – Wein‟s displacement law, Wein‟s law, Rayleigh-Jean‟s
law – Quantum theory of radiation - Planck‟s law – deduction of Wein‟s distribution
law, Rayleigh-Jeans law, Stefan‟s law from Planck‟s law. Measurement of radiation using
pyrometers – Disappearing filament optical pyrometer – experimental determination –
Angstrom pyroheliometer - determination of solar constant, effective temperature of sun.
6. Statistical Mechanics: Introduction, postulates of statistical mechanics. Phase space,
concept of ensembles and some known ensembles ,classical and quantum statistics and
their differences, concept of probability, Maxwell-Boltzmann‟s distribution law -Molecular
energies in an ideal gas- Maxwell-Boltzmann‟s velocity distribution law, Bose-Einstein
Distribution law, Fermi- Dirac Distribution law, comparison of three distribution laws,
Application of B-E distribution to Photons-planks radiation formula, Application of Fermi-
Dirac statistics to white dwarfs and Neutron stars.

2

OPTICS
1 Interference: Principle of superposition – coherence – temporal coherence and
spatial coherence – conditions for Interference of light
Interference by division of wave front: Fresnel‟s biprism – determination of wave
length of light. Determination of thickness of a transparent material using Biprism –
change of phase on reflection – Lloyd‟s mirror experiment.
Interference by division of amplitude: Oblique incidence of a plane wave on a thin film
due to reflected and transmitted light (Cosine law) – Colours of thin films – Non
reflecting films – interference by a plane parallel film illuminated by a point source –
Interference by a film with two non-parallel reflecting surfaces (Wedge shaped film) –
Determination of diameter of wire-Newton‟s rings in reflected light with and without
contact between lens and glass plate, Newton‟s rings in transmitted light (Haidinger
Fringes) – Determination of wave length of monochromatic light – Michelson
Interferometer – types of fringes – Determination of wavelength of monochromatic light,
Difference in wavelength of sodium D 1,D2 lines and thickness of a thin transparent plate.
2 Diffraction: Introduction – Distinction between Fresnel and Fraunhoffer diffraction
Fraunhoffer diffraction:- Diffraction due to single slit and circular aperture – Limit of
resolution – Fraunhoffer diffraction due to double slit – Fraunhoffer diffraction pattern with
N slits (diffraction grating) Resolving Power of grating – Determination of wave length of
light in normal and oblique incidence methods using diffraction grating. Fresnel
diffraction-Fresnel‟s half period zones – area of the half period zones –zone plate –
Comparison of zone plate with convex lens – Phase reversal zone plate – diffraction at a
straight edge – difference between interference and diffraction.
3 Polarization: Polarized light : Methods of Polarization, Polarization by reflection,
refraction, Double refraction, selective absorption , scattering of light – Brewsters law –
Malus law – Nicol prism polarizer and analyzer – Refraction of plane wave incident on
negative and positive crystals (Huygen‟s explanation) – Quarter wave plate, Half wave
plate – Babinet‟s compensator – Optical activity, analysis of light by Laurent‟s half
shade polarimeter.
4 Aberrations and Fiber Optics: Introduction – Monochromatic aberrations, spherical
aberration, methods of minimizing spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism and curvature
of field, distortion. Chromatic aberration – the achromatic doublet – Removal of chromatic
aberration of a separated doublet. Fiber Optics : Introduction – Optical fibers – Principles
of fiber communication – Step and graded index fibers – Rays and modes in an optical
fiber – Fiber material – Types of optical fibers and advantages of fiber communication.
Electromagnetism, Electrostatics:
Electric Field:- Concept of electric field lines and electric flux, Gauss‟s law (Integral
and differential forms), application to linear, plane and spherical charge distributions.
Conservative nature of electric field E, irrotational field. Electric Potential:- Concept of
electric potential, relation between electric potential and electric field, potential energy of a
system of charges. Energy density in an electric field. Calculation of potential from electric
field for a spherical charge distribution.
Magnetostatics
Concept of magnetic field B and magnetic flux, Biot-Savart‟s law, B due to a straight
current carrying conductor. Force on a point charge in a magnetic field. Properties of B,
curl and divergence of B, solenoidal field. Integral form of Ampere‟s law, applications of
Ampere‟s law: field due to straight, circular and solenoidal currents. Energy stored in
magnetic field. Magnetic energy in terms of current and inductance. Magnetic force
between two current carrying conductors. Magnetic field intensity. Ballistic
Galvanometer:- Torque on a current loop in a uniform magnetic field, working
principle of B.G., current and charge sensitivity, electromagnetic damping, critical
damping resistance.
3

Electromagnetic Induction
Faraday‟s laws of induction (differential and integral form), Lenz‟s law, self and
mutual Induction. Continuity equation, modification of Ampere‟s law, displacement
current, Maxwellequations

Electromagnetic waves
Maxwell‟s equations in vacuum and dielectric medium, boundary conditions, plane
wave equation: transverse nature of EM waves, velocity of light in vacuum and in medium,
polarization, reflection and transmission. Polarization of EM waves, Brewster‟s
angle, description of linear, circular and elliptical polarization.

MODERN PHYSICS
Atomic Spectra and Models Inadequacy of classical
physics:
Brief Review of Black body Radiation , Photoelectric effect, Compton effect, dual nature
of radiation, wave nature of particles. Atomic spectra, Line spectra of hydrogen atom, Ritz
Rydberg combination principle. Alpha Particle Scattering, Rutherford Scattering
Formula, Rutherford Model of atom and its limitations, Bohr‟s model of H atom,
explanation of atomic spectra, correction for finite mass of the nucleus, Bohr
correspondence principle, limitations of Bohr model, discrete energy exchange by atom,
Frank Hertz Expt. Sommerfeld's Modification of Bohr‟s Theory. Wave Particle Duality de
Broglie hypothesis, Experimental confirmation of matter wave, Davisson Germer
Experiment, velocity of de Broglie wave, wave particle duality, Complementarity.
Superposition of two waves, phase velocity and group velocity , wave packets ,Gaussian
Wave Packet , spatial distribution of wave packet, Localization of wave packet in time.
Time development of a wave Packet; Wave Particle Duality, Complementarity.
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, Illustration of the Principle through Experiments of
Gamma ray microscope and electron diffraction through a slit. Time independent and
time dependent Schrodinger wave equation. Estimation of ground state energy of harmonic
oscillator and hydrogen atom, non-existence of electron in the nucleus. Uncertainty
and Complementarities. Nuclear Physics Size and structure of atomic nucleus and its
relation with atomic weight; Impossibility of an electron being in the nucleus as a
consequence of the uncertainty principle. Nature of nuclear force, NZ graph, Liquid
Drop model: semi-empirical mass formula and binding energy, Nuclear Shell Model and
magic numbers. Radioactivity: stability of the nucleus; Law of radioactive decay; Mean life
and half-life; Alpha decay; Beta decay- energy released, spectrum and Pauli's prediction of
neutrino; Gamma ray emission, energy-momentum conservation: electron-positron pair
creation by gamma photons in the vicinity of a nucleus. Fission and fusion- mass deficit,
relativity and generation of energy; Fission - nature of fragments and emission of
neutrons. Nuclear reactor: slow neutrons interacting with Uranium 235; Fusion and
thermonuclear reactions driving stellar energy (brief qualitative discussions), Classification
of Elementary Particles.

4

SECTION – II: BOTANY

Microbial Diversity :
Bacteria: Structure, nutrition, reproduction and economic importance. An outline of plant diseases
of important crop plants caused by bacteria and their control with reference to Angular leaf spot of
cotton and Bacterial blight of Rice. Brief account of Archaebacteria, Actinomycetes. General account
of Mycoplasma with reference to Little leaf of brinjal and Papaya leaf curl.
Viruses: Structure, replication and transmission; plant diseases caused by viruses and their control
with reference to Tobacco Mosaic and Rice Tungro.
Algae
Algae: General characters, structure, reproduction and classification of algae (Fritsch).
Cyanobacteria: General characters, cell structure, thallus organisation and their significance as
biofertilizers with special reference to Oscillatoria, Nostoc and Anabaena.
Structure and reproduction of the following:
Chlorphyceae-Volvox, Oedogonium, Chara.
Phaeophyceae-Ectocarpus.
Rhodophyceae-Polysiphonia.
Fungi
Fungi: General characters and classification of fungi (Ainsworth). Structure and reproduction of the
following:
Mastigomycotina-Albugo
Zygomycotina-Mucor
Ascomycotina-Saccharomyces, Penicillium
Basidiomycotina- Puccinia
Deuteromucotina-Cercospora.
Lichens: Structure and reproduction; ecological and economic importance.

Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Paleobotany:
Bryophytes: Structure, reproduction, life cycle and systematic position of Marchantia, Anthoceros
and Polytrichum. Evolution of Sporophyte in Bryophytes. Pteridophytes: Structure, reproduction,
life cycle and systematic position of Rhynia, Lycopodium, Equisetum and Marsilea. Stelar evolution,
heterospory and seed habit in Pteridophytes. Gymnosperms: General characters, structure,
reproduction and classification (Sporne’s). Distribution and economic importance of Gymnosperms.
Morphology of vegetative and reproductive parts, systematic position and life cycle of Pinus and
Gnetum. Palaeobotany: Introduction, Fossils, types of fossils and fossilization, Importance of
fossils. Geological time scale.

Taxonomy of Angiosperms:
Principles of plant systematics, Types of classification: Artificial, Natural and Phylogenetic;
Systems of classification: Salient features and comparative account of Bentham & Hooker and
Engler & Prantle. An introduction to Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). Current concepts in
Angiosperm Taxonomy: Embryology in relation to taxonomy, Cytotaxonomy, Chemotaxonomy and
Numerical Taxonomy. Nomenclature and Taxonomic resources: An introduction to ICN, Shenzen
code - a brief account. Herbarium: Concept, techniques and applications. Systematic study and
economic importance of plants belonging to the families; Annonaceae, Capparidaceae, Rutaceae,
Fabaceae (Faboideae/papilionoideae, Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoideae), Cucurbitaceae, Apiaceae,
Asteraceae, Asclepiadaceae, Lamiaceae, Amaranthaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Monocotyledons:
Orchidaceae and Poaceae, Zinziberaceae.

Ecology
Component of eco system, energy flow, food chain and food webs. Plants and environment,
ecological adaptations of plants, Hydrophytes, Xerophytes and Mesophytes. Plant Succession serial
stages, modification of environment, climax formation with reference to Hydrosere and Xerosere.
Generalaccount of adaptations in xerophytes and hydrophytes.

5

Plant Anatomy
Meristems: Types, histological organization of shoot and root apices and theories. Tissues and Tissue
Systems: Simple, complex and special tissues. Leaf: Ontogeny, diversity of internal structure;
stomata and epidermal outgrowths. Stem and root anatomy: Vascular cambium - Formation and
function. Anomalous secondary growth of Stem - Achyranthes, Boerhaavia, Bignonia, Dracaena;
Root– Beta vulgaris. Wood structure: General account. Study of local timbers – Teak, Rosewood, Red
sanders, Nallamaddi and Neem.

Embryology
History and importance of Embryology. Anther structure, Microsporogenesis and development of
male gametophyte. Ovule structure and types; Megasporogenesis; types and development of female
gametophyte. Pollen morphology, pollination and fertilization, Pollination – Types, Pollen - pistil
interaction, double fertilization. Seed structure appendages and dispersal mechanisms. Endosperm -
Development and types. Embryo - development and type, Polyembryony and Apomixis - an outline.

Cell Biology
Plant cell envelops: Ultra structure of cell wall, Models of membrane structure, structure and
functions of Semi permeable Plasma membrane. Cell Organelles: Structure and semiautonomous
nature of Mitochondria and Chloroplast. Nucleus: Ultra structure, types and functions of DNA &
RNA. Mitochondrial DNA & Plastid DNA and Plasmids. Chromosomes: Morphology, organization of
DNA in a chromosome, Euchromatin and Heterochromatin, Karyotype. Special types of
chromosomes: Lampbrush and Polytene chromosomes. Cell division: Cell and its regulation;
mitosis, meiosis and their significance

Genetics
Mendelism: History, Principles of inheritance, Chromosome theory of inheritance, Autosomes
and sex chromosomes, Incomplete dominance and Co-dominance. Multiple alleles, Lethal alleles,
Epistasis, Recessive and Dominant traits, Polygenic inheritance. Linkage and crossing over,
Recombination frequency, two factor and three factor crosses; Interference and coincidence.
Numericals based on gene mapping; Sex Linkage.Variation in chromosome number and structure:
Deletion, Duplication, Inversion, Translocation, Position effect, Euploidy and Aneuploidy. Gene
mutations: Types of mutations; Molecular basis of Mutations; Mutagens-physical and chemical (Base
analogs, deaminating, alkylating and intercalating agents).

Plant Physiology
Plant -water Relations: Water potential, osmosis, osmotic and pressure potential, absorption and
transport of water. Mineral Nutrition: Essential micro & macro nutrients and symptoms of mineral
deficiency. Transpiration: Stomatal structure and movement. Mechanism of phloem transport.
Enzymes: Nomenclature, properties, Classification and factors regulating enzyme activity.
Photosynthesis: Photosynthetic pigments, Cyclic and Non-cyclic Photophosphorylation.
Carbon assimilation pathways: C3, C4 and CAM. Respiration: Aerobic and Anaerobic; Glycolysis,
Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Nitrogen Metabolism: Biological nitrogen fixation.
Physiological role of Phytohormones: Auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ABA, ethylene and
Brassinosteroids.

6

SECTION – III: ZOOLOGY
Physiology and Biochemistry:
Digestion Digestion definition and extra and intracellular digestion. Digestion of Carbohydrates,
Proteins, Lipids and Cellulose. Absorption and Assimilation of digested food; role of Gastrointestinal
hormones in digestion Respiration Definition of Respiration and Respiratory mechanisms-External,
Internal and cellular. Respiratory Pigments; Transport of oxygen, Oxygen dissociation curves. Bohr’s
effect. Transport of CO2 – Chloride shift; Regulation of respiration – nervous and chemical Circulation
Types of circulation - Open and Closed circulation Structure of Mammalian Heart, Types of hearts –
Neurogenic and Myogenic; Heart function -Conduction and regulation of heart beat. Regulation of
Heart rate – Tachycardia and Bradycardia; Blood Clotting mechanism. Excretion Classification of
Animals on the basis of excretory products- Ammonotelic, Uricotelic, Ureotelic, Structure and
function of Nephron. Urine formation, Counter current mechanism.

Physiology
Muscle Contraction: Types of Muscles, Ultra structure of skeletal muscle fibre, Sliding Filament
theory, muscle contraction mechanism and energetics. Nerve Impulse Structure of Neuron, Nerve
impulse - Resting potential and Action potential and Conduction of Nerve impulse, Synapse, types of
synapses and Synaptic transmission. Endocrine System Endocrine glands - Structure, secretions and
functions of Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal glands and Pancreas, Hormone action and
concept of Secondary messengers, Male and Female Hormones, Hormonal control of Menstrual cycle
in humans.

Physiology and Biochemistry:
Homeostasis and Enzymes Concept of Homeostasis. Mechanism of Homeostasis. Osmoregulation -
Water and ionic regulation by freshwater, brackish water and marine animals, Enzymes: Definition,
Classification, Inhibition and Regulation. Biomolecules and Metabolism Carbohydrates:
Classification and function of Carbohydrates, Carbohydrate metabolism - Glycolysis, Krebs cycle,
Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation. Proteins: Classification of proteins based on
functions and Chemical nature, Protein Metabolism - Transamination, Deamination and Urea Cycle,
Lipids: Classification of Lipids, Lipid Metabolism - Fatty acid synthesis and Fatty acid oxidation.

Immunology and Animal Biotechnology:
Immunology – Basic concepts; antigens and antibodies Basic concepts of immunology. Cells of
immune system, Primary and secondary Organs of immune system, Types of Immunity – Innate and
acquired, Basic properties of antigens, Structure, function and types of an antibody. B and T cell
epitopes, haptens, adjuvants. Antigen-antibody reactions, T-Cell and B-Cell activation, Monoclonal
antibodies and their production. Working of an Immune system; Immune system in health and
disease Structure and functions of major histocompatibility complex. Basic properties and functions
of Cytokines, Interferons and complement proteins, Humoral and Cell mediated immunity. Types of
hyper sensitivity. Concepts of autoimmunity and immunodeficiency. Introduction to Vaccines and
types of Vaccines. Animal Biotechnology and Genetically modified organisms Concept and Scope of
Animal Biotechnology. Cloning vectors - Plasmids, Cosmids, Lambda bacteriophage, YAC Cloning-
Cloning methods (Cell, Animal and Gene cloning) Animal Cell culture - Equipment and materials for
animal cell culture; applications of cell culture techniques Recombinant DNA technology and its
applications, Transgenesis – Methods of Transgenesis. Production of Transgenic animals and
Application of Transgenic animals in Biotechnology. Stem cells –types and their applications.

7

Animal Diversity – Invertebrates
Brief history of Invertebrates: Kingdom Animalia, Brief history of Invertebrates. Protozoa General
characters Classification up to classes with examples, Type study – Elphidium, Life cycle of
Plasmodium. Locomotion, Reproduction and Diseases. Porifera General characters, Classification of
Porifera up to classes with examples, Type study – Sycon, Canal system in sponges and Spicules.
Cnidaria General characters, Classification of Cnidaria up to classes with examples, Type study –
Obelia, Polymorphism in hydrozoa, Corals and coral reef formation. Platyhelminthes General
characters Classification of Platyhelminthes up to classes with examples, Type study-Schistosoma.
Nemathelminthes General characters Classification of Nemathelminthes up to classes with examples
Type study-Dracunculus, Parasitic Adaptations in Helminthes.

Annelida General characters, Classification of Annelida up to classes with examples Type study -
Hirudinaria granulosa. Evolutionary significance of Coelome and Coelomoducts and metamerism.
Arthropoda General characters, Classification of Arthropoda up to classes with examples, Type study
– Prawn, Crustacean larvae, Insect metamorphosis, Peripatus - Structure and affinities. Mollusca
General characters, Classification of Mollusca up to classes with examples, Type study – Pila, Pearl
formation, Torsion and detorsion in gastropods. Echinodermata General characters, Classification of
Echinodermata up to classes with examples, Water vascular system in star fish, Echinoderm larvae
and their significance. Hemichordata General characters, Classification of Hemichordata up to classes
with examples, Balanoglossus - Structure and affinities.

Ecology, Zoogeography and Animal Behavior:
Ecology-I: Ecosystem structure and functions. Types of Ecosystems –Aquatic and Terrestrial.
Biogeochemical cycles - Nitrogen, Carbon, Phosphorus and Water. Energy flow in ecosystem. Food
chain, food web and ecological pyramids. Animal Associations - Mutualism, commensalism,
parasitism, competition, predation.
Ecology – II: Concept of Species, Population dynamics and Growth curves. Community Structure and
dynamics and Ecological Succession. Ecological Adaptations. Environmental Pollution – Sources,
Effect and Control measures of Air, Water, Soil and Noise Pollution. Wildlife conservation - National
parks and Sanctuaries of India, Endangered species. Biodiversity and hotspots of Biodiversity in India.

Zoogeography: Zoogeographical regions – Palaearctic, Nearctic, Neotropical, Oriental, Australian and
Ethiopian regions - their Climatic and faunal peculiarities, Wallace line, Discontinuous distribution
Continental Drift. Animal Behaviour Types of Behaviour- Innate and Acquired, Instinctive and
Motivated behavior, Taxes, Reflexes, Tropisms, Biological rhythms and types of rhythms, trial and error
learning, Imprinting, habituation, Classical conditioning, Instrumental conditioning, Social behavior,
Communication, Pheromones, Biological rhythms, Biological clocks, Circadian rhythms.

Animal Diversity- Vertebrates and Developmental Biology:
Urochordata, Cephalochordata, Cyclostomata: Salient features of Urochordata, Retrogressive,
metamorphosis and its significance in Urochordata, Salient features and affinities of Cephalochordata
General characters of Cyclostomata, Comparison of the Petromyzon and Myxine, General characters
and classification of Chordata upto orders with examples. Pisces General characters of Fishes,
Classification of fishes up to order level with examples, Scoliodon – Respiratory, Circulatory and
Nervous system. Types of Scales and types of Fins

8

Amphibia General characters of Amphibians, Classification of Amphibians up to orders with
examples. Rana tigrina-Respiratory, Circulatory and Nervous system. Parental care in amphibian;
neoteny and paedogenesis.

Reptilia: General characters of Reptilia, Classification of Reptilia up to orders with examples, Calotes
– Respiratory system, Circulatory and Nervous system. Temporal fossae in reptiles and its
evolutionary importance, Distinguished characters of Poisonous and Non poisonous snakes.
Rhynchocephalia. Aves General characters of Aves, Classification of Aves up to orders with
examples. Columba livia -, Digestive system, Circulatory systems, Respiratory system and Nervous,
system. Migration in Birds, Flight adaptation in Birds, Mammalia General characters of Mammalia,
Classification of Mammalia up to orders with examples Rabbit –Digestive, Respiratory, Circulatory
and Nervous system. Dentition in mammals. Aquatic adaptations in Mammals. Developmental
Biology and Embryology Gametogenesis (Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis) Fertilization, Types of
eggs, Types of cleavages, Development of Frog up to formation of primary germ layers Formation of
Foetal membrane in chick embryo and their functions, Types and functions of Placenta in mammals,
Regeneration in Turbellaria and Lizards.

Cell Biology, Genetics & Evolution:
1. Cell Biology Ultrastructure of animal cell, Structure and functions of plasma membrane
proteins. Structure and functions of cell organelles –Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body,
Ribosomes, Lysosomes, centrosomes, Mitochondria and Nucleus Chromosomes – Structure,
types, giant chromosomes, Cell Division - Mitosis, Meiosis. 2. Molecular Biology DNA
(Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid) – Structure, RNA (Ribo Nucleic Acid) - Structure, types, DNA
Replication, Protein Synthesis – Transcription and Translation, Gene Expression – Genetic
Code; operon concept, Molecular Biology Techniques- Polymerase Chain Reaction,
Electrophoresis 3. Genetics Mendals laws of Inheritance and Non-Medelian Inheritance,
Linkage and Crossing over, Sex determination and sex-linked inheritance, Chromosomal
Mutations- Deletion, Duplication, Inversion, Translocation, Aneuploidy and Polyploidy. Gene
mutations- Induced versus Spontaneous mutations. Inborn errors of metabolism. 4.
Evolution Theories of evolution – Lamarckism and Neo-Lamarckism, Darwinism and Neo-
Darwinism, Modern synthetic theory. Evidences of Evolution and Hardy Weinberg Law.
Forces of Evolution – mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection. Isolation – Pre-
mating and post mating isolating mechanisms, Speciation: Methods of speciation-Allopatric
and sympatric.

SECTION – IV: BIOCHEMISTRY
Elementary aspects of cell structure–function, tissues and body fluids. 2. Chemistry, physiological
role and metabolism of biomolecules like carbohydrates, amino-acids, proteins, Lipids & nucleic
acids. 3. Basic aspects of nutrition, endocrinology & Physiology, clinical biochemistry, enzymology,
biological oxidations, photosynthesis. 4. Physiological role of vitamins and minerals. 5. Basic
aspects of immunology. 6. Replication, transcription and protein synthesis. 7. Fundamental aspects
of microbiology. 8. Elementary aspects of r-DNA technology and genetic engineering. 9. Principles,
methodology and applications of various biochemical techniques used in biochemistry.

9

SECTION – V: GENETICS

CLASSICAL GENETICS
Mendelian Inheritance & extensions: Terminology and definitions –phenotypes, genotype, locus,
allele, homozygotes, heterozygotes, Johanssen’s pure line concept, filial generations, reciprocal cross,
back cross, test cross; Law of segregation- Law of Independent Assortment, Extension to mendelian
segregation patterns: Co-dominance, Incomplete dominance, Lethals, gene interaction-Epistasis-
paramutation-Environmental effects on gene expression-Penetrance-Expressivity, Multiple alleles,
and Pseudoalleles; Features of Quantitative Inheritance, Multifactorial inheritance,
Extrachromosomal inheritance, Sex linked inheritance: X—linked and Y-linked traits, Sex
chromosome inactivation –dosage compensation, Gynandromorph; Linkage and gene mapping:
Cytological proof of crossing over, Phases of linkage, test cross, recombination frequency,
gene mapping, determination of map distances based on two and three point test crosses,
coincidence, interference, Tetrad analysis –Neurospora, Mitotic crossing over-Drosophila; Organellar
inheritance: Non-Mendelian inheritance, Chloroplast and Mitochondrial inheritance, Chloroplast
and Mitochondrial genomes

CYTOGENETICS
Eukaryotic Cell cycle -Phases of cell cycle G0, G1,S, G2, Genes that determine the cell cycle –
cyclins, CDK proteins, role of p53 in cell cycle, Mitosis –stages, significance of mitosis, Meiosis I &
II- Stages, formation of synaptonemal complex, crossing over, chiasma formation, significance of
meiosis; Chromosome structure, chromatin organization and variation: Chromosome
morphology-size and shape; Euchromatin and Heterochromatin-constitutive and facultative
heterochromatin, Components of chromatin, histones & non-histones, Packing of DNA into
chromatin –Nucleosome and higher order organization, Specialized Chromosomes –Lampbrush
chromosomes, Polytene Chromosomes, Super numerary chromosomes, Chromosome Variation-
Structural and Numerical aberrations; Cell communication and signaling: Basics of cell signaling –
paracrine, endocrine, autocrine, tight junctions and gap junctions, Secondary messengers -cAMP,
phosphotidyl inositol, Ca+2and IP3, G-protein coupled receptors and Tyrosine Kinase receptors;
Dysregulation of Cell cycle: Necrosis, senescence, programmed cell death (apoptosis- intrinsic and
extrinsic factors), Cancer

MOLECULAR GENETICS
Nucleic acids: DNA as the genetic material and experimental evidences, RNA as genetic material,
Chemistry of Nucleic acids, Forms of DNA and types of RNA, Models and methods of DNA
replication, Mechanism of DNA replication and enzymes involved; Gene expression and regulation
in prokaryotes and eukaryotes: Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene, Transcription and
Translation mechanisms, Genetic code and properties, Operon concept- lac operon & glucose effect,
tryptophan operon, Post-transcriptional and Post-translational modifications in eukaryotes;
Mutations and repair mechanisms: Mutations-spontaneous and induced mutations, Types of
mutations, DNA damage & repair mechanisms, Diseases caused due to mutation-sickle cell anaemia
and cystic fibrosis
MICROBIAL GENETICS & GENETIC ENGINEERING
Bacterial recombination and mapping: Bacteria- structure, Transformation and gene mapping,
Conjugation and gene mapping High frequency recombination, interrupted mating experiment;
Genetics of bacteriophages: Structure and classification of bacteriophages, Lytic cycle, Lysogeny,
Generalized and specialized transductions; Enzymes used in molecular cloning, Vectors used in
cloning, Genomic and cDNA libraries, Blotting techniques and PCR, Screening for detection of
cloned genes, Applications of genetic engineering- Gene products in medicine, DNA based
vaccines, Subunit vaccines, Attenuated vaccines, genetically engineered microorganisms for
bioremediation, phytoremediation, Transgenic plants, Transgenic animals, Molecular pharming,
Industrial products
BIOSTATISTICS & BIOINFORMATICS
Measures of central tendency and measures of dispersion, Grouped data and graphical methods,
Probability, Binomial, Poisson and Normal distributions, t-test, z-test, chi-square test; Computer
and Internet Basics, Biological databases, DNA Sequence and Protein sequence databases, Sequence
retrieval from Genbank, ENA, Swissprot

10

POPULATION GENETICS & EVOLUTION
Allele frequencies and genotype frequencies at a locus, Hardy-Weinberg Law, Linkage
disequilibrium, Snyder’s ratios; Selection–fitness, patterns of natural selection, general selection
equation, equilibrium under selection, Selection favoring heterozygote, selection against
heterozygote, complete elimination of recessive gene; Mutation–mutation models, influence of
mutation on allele frequency & autozygosity, balance between forward & backward mutation,
interaction of mutation with selection; Genetic load, Gene flow, Wahlund effect, Inbreeding,
construction of pedigrees inbreeding coefficient and inbreeding depression; Genetic Drift -Bottle neck
effect, Founder effect, effective population size, consequences of a decreasing population size; Origins
of genomes - Acquisition of new genes by gene duplication and from other species, Origin of non-
coding DNA, transposable elements and introns, Molecular phylogenetics, Molecular Evolution,
Molecular clock

SECTION – VI: MICROBIOLOGY
Scope and importance of Microbiology, Spontaneous generation-biogenesis theory; Germ theory of
diseases; Recent developments of Microbiology, Principles of microscopy, Principles of staining,
Culture media, Sterilization methods, Isolation of pure cultures, maintenance and preservation of
microbial cultures. Morphology and ultra-structure of typical eubacterial cell. Bacterial classification,
General characteristics and classification of virus. Morphology and structure of T4, lambda phages;
TMV and HIV. Nutritional types of bacteria, Bacterial growth, Respiration, Fermentation.
Biomolecules: Carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins, Biochemical techniques. DNA and RNA
structures and their role as genetic materials, Transcription and translation, Lac operon, Bacterial
plasmids and transposons, DNA damage and repair mechanisms, Mutations, Gene transfer
mechanisms in bacteria, Recombinant DNA technology: methodology and application. Types of
immunity, Organs of immune system, Cells of immune system, Antigens, Antibodies, Antigen-
antibody reactions. Normal flora of human body. Infection, Disease, Defense mechanisms. Bacterial
toxins, virulence and attenuation. Airborne diseases; Food and water borne diseases. General
principles of diagnostic microbiology. Elements of chemotherapy-therapeutic drugs, Drug resistance.
Concept of Biodiversity. Microbial diversity. Microorganisms of the environment (soil, water and air).
Microbial interactions. Microorganisms in relation to plant growth and biological control, Biological
nitrogen fixation, Biofertilizers. Biopesticides, Bioremediation. Microbiology of potable and polluted
water. Microorganisms of food spoilage and their sources. Methods of food preservation.
Microorganisms as food – SCP, edible mushrooms. Fermented foods. Screening and isolation of
industrially useful microorganisms, strain improvement strategies and immobilization methods.
Fermentor. Types of fermentations. Industrial production of Alcohol, Glutamic acid, Citric acid,
vitamin B12, Enzymes, Antibiotics and Vaccines. Basics of Bioinformatics and computational tools in
microbial sciences; Genomics, Proteomics and Metabolomics.
***

11

73. BIOTECHNOLOGY
CHEMISTRY
Part-A (40 Marks)
Coordination Compounds, Applications of Coordination Compounds, Organometallic Chemistry, Metal
Carbonyls and Related Compounds, Boranes and Carboranes, Inorganic Reaction Mechanisms,
Bioinorganic Chemistry, Hard and Soft Acids and Bases (HSAB). Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives,
synthesis Based on Carbanions, Nitro Hydrocarbons, Amines, Cyanides and Isocyanides, Heterocyclic
Compounds, Carbohydrates, Amino Acids and Proteins, Pericyclic Reactions, Synthetic Strategies,
Asymmetric Synthesis. Electrochemistry and Emf, Chemical Kinetics, Thermodynamics. Photochemistry,
Molecular Spectroscopy, Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Mass Spectroscopy.

S-Block Elements, P-Block Elements, Chemistry of Zero Group Elements, Chemistry of d-Block Elements,
Chemistry of f-Block Elements, General Principles of Inorganic Qualitative Analysis, Symmetry of
molecules, Non-Aqueous Solvents, Chemical Bonding, Molecular Orbital Theory, Theory of Quantitative
Analysis, Theories of Bonding in Metals. Structural Theory in Organic Chemistry, Acyclic Hydrocarbons,
alicyclic Hydrocarbons, aromatic Hydrocarbons, Arenes and Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons,
Halogen Compounds, Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers and Epoxides, Carbonyl Compounds, Conformational
Analysis, Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds. Atomic Structure and Elementary Quantum
Mechanics, Gaseous State, Liquid State, Solutions, Dilute Solutions and Colligative Properties, Solid
State Chemistry, Phase Rule, Colloids and Surface Chemistry, adsorption, Material Science, Nano
materials, Evaluation of Analytical Data.

BIOTECHNOLOGY
Part-B (60 Marks)
CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS
Cell as basic unit of living organisms-bacterial, fungal, plant and animal cells,Structure of
chromosome- morphology, components of chromosomes (histones and nonhistones),specialized
chromosomes (Polytene, Lampbrush),Chromosomal aberrations - structural and numerical,
Eukaryotic cell cycle –phases, Mitosis - Stages (spindle assembly)-significance, Meiosis- Stages
(synaptonemal complex) - significance, Apoptosis. Mendel’s experiments- factors contributing to
success of Mendel’s experiments, Law of segregation- Monohybrid Ratio; Law of independent
assortment- Dihybrid Ratio, Trihybrid Ratio, X-Y chromosomes - Sex determination in Drosophila,
Birds, Man, Bonellia; X-linked inheritance– Hemophilia and Color blindness; X-inactivation; Y-
linked inheritance - Holandric genes, Linkage and recombination- Cytological proof of crossing over,
phases of linkage, recombination frequency, gene mapping and map distance

NUCLEIC ACIDS AND BIOINFORMATICS
DNA as the genetic material- Griffith’s experiments on transformation in Streptococcus pneumonia,
Hershey-Chase experiments, Avery, MacLeod and McCarty’s experiments, RNA as genetic material-
Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Structure and forms of DNA (A, B and Z), Genome organization in prokaryotes,
Genome organization in eukaryotes, C-value and C-value paradox, Reassociation kinetics-cot curve,
Denaturation, Renaturation, Tm curve, Kinetic classes of DNA- unique sequences, moderately repeated
and highly repeated sequences; tandem repeats (satellite, minisatellite and micro satellites),
interspersed repeats (SINES-eg: Alu repeats, LINES); palindromic sequences and transposable genetic
elements.
DNA replication- enzymes; semi conservative DNA replication-Messelson and Stahl experiment; Linear,
Circular, Rolling circle, Theta, D loop models, Mutation- spontaneous, induced (frame shift, transition,
transversion), Physical and chemical mutagens, DNA damage- intrinsic and extrinsic factors, DNA
repair- Direct, Excision and methyl mediated mismatch, recombinational and SOS repair, DNA
recombination- homologous, site specific recombination and NHEJ (Non-Homologous End
Joining).Bioinformatics-Storage of databases in DNA (GenBank, EMBL, DDBJ),Protein data banks
(PDB, SWISS-PROT, UNIPROT, PIR) and their utilization, Data retrieval tools-BLAST, ENTREZ

BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOSTATISTICS
Biomolecules -Carbohydrates- importance, classification; structure and functions of
monosaccharides (glucose & fructose), disaccharides (sucrose, lactose & maltose) and polysachharides
(starch, glycogen & insulin), Amino acids- importance, classification, structure, physical and chemical
properties of amino acids; peptide bond formation, Proteins- importance, structure of proteins-
primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary, Lipids- importance, classification- simple lipids
(triacylglycerides & waxes), complex lipids (phospholipids & glycolipids), derived lipids (steroids,
terpenes & carotenoids) ,Fatty acids- importance, classification- saturated (palmitic acid, arachidic
acid) and unsaturated fatty acids (oleic acid & linoleic acid), Enzymes- importance, classification
and nomenclature; Michaelis-Menton Equation, factors influencing the enzyme reactions; enzyme
inhibition (competitive, uncompetitive & mixed), Co-enzymes. Probability, probability distribution-
Binomial, Poisson and Normal distributions, Test of significance- Null hypothesis and Alternate
hypothesis, Chi-square test- degrees of freedom and their applications to biology (goodness of fit),
Analysis of variance (One-way ANOVA) and their applications to biology.

1

BIOENERGETICS AND BIOANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
Glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation,
Gluconeogenesis and its significance ,Transamination and oxidative deamination reactions of amino
acids and β-oxidation of fatty acids Colorimetry: Beer and Lambert’s laws and UV- vis
spectrophotometry ,Principle and applications of chromatography (paper, thin layer & HPLC),
Electrophoresis (Agarose & SDS-PAGE), Principle and applications of centrifugation (preparative &
analytical)

MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY
Historical development of microbiology and contributors of microbiology, Outlines of classification
of microorganisms ,Structure and general characteristics of bacteria and virus ,Disease causing
pathogens and symptoms (Eg: Mycobacterium, Hepatitis). Methods of sterilization- physical and
chemical methods, Bacteriological media: LB media, EMB agar; Identification of bacteria by
staining methods , Bacterial growth curve and factors affecting bacterial growth, Fungal media- PDA,
Sabourauds agar. Types of immunity- innate and adaptive immunity, Cells of the immune
system: T-cells (helper and cytotoxic cells), B-cells, Natural killer cells, Macrophages, Basophils and
Dendritic cells, Primary organs of immune system- Thymus and Bone marrow, Secondary organs of
immune system- Spleen and Lymph nodes Antigens-immunogenicity vs antigenecity, factors affecting
antigenecity, epitopes, Haptens & types of adjuvants , Humoral and Cell mediated immunity, Structure
of immunoglobulin; types and functions of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE & IgD)

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
Structure of prokaryotic gene (promoter, initiator & terminator regions),Structure and functions of
RNA polymerase Transcription mechanism- initiation, elongation & proof reading, termination ,Genetic
code- properties, deciphering of genetic code, wobble hypothesis, aminoacylation, Translation
mechanism- initiation, elongation and termination, Operon concept, Lac operon. Gene expression and
regulation in eukaryotes-Structure of eukaryotic gene (promoter, exons, introns, terminator, enhancer
& silencer), Transcriptional machinery in eukaryotes (RNA polymerases), structures and
transcriptional factors ( basic, upstream &regulatory), Transcription- initiation (formation of
transcriptome), elongation and termination, Post-transcriptional modifications- capping,
polyadenylation, Splicing (self & protein mediated) and alternative splicing, Translation- initiation,
elongation and termination. Enzymes useful in molecular cloning: Restriction endonuclease, DNA
ligases, polynucleotide kinase, klenow enzyme, DNA Polymerase- I, reverse transcriptase, alkaline
phosphatase, terminal nucleotidyl transferase, Cloning Vectors: PBR 322, Bacteriophage, Cosmid,
Phagemid, Shuttle vectors, Gene transfer techniques: Physical, Chemical and Biological methods,
Polymerase Chain Reaction and its applications

MICROBIAL TECHNOLOGY
Industrial biotechnology- scope and applications, Exploitation of microorganisms and their products,
Principles of Fermentation technology, Types of fermentation, Microbial production of Organic
acids (Lactic acid, citric acid), Amino acids (Glutamic acid, Aspartic acid, Lysine), Fermentation by
microbes for food additives: dairy products (Cheese, Yogurt), beverages (Beer, Wine) and antibiotics
(Streptomycin, Erythromycin), Therapeutic drugs: Recombinant vaccines, monoclonal antibodies,
insulin, vitamins, Biofuel: Hydrogen, Alcohol, Methane.

***

2

74. NUTRITION & DIETETICS

Part–A (40 Marks)
I. Nutritional Biochemistry:
Carbohydrates, amino acids and proteins, Lipids, Vitamins and minerals –
classification, sources, functions, deficiencies, nutritional significance, digestion,
absorption and metabolism. Enzymes and its classification and action; Water and
electrolyte balance.

II. Food Science & Quality Control:
Cereals & Millets, Pulses & Legumes, milk & milk products, Egg & Fleshy foods,
Vegetables & Fruits, Sugar & Sugar products, Fats & oils – composition, nutritive
value, methods of processing, nutrient losses, uses & storage, anti-nutritional factors.
Food spoilage and preservation.

Part–A (60 Marks)
III. Nutrition for family:
Balanced diet, RDA, Food groups, Food Pyramid, Food exchange list, Nutritional
requirements for different age groups.

IV. Dietetics & Therapeutic Nutrition:
Disorders of malnutrition, GIT disorders, Obesity, Hepatic diseases, Renal diseases,
cardiovascular diseases, Diabetes, Cancer & Inborn errors of metabolism – Etiology,
symptoms and dietary management.

V. Community Nutrition & Public Health:
Food borne disorders; Food adulteration and contaminants, Personal hygiene;
Communicable diseases-causes, symptoms and treatment. Assessment of nutritional
status; National & international agencies in community nutrition.

***

75. Food Science & Technology

I. Food chemistry:

Carbohydrates, amino acids and proteins, Lipids, Vitamins and minerals – classification,
sources, functions, deficiencies, nutritional significance, digestion, absorption and
metabolism. Enzymes and its classification and action; Water and electrolyte balance.

General Chemistry:
Atomic structure, gaseous state, electrochemistry, thermodynamics, chemical equilibria,
chemical kinetics, chemical bonding, periodic properties of s- and p-block elements,
nomenclature, structure and reactivity of organic compounds, types of reactions,
structural and optical isomerism, carbohydrates, amino acids, heterocyclic compounds,
basics of molecular spectroscopy and radioactivity.

II. Food Science & Quality Control:

Cereals & Millets, Pulses & Legumes, milk & milk products, Egg & Fleshy foods, Vegetables
& Fruits, Sugar & Sugar products, Fats & oils – composition, nutritive value, methods of
processing, nutrient losses, uses & storage, anti-nutritional factors. Food adulteration, food
laws and food safety.

III. Food Microbiology

Introduction to microbiology and its relevance to everyday life-General morphology of micro-
organisms – General characteristics of bacteria, fungi, virus, protozoa, algae. Microbiology
of foods-cereals based products, meat, poultry, eggs, fruits, vegetables, milk, milk products,
salts sugars etc. Role of microorganisms in fermented foods-bread, malt beverages, wine,
vinegar, butter and cheese etc. Food poisoning and their causative organisms, food borne
infections.

IV. Food Processing and Preservation;

General principles of food processing , preservation by high and low temperature, drying
irradiation, sugar, salt etc. Preparation of jams, jellies, marmalades, juices, squashes,
ketchup, pickles and chutneys. Preparation of milk products- cheese condensed and
evaporated milk, whole and skim milk powder and ice cream.

V. Nutrition:

Balanced diet, RDA, Food groups, Food Pyramid, Food exchange list, Nutritional
requirements for different age groups. Disorders of malnutrition, GIT disorders, Obesity,
hypertension, renal diseases, cardiovascular diseases, Diabetes, Cancer & Inborn errors of
metabolism – Etiology, symptoms and dietary management.

***

76. M.SC. Psychology

Section – A
Indian Heritage & Culture & Current Affairs, Regional, Natural and International
events who-Sports, Books, Awards.

Section - B
General Knowledge – Inventions, Discover, Capital Cities. Abbreviations and Social
Problems.

***

77. M.SC. Sericulture
Marks: 100
Origin and History of Sericulture, silk road, distribution of sericulture in India
and World, CSB. Salient features of class Insecta- Classification of Mulberry silk
worm. Characteristic features of order Lepidoptera and Bombaycidae, Saturnidae
families. Economical importance of insects, by products of mulberry silk worm
and value addition, silk worm seed farms. Morphology, lifecycle, hormones,
receptors, digestive, circulatory, nervous, reproductive (male and female) systems
and silk gland of silk worm. SILK WORM REARING-Types of rearing houses,
rearing appliances, disinfectants. Disinfection of rearing house and appliances.
Chawki and late age worm rearing, Leaf harvesting methods, types of mountages,
cocoon sorting. stifling and cocoon markets. SILK REELING- Types of cocoon
cooking (open pan, three pan, pressurised floating and sunken system). Types of
reeling machines. Raw silk properties (physical and chemical). SILK WORM
PATHOLOGY- Protozoan, bacterial, viral and fungal diseases, pests of silk worm.
VANYA SERICULTURE- Host plants of vanya silk worms and its botanical
distribution, morphology and life cycle of vanya silk worms. Diseases and pests,
by products and value addition of vanya silk worms.
SERI BOTANY: Distribution and taxonomy of Moracea, plant diseases (mosaic,
yellows, canker, little leaf, leaf rust and powder mildews). Phytohormones –
(Auxins, Gibberllins and Cyclokinins) their role in vegetative propagation and leaf
quality. Influence and environmental factors for growth of mulberry. Role of soil,
water, light, temperature and biotic factors on structure of plant communities.
Inorganic nutrients and their role in plant nutrition and symptoms of their
deficiency, Physiology of Biomass, productivity with reference to leaf yield.
ZOOLOGY: Systamatic position of disease causing protozoans (Amoeba,
Entamoeba, Plasmodium and Trypanosoma). Helminth parasites (Schistosoma,
Echinococus, Paragonimus and Trichinella). Cell components, protein synthesis,
parasitism, symbiosis and commensalism. Physiological importance of
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and enzymes.
BIOTECHNOLOGY: Recombinant DNA technology, PCR techniques and its
applications. Gene transfer methods (direct and indirect). Applications of R-DNA
technology in agriculture and medicine. Plant tissue culture and its applications.
MICROBIOLOGY: Classification, characteristics and ultrastructure of microbes
()bacteria, algae, fungi, actinomycetes, mycoplasma and viruses). Biofertilizers
and single cell proteins.

***