Class 12 Half Yearly Question Paper 2025-26 Geography

CBSE CLASS 12
Half Yearly Question Paper
Session 2025-26

GEOGRAPHY

Exam CBSE Class 12
Subject Geography
Session 2025-26
Document Type Half Yearly Question Paper

Notes · Sample Papers · Previous Year Papers · Mock Tests

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HALF YEARLY EXAMINATION
SESSION: 2025 – 2026
CLASS: XII MAXIMUM MARKS: 70
SUBJECT: GEOGRAPHY (029) TIME: 3 HOURS
General Instructions:
1. This question paper contains 30 questions. All questions are compulsory.

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2. This question paper is divided into five sections. Sections-A, B, C, D and E.

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3. Section A - Question number 1 to 17 are Multiple Choice type questions carrying 1 mark each.

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4. Section B- Question number 18 and 19 are Source based questions carrying 3 marks each.

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5. Section C- Question number 20 to 23 are Short Answer type questions carrying 3 marks each. Answer to
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these questions shall be written in 80 to 100 words.
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6. Section D- Question number 24 to 28 are Long Answer type questions carrying 5 marks each. Answer to

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these questions shall be written in 120 to 150 words.
7. Section E- Question number 29 and 30 are Map based questions.
SECTION A
Question numbers 1 to 17 are MCQS.
1 “Neither is there a situation of absolute necessity and nor is there a condition of absolute 1
freedom, human beings can conquer nature by obeying it”.
Above mentioned lines are correctly defining the concept of—
A. Possibilism B. Determinism C. Humanism D. Neo Determinism

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2 Change of population in a particular area between two points of time is known as: 1

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A. Natural Growth B. Actual Growth of Population

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C. Positive Growth of Population D. Growth Rate of Population

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3 Katanga Zambia exemplifies which of the following factor of population concentration: 1

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A. Soil B. Minerals C. Water D. Urbanisation

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4 There are two statements marked as Assertion(A) and Reason(R). Mark your answer as per the 1
codes provided below.
Assertion: Mega cities of the world continue to attract large number of migrants every year.
Reason: Mining and industrial activities generate employment. So, skilled and semi–
skilled workers move to these areas and make them densely populated
Codes:
A. Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
B. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

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C. Both (A) and (R) are incorrect.

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D. (A) is correct but (R) is incorrect.

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5 Consider the following statements regarding approaches to human development and choose 1

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the correct option from the given codes.
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The income approach suggests that higher income leads to greater freedom and

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improved human development for individuals.
The welfare approach emphasizes the active participation of people in development
activities and advocates for minimal government intervention.
III. The basic need approach focuses on providing six essential needs and considers the
range of human choice in its implementation.
IV. The capability approach, associated with professor Amartya Sen, stresses building
human capabilities in health, education and access to resources as the foundation
for human development.

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Codes:
A. I and II B. I and IV C. II and IV D. I, III and IV
6 There are two statements marked as Assertion(A) and Reason(R). Mark your answer as per the 1
codes provided below.
Assertion (A): Sustainable Human development requires the careful use of environmental,
financial and human resources.
Reason (R): Misuse of resources leads to fewer opportunities for future generations.
Codes:
A. Both are true and R is the correct explanation of A
B. Both are true but R does not explain A correctly.
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true. A
7 Consider the following statements and choose the correct answer: 1
Statement I: Rearing is practiced at the subsistence or commercial levels.
Statement II: Animal rearing depends upon the geographical factors and levels of
technological development.
Codes:
A. Only statement I is correct
B. Only statement II is correct
C. Both the statements are correct and statement II correctly explains statement I
D. Both the statements are correct but statement II is independent of statement I.
8 Which of the following pairs is NOT correctly matched? 1
Column -A Column -B
A. The French Developed cocoa and coffee plantations in West Africa.
B. The British Developed large tea gardens in India and Sri Lanka
C. The Americans Developed rubber plantations in Malaysia and sugarcane
and banana plantations in West Indies.
D. The Spanish and Developed coconut and sugarcane plantations in the
the Americans Philippines.

9 Identify the type of farming based on the information given below: 1
Land holdings are very small due to the high density of population. Farmers work with the
help of family labour leading to intensive use of land. Farmyard manure is used to maintain the
fertility of the soil.
A. Intensive subsistence agriculture dominated by wet paddy cultivation
B. Intensive subsistence agriculture dominated by wheat
C. Slash and burn agriculture.
D. Primitive Subsistence Agriculture
10 Among the following features, which is/are not true about large scale manufacturing industries 1
I. Using simple power-driven machines and semi-skilled labourers.
II. Assembly line production.
III. Using various raw materials.
IV. Production for local markets with limited distribution.
V. Advanced technologies.
Options
A. Only I B. I and III C. II, III and V D. I and IV

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11 Consider the following points and choose the most appropriate option 1
manufacturing:

1. Manufacturing literally means ‘to make by hand’.
2. It is essentially a process which involves transforming raw materials into finished
goods of higher value for sale in local or distant markets.
3. Conceptually, an industry is a geographically located manufacturing unit maintaining
books of accounts and, records under a management system.

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4. As the term industry is comprehensive, it is totally different from ‘manufacturing’

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Option:

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A. All 1, 2, 3 & 4 are Correct B. Only 1,2 & 3 are correct
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C. All 1, 2, 3 & 4 are incorrect D. Only 3 & 4 is correct
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Match the Column and choose the correct option:
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A (Language B (Speech area)
1. Austric a. Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Assam

2. Indo-European b. West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra
3. Sino-Tibetan c. Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh
4. Dravidian d. Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana. Jammu& Kashmir,
Punjab, Himachal Pradesh,

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Option:

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1 2 3 4
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C. b a
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D. c b d a
13 There are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Mark your answer as per 1
the codes provided below.
Assertion (A): Hamleted Settlement is fragmented into several units physically separated
from each other bearing a common name.

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Reason (R): The segmentation of large village is often motivated by social and cultural

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factors.

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Codes:

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A. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

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B. Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

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D. (A) is false but (R) is true.
Identify the types of settlement on the basis of the given information: 1
I. Living area is separated from farms.
II. Such settlements are generally found in alluvial plains.
III. Security and defense can play an important role in formation of the settlement.
Options:
A. Dispersed Settlement B. Hamleted Settlement

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C. Semi clustered Settlement D. Clustered Settlement

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15 Identify the type of settlement based on the information given below:- 1

I. In this case, one or more sections of the village society choose or is forced to live a
little away from the main cluster or village.
II. Generally, the land-owning and dominant community occupies the central part of
the main village, whereas people of lower strata of society and menial workers
settle on the outer flanks of the village.
III. Settlements may result from tendency of clustering in a restricted area of dispersed
settlement.
A. Clustered Settlement
B. Semi Clustered Settlement
C. Hamleted Settlement
D. Dispersed Settlement.
16 Arrange the following agricultural initiatives opted by the Government of India from oldest to 1
newest.

i. Intensive Agricultural District Programme (IADP)
ii. Switching over from cash crops to food crops
iii. National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture
iv. Agro-climatic planning
v. Introduction of Package Technology
Options:
A. i-iii-ii-iv-v B. iii-i-ii-v-iv C. ii-i-v-iv-iii D. iv-v-iii-ii-i
17 Which of the following initiative is NOT taken up in Neeru-Meeru (Water and You) 1
programme (in Andhra Pradesh) and Arvary Pani Sansad (in Alwar, Rajasthan)
A. constructions of various water-harvesting structures
B. Creating Check Dams
C. Compulsory structure of Roof top Rainwater harvesting in each household
D. Creating Percolation ponds & Johad
SECTION-B
Question 18 & 19 are Source based questions.
18 Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follows:- 2+1=3

POPULATION CONTROL MEASURES
Family planning is the spacing or preventing the birth of children. Access to family planning
services is a significant factor in limiting population growth and improving women’s health.
Propaganda, free availability of contraceptives and tax disincentives for large families are
some of the measures which can help population control. Thomas Malthus in his theory (1798)
stated that the number of people would increase faster than the food supply. Any further
increase would result in a population crash caused by famine, disease and war. The preventive
checks are better than the physical checks. For the sustainability of our resources, the world
will have to control the rapid population increase.
I. Analyze the probable long-term socio-economic and environmental impacts of a rapid
increase in population
II. Propose sustainable strategies to address the challenges of over population.

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19 Read the passage related to smart water management in India carefully 1+1+1
questions that follows:-
Atal Bhujal Yojana (Atal Jal) is being implemented in 8220 water stressed Gram Panchayats
of 229 administrative blocks/ talukas in 80 districts of seven states, viz. Gujarat, Haryana,
Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh. The selected States
account for about 37 per cent of the total number of water-stressed (over-exploited, critical
and semi-critical) blocks in India. One of the key aspects of ATAL JAL is to bring in
behavioural changes in the community, from the prevailing attitude of consumption to

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conservation and smart water management.

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(Source: Annual Report, Ministry of Jal Shakti, Govt. of India, 2022-23)
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How can fostering a behavioral shift in the community from a mindset of
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consumption to one of water conservation contribute to sustainable resource

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management?
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II. Name any other two initiatives of the Govt. in recent years towards proper
management of water supply.
III. How can the Atal Bhujal Yojana’s community-led groundwater management drive
improvements in India’s water-stressed blocks?
SECTION-C
Question numbers 20 to 23 are Short Answer type questions.
20 Critically evaluate how the three dimensions of human development collectively shape the 3
Human Development Index. Also discuss the limitations of these indicators in capturing the
true essence of human progress.

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‘Neither HDI nor HPI alone can depict an accurate picture of the human development situation

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in a country’- explain.
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Evaluate how industries can be categorized on the basis of ownership patterns. Explain the 3

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distinguishing features of each category with appropriate examples, and assess their relative
importance in the economy.
22 Assess real-life situations to identify three major challenges society faces regarding 3
adolescents, and suggest measures to address them.
OR
Examine the demographic trends in India during the period 1901–1921. Why is this phase
often described as the ‘Period of Stagnant Population’?
23 "Irrigation plays a vital role in Indian agriculture”. Classify the major types of irrigated 3

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farming practiced in India and analyze the characteristics, advantages, and limitations of each

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method with suitable examples.
SECTION D
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Question numbers 24 to 28 are Long Answer Type questions.

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la 25 Why are most of the dairy farms situated near the peripheral areas of thea urban centres? Also
Explain how geography, as a field of study, is integrative, empirical and practical. 5

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enlist the factors that has led to the development of dairy farming as economic activity.
OR
Differentiate between nomadic herding and commercial livestock rearing by highlighting three
distinguishing features of the latter. Further, critically analyze the economic significance and
future potential of nomadic herding in the contemporary world.
26 What do you understand by the term urbanization? Discuss any four significant features of the 1+4

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process of urbanization in India, highlighting the challenges it poses for sustainable

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development.
27 “Most of the agricultural problems in the country are region specific. Yet, there are some 5
problems which are common.” Explain any five Problems of Indian agriculture based on the
Statement.
OR
“Land-use in a region, to a large extent, is influenced by the nature of economic activities
carried out in that region.” Explain the statement in context to India. 3+2
Why is the pressure on agricultural land increasing?
28 Explain any three factors responsible for the depletion of water resources. Examine any two 3+2
legislative measures for controlling water pollution in India.
OR
“Despite having adequate water resources, Punjab and Haryana face a steep decline in their
groundwater table.” Critically analyze the reasons behind this paradox and suggest measures to
overcome the crisis.
SECTION E
Question numbers 29 & 30 are Map based questions having 5 sub-parts each.
29 On the given political map of the World, seven geographical features have been marked as A, 5
B, C, D, E, F and G. Identify any five with the help of the following information and write
their correct names on the lines drawn near each feature.

A. An area of Subsistence Gathering
B. An area of Extensive Commercial Grain Farming
C. Area where the people practice Nomadic Herding
D. An area of Mixed Farming
E. Area of Commercial Livestock Rearing
F. Grassland where Extensive Agriculture is practiced
G. An Area where people practiced Subsistence Gathering and Nomadism

30 Locate and label any five of the following geographical features on the Political Outline map 5
of India with appropriate symbols:
a. State with Highest Density of Population (2011)
b. State with Lowest Density of Population (2011)
c. Leading Producing state of Tea
d. Leading Producing state of Sugarcane
e. Leading Producing state of Cotton
f. A Rubber Producing state
g. A leading Rice producing state.

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Roll No.a
Sign of Invigilator:-
Name:-
Q. NO. 29

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Q. NO. 30

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