AP PGCET 2023 Syllabus Mathematical Sciences

TEST NAME: 306 - Mathematical Sciences

LINEAR ALGEBRA AND VECTOR CALCULUS
1. Linear Algebra: Vector spaces, General properties of vector spaces, Vector subspaces,
Algebra of subspaces, linear combination of vectors. Linear span, linear sum of two
subspaces, Linear independence and dependence of vectors, Basis of vector space, Finite
dimensional vector spaces, Dimension of a vector space, Dimension of a subspace. Linear
transformations, linear operators, Range and null space of linear transformation, Rank and
nullity of linear transformations, Linear transformations as vectors, Product of linear
transformations, Invertible linear transformation. The adjoint or transpose of a linear
transformation,
Sylvester’s law of nullity, characteristic values and characteristic vectors, Cayley- Hamilton
theorem, Diagonalizable operators. Inner product spaces, Euclidean and unitary spaces, Norm or
length of a vector, Schwartz inequality, Orthogonality, Orthonormal set, complete orthonormal
set, Gram - Schmidt orthogonalisation process.
2. Multiple integrals and Vector Calculus: Multiple integrals: Introduction, the concept of a
plane, Curve, line integral- Sufficient condition for the existence of the integral. The area of a
subset of R2, Calculation of double integrals, Jordan curve , Area, Change of the order of
integration, Double integral as a limit, Change of variable in a double integration. Vector
differentiation. Ordinary derivatives of vectors, Space curves, Continuity, Differentiability,
Gradient, Divergence, Curl operators, Formulae involving these operators. Vector integration,
Theorems of Gauss and Stokes, Green’s theorem in plane and applications of these theorems.

A BSTRACT ALGEBRA & REAL ANALYSIS
3. GROUPS: Binary operations- Definitions and properties, Groups—Definition and
elementary properties, Finite groups and group composition tables, Subgroups and cyclic
subgroups. Permutations—Functions and permutations, groups of permutations, cycles and
cyclic notation, even and odd permutations, The alternating groups. Cyclic groups -
Elementary properties, The classification of cyclic groups, sub groups of finite cyclic groups.
Isomorphism - Definition and elementary properties, Cayley’s theorem, Groups of cosets,
Applications, Normal subgroups - Factor groups, Criteria for the existence of a coset group,
Inner automorphisms and normal subgroups, factor groups and simple groups,
Homomorphism- Definition and elementary properties, The fundamental theorem of
homomorphisms, applications.
4. RINGS: Definition and basic properties, Fields, Integral domains, divisors of zero and
Cancellation laws, Integral domains, The characteristic of a ring, some non – commutative
rings, Examples, Matrices over a field, The real quaternions ,Homomorphism of Rings -
Definition and elementary properties, Maximal and Prime ideals, Prime fields.
5. REAL NUMBERS: The Completeness Properties of R, Applications of the Supremum
Property. Sequences and Series - Sequences and their limits, limit theorems, Monotonic
Sequences, Sub-sequences and the Bolzano-Weir strass theorem, The Cauchy’s Criterion,
Properly divergent sequences, Introduction to series, Absolute convergence, test for absolute
convergence, test for non-absolute convergence. Continuous Functions-continuous functions,
combinations of continuous functions, continuous functions on intervals, Uniform continuity.
6. DIFFERENTIATION AND INTEGRATION: The derivative, The mean value theorems,

L ’Hospital Rule, Taylor’s Theorem. Riemann integration - Riemann integral, Riemann
integrable functions, Fundamental theorem.

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
7. Differential equations of first order and first degree : Linear differential equations;
Differential equations reducible to linear form; Exact differential equations; Integrating
factors; Change of variables; Simultaneous differential equations; Orthogonal trajectories.
8. Differential equations of the first order but not of the first degree: Equations solvable for
p; Equations solvable for y; Equations solvable for x; Equations that do not contain x (or y);
Equations of the first degree in x and y - Clairaut’s equation.
9. Higher order linear differential equations: Solution of homogeneous linear differential
equations of order n with constant coefficients. Solution of the non-homogeneous linear
differential equations with constant coefficients by means of polynomial operators. Method of
undetermined coefficients; Method of variation of parameters; Linear differential equations with
non-constant coefficients; The Cauchy-Euler equation.
10. System of linear differential equations: Solution of a system of linear equations with
Constant coefficients; An equivalent triangular system. Degenerate Case: p1(D) p4(D)-p2(D)
p3(D) = 0.

SOLID GEOMETRY
11. The Plane: Equation of plane in terms of its intercepts on the axis, Equations of the plane
through thegiven points, Length of the perpendicular from a given point to a given plane,
Bisectors of angles between two planes, Combined equation of two planes, Orthogonal
projection on a plane.
12. The Line: Equations of a line, Angle between a line and a plane, The condition that a given
line may lie in a given plane, The condition that two given lines are coplanar, Number of
arbitrary constants in the equations of a straight line. Sets of conditions which determine a
line, The shortest distance between two lines. The length and equations of the line of shortest
distance between two straight lines, Length of the perpendicular from a given point to a given
line, Intersection of three planes, Triangular Prism.
13. The Sphere: Definition and equation of the sphere, Equation of the sphere through four
given points, Plane sections of a sphere. Intersection of two spheres; Equation of a circle.
Sphere through a given circle; Intersection of a sphere and a line. Power of a point; Tangent
plane. Plane of contact. Polar plane, Pole of a plane, Conjugate points, Conjugate planes;
Angle of intersection of two spheres. Conditions for two spheres to be orthogonal; Radical
plane. Coaxial system of spheres; Simplified from of the equation of two spheres.
14. Cones, cylinders and conicoids : Definitions of a cone, vertex, guiding curve, generators.
Equation of the cone with a given vertex and guiding curve. Enveloping cone of a sphere.
Equations of cones with vertex at origin are homogenous. Condition that the general equation
of the second degree should represent a cone. Condition that a cone may have three mutually
perpendicular generators Intersection of a line and a quadric cone. Tangent lines and tangent
plane at a point. Condition that a plane may touch a cone. Reciprocal cones. Intersection of
two cones with a common vertex. Right circular cone. Equation of the right circular cone
with a given vertex, axis and semi-vertical angle. Definition of a cylinder. Equation to the
Cylinder whose generators intersect a given conic and are parallel to a given line, Enveloping
cylinder of a sphere. The right circular cylinder. Equation of the right circular cylinder with a

given axis and radius. The general equation of the second degree and the various surfaces
represented by it; Shapes of some surfaces. Nature of Ellipsoid. Nature of Hyperboloid of one
sheet.
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