ISC Class 12 Syllabus 2028 Business Studies

ISC
INDIAN SCHOOL CERTIFICATE
EXAMINATION

YEAR 2028

BUSINESS STUDIES
(857)

Developed by:
Research, Development and Curriculum Division (RDCD)
CISCE

January 2026
____________________________________________________________________________________________

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The Council for the Indian School Certificate
Examinations is committed to serving the nation's
children, through high quality educational
endeavours, empowering them to contribute towards
a humane, just and pluralistic society, promoting
introspective living, by creating exciting learning
opportunities, with a commitment to excellence.

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Minimum monitoring.
Allowing schools to evolve their own niche.
Catering to the needs of the children.
Giving freedom to experiment with new ideas
and practices.
Diversity and plurality - the basic strength for
evolution of ideas.
Schools to motivate pupils towards the
cultivation of:
Excellence - The Indian and Global
experience.
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of the educational experience.
Schools to have an 'Indian Ethos', strong roots in
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aspirations.

CLASS XII
There will be two papers in the subject:
Paper I - Theory: 3 hours ……80 marks
Paper II- Project Work ……20 marks

PAPER I (THEORY) : 80 MARKS

S. NO. UNIT WEIGHTAGE

1. Business Environment 5 Marks

2. Management 35 Marks

3. Financing 20 Marks

4. Marketing 20 Marks

TOTAL 80 Marks

1. Business Environment
Meaning and Importance of Business Environment through Environmental Scanning
(i) Business Environment: Meaning and features; Environmental scanning- Meaning and importance
(ii) Components of Business Environment –
Internal factors: Corporate culture, mission and objectives, management structure, employee skills and
resources
External factors: political, economic, social, technological, legal, environmental and global
(iii)S.W.O.T. Analysis (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat) as a technique to assess the
organisation.

2. Management
(i) Management: Meaning, features and importance of management.
Meaning of Management: as an activity; as a group; as a discipline; as a process. Features and
importance of management.
Levels of management (top, middle and lower levels)- Meaning and functions of each level.
(ii) Principles of Management:
Need for principles of management; Taylor’s 5 scientific principles of Management; Fayol’s 14 principles
of Management; Relevance of the principles of Management in today’s business scenario. Comparison of
Taylor's and Fayol’s principles.
(iii) Functions of Management: Planning; Organising; Staffing; Directing; Controlling and Coordinating.
(a) Planning:
Meaning, steps, importance & limitation; Types of plans- Objectives, strategy, policy, procedures,
method, rule, budget, program, (meaning and features).
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(b) Organising:
Meaning, importance, steps; Organisational structure (functional and divisional)-Meaning, features,
merits, demerits and differences between functional and divisional
Formal and informal organisation – Meaning, features, merits, demerits and differences between
formal and informal
Delegation- Meaning and importance
Decentralisation and Centralisation- Meaning
Distinction between delegation and decentraliation.
(c) Staffing:
Meaning, steps and importance; Recruitment – Meaning and sources; Selection –Meaning and steps;
difference between selection and recruitment,
Training: Meaning,
Methods of training:
Off the job training: coaching, internship, job rotation, job instructional technique, apprenticeship
(Meaning only)
On the job training:lectures, conferences, vestibule training (Meaning only)
Development- Meaning
Differences between training and development.
(d) Directing:
Meaning and importance of directing
Supervision- Meaning, functions of a supervisor;
Motivation - Meaning and Maslow’s theory; Leadership- Meaning and styles of leadership
(Democratic, Autocratic Laissez-faire, Transformational and Situational- meaning only).
Communication - Meaning, objectives and process of communication. Barriers to communication
and overcoming barriers to communication.
(e) Controlling:
Meaning, steps and importance; Relationship between Planning and Controlling;
Management by Exception and span of control(meaning only).
(f) Coordination:
Meaning of Coordination; Coordination as an essence of Management.

3. Financing
(i) Business Finance and Financial Planning
(a) Meaning and basic functions of business finance- Investment, Financing, Dividend and Liquidity
Decisions (IFDL).
(b) Importance of finance for business.
(c) Meaning, features and importance of financial planning.
(d) Factors affecting capital structure
(e) Fixed capital - meaning, factors affecting fixed capital.
(f) Working capital – meaning, types; factors affecting working capital.
(g) Comparison between fixed and working capital.

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(ii) Sources of finance for a Joint Stock Company.
(a) Equity shares – meaning, features, advantages and disadvantages.
(b) Preference shares – meaning, features, types, advantages and disadvantages; distinction between
equity shares and preference shares.
(c) Bonus and rights issue, Employee Stock Option Plan (ESOP) and Sweat Equity Shares, Qualified
Institutional Placement - meaning. Distinction between bonus shares and right shares.
(d) Retained earnings – meaning, merits and demerits.
(e) Debentures – meaning, features types; advantages and disadvantages and Distinction between shares
and debentures.
(f) Loans from Financial Institutions - meaning, advantages and disadvantages.
(g) Different types of short-term financial assistance by Commercial Banks (cash credit, discounting of
bill of exchange, bank overdraft, short-term loan and advances)
(h) Other sources of short-term funds: public deposits, trade credit, customer advances, factoring, Inter
corporate deposits- Meaning only.
(iii) Stock Exchange
(a) Meaning and importance of Stock Exchange.
(b) Role of Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI),
(c) Stock broker as an intermediary
(d) Terms used in Stock Exchange -SENSEX, NIFTY, IPO, spot delivery, forward delivery, Bull market,
Bear market, ETF, FII
(e) Demat account- meaning only.

4. Marketing
(i) Marketing: Concept and functions.
Meaning and types of markets; modern marketing concepts: meaning and features importance of
marketing
Functions of marketing – meaning, features of each function of marketing.
(ii) Marketing Mix: Meaning and Elements.
Product Mix: Meaning
Goods: Meaning, features, types
Services: Meaning and features
Difference between goods and services. Branding: Meaning and merits.
Labeling: Meaning and merits.
Packaging: Meaning and features of good packaging.
Price Mix: Meaning, factors determining price. Pricing strategies-cost plus pricing, competitive pricing,
price-skimming, penetration pricing, value based pricing-(meaning only).
Place Mix: meaning.
Channels of distribution: Meaning and types
Physical distribution; meaning and elements (transportation, warehousing, order processing, inventory
control- meaning only)
Promotion Mix: Meaning and elements.

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Elements: Advertising, sales promotion, personal selling and public relations- meaning, features, and
objectives.
Digital marketing, social media, influencer marketing (meaning only).
Product life cycle in marketing: Stages (product development, introduction, growth, maturity and
decline), product life cycle extension strategies.
(iii) Consumer protection:
Need for consumer protection; methods of consumer protection (self-help, legislative methods and
consumer associations/NGOs).
Consumer Protection Act, 2019 – Meaning of consumer, rights of consumers, responsibilities of
consumers, remedies available and redressal mechanism (district commission, state commission and
national commission).
The revised pecuniary jurisdiction according to Consumer Protection Rule 21 to be taken with reference
to the Consumer Disputes Redressal Commissions (National, State and District). The Consumer
Protection Act 2023 to be taken into consideration only with reference to misleading advertisements.

PAPER II (PROJECT WORK) : 20 MARKS
Candidates will be expected to have completed two projects from any topic covered in Theory. The project
should preferably be hand written and a hard copy should be submitted by the candidates.
The project work will be assessed by the teacher and a Visiting Examiner appointed locally and approved
by CISCE.
Mark allocation for each Project [10 marks]:
Overall format 1 mark
Content 4 marks
Findings 2 marks
Viva-voce based on the Project 3 marks

A list of suggested Projects is given below:
1. Collect newspaper/magazine clippings of five cases filed by consumers in the Consumer Court.
Find out the rights violated, and the redressal mechanism used.
What was the outcome of each case?
2. Select five different companies across varying industries such as I.T., textiles, FMCG, Health Care, etc.,
included in the SENSEX. Keeping a hypothetical base money of Rupees One Lakh, invest in the shares of the
selected companies. The movement of share prices selected by you should be monitored over a period of one
month on a daily basis. A uniform / standard practice of either using the opening price or the closing price on
a particular day of the week should be used by all students in the class.
At the end of the month, analyse your investment in a spread sheet and give reasons for your choice of scripts.
3. Explore the Life Story of a popular product: track its changes and growth over time using the product life
cycle stages.
4. (a) Study the sources of recruitment and steps involved in the selection procedure adopted by two companies
of the same industry.
(b) Compare and evaluate the sources of recruitment and the selection process adopted by the selected
companies.

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5. Analyse a published case study done on any private sector business organisation. Explain the retrospective
impact of the Business environment on the company. Conclude by suggesting any two business strategies for
the company to survive in the present competitive market.
6. Formulate a capital plan for a hypothetical business organisation. Justify your formulated plan.
7. Choose two companies of the same industry. Study their organisational structure. Also give information with
regard to:
(i) Hierarchy
(ii) Centralisation and delegation of authority
(iii) Flow of information (scalar chain)
(iv) Span of control
(v) Channel of communication.
8. Select any business undertaking. Study the selected business in terms of ownership, capital and profitability.
Make a S.W.O.T. analysis and present it in a tabular form.
9. Create and conduct a brief survey (5–7 questions) about how people perceive the two brands from same sector.
Collect responses from at least 10–15 people, and present the results using bar or pie charts. Summarise what
the survey shows about customer perception, brand loyalty, brand image and so on.
10. Study two successful corporate leaders: Compare their leadership styles and how they helped their companies
succeed. Explore the leadership styles of two business icons and how their approaches helped achieve
company goals.

NOTE: No question paper for Project Work will be set by CISCE.

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SAMPLE TABLE FOR PROJECT WORK

S. Unique PROJECT 1 PROJECT 2 TOTAL
No. Identification MARK
Number A B C D E F G H I J S
(Unique ID) Teacher Visiting Average Viva-Voce Total Teacher Visiting Average Viva- Total (E + J)
of the Examiner Marks by Visiting Marks Examiner Marks Voce by Marks
candidate (A + B ÷ 2) Examiner (C + D) (F + G ÷ Visiting (H + I)
2) Examine
r
7 Marks* 7 Marks* 7 Marks 3 Marks 10 Marks 7 Marks* 7 Marks* 7 Marks 3 Marks 10 Marks 20 Marks

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

*Breakup of 7 Marks to be awarded separately by
Name of Teacher:
the Teacher and the Visiting Examiner is as
follows:
Signature: Date
Overall Format 1 Mark
Content 4 Marks Name of Visiting Examiner
Findings 2 Marks
Signature: Date
NOTE: VIVA-VOCE (3 Marks) for each Project is to be conducted only by the Visiting Examiner, and should be based on the Project only.

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