NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 2 Biological Classification

NCERT
SOLUTIONS
CLASS - 11th

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Class : 11th
Subject : Biology
Chapter : 2
Chapter Name : Biological Classi cation

Q1 Discuss how classi cation systems have undergone several changes over a period of time?

Answer. The classi cation systems have undergone several changes with time. The rst attempt of
classi cation was made by Aristotle. He classi ed plants as herbs, shrubs, and trees. Animals, on
the other hand, were classi ed on the basis of presence or absence of red blood cells. This system
of classi cation failed to classify all the known organisms.
Therefore, Linnaeus gave a two-kingdom system of classi cation. It consists of kingdom Plantae
and kingdom Animalia. However, this system did not differentiate between unicellular and
multicellular organisms and between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Therefore, there were large
numbers of organisms that could not be classi ed under the two kingdoms.
To solve these problems, a ve kingdom system of classi cation was proposed by R.H Whittaker in
1969. On the basis of characteristics, such as cell structure, mode of nutrition, presence of cell
wall, etc., ve kingdoms, Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia were formed.

Q2 State two economically important uses of:
(a) heterotrophic bacteria
(b) archaebacteria

Answer. (a) Heterotrophic bacteria
They act as decomposers and help in the formation of humus.
They help in the production of curd from milk.
Many antibiotics are obtained from some species of bacteria.
Many soil bacteria help in xation of atmospheric nitrogen.
(b) Archaebacteria
(1) Methane gas is produced from the dung of ruminants by the methanogens.
(2) Methanogens are also involved in the formation of biogas and sewage treatment.

Q3 What is the nature of cell-walls in diatoms?

Answer. The cell walls of diatoms are made of silica. Their cell wall construction is known as
frustule. It consists of two thin overlapping shells that t into each other such as a soap box. When
the diatoms die, the silica in their cell walls gets deposited in the form of diatomaceous earth. This

diatomaceous earth is very soft and quite inert. It is used in ltration of oils, sugars, and for other
industrial purposes.

Q4 Find out what do the terms ‘algal bloom’ and ‘red-tides’ signify

Answer. Algal bloom refers to an increase in the population of algae or blue-green algae in water,
resulting in discoloration of the water body. This causes an increase in the biological oxygen
demand (BOD), resulting in the death of shes and other aquatic animals.
Red tides are caused by red dino agellates (Gonyaulax) that multiply rapidly. Due to their large
numbers, the sea appears red in colour. They release large amounts of toxins in water that can
cause death of a large number of shes.

Q5 How are viroids different from viruses?

Answer. Viroids were discovered in 1917 by T.O. Denier. They cause potato spindle tuber disease.
They are smaller in size than viruses. They also lack the protein coat and contain free RNA of low
molecular weight.

Q6 Describe brie y the four major groups of Protozoa

Answer. Protozoa are microscopic unicellular protists with heterotrophic mode of nutrition. They
may be holozoic, saprobic, or parasitic. These are divided into four major groups.
(1) Amoeboid protozoa or sarcodines
They are unicellular, jelly-like protozoa found in fresh or sea water and in moist soil. Their body
lacks a periplast. Therefore, they may be naked or covered by a calcareous shell. They usually lack
agella and have temporary protoplasmic outgrowths called pseudopodia. These pseudopodia or
false feet help in movement and capturing prey. They include free living forms such as Amoeba or
parasitic forms such as Entamoeba.
(2) Flagellated protozoa or zoo agellates
They are free living, non-photosynthetic agellates without a cell wall. They possess agella for
locomotion and capturing prey. They include parasitic forms such as Trypanosoma, which causes
Sleeping sickness in human beings.
(3) Ciliated protozoa or ciliates
They are aquatic individuals that form a large group of protozoa. Their characteristic features are
the presence of numerous cilia on the entire body surface and the presence of two types of nuclei.
All the cilia beat in the same direction to move the water laden food inside a cavity called gullet.
They include organisms such as Paramoecium, Vorticella,etc.
(4) Sporozoans
They include disease causing endoparasites and other pathogens. They are uninucleate and their

body is covered by a pellicle. They do not possess cilia or agella. They include the malaria causing
parasite Plasmodium.

Q7 Plants are autotrophic. Can you think of some plants that are partially heterotrophic?

Answer. Plants have autotrophic mode of nutrition as they contain chlorophyll pigment. Thus,
they have the ability to prepare their own food by the process of photosynthesis. However, some
insectivorous plants are partially heterotrophic. They have various means of capturing insects so
as to supplement their diet with required nutrients derived from insects, causing proliferation of
growth. The examples include pitcher plant (Nepenthes), Venus y trap, bladderwort, and sundew
plant.

Q8 What do the terms phycobiont and mycobiont signify?

Answer. Phycobiont refers to the algal component of the lichens and mycobiont refers to the
fungal component. Algae contain chlorophyll and prepare food for fungi whereas the fungus
provides shelter to algae and absorbs water and nutrients from the soil. This type of relationship is
referred to as symbiotic.

Q9 Give a comparative account of the classes of Kingdom Fungi under the following:
(i) mode of nutrition
(ii) mode of reproduction

Answer. Phycomycetes- This group of fungi includes members such as Rhizopus, Albugo, etc.
(i) Mode of nutrition
They are obligate parasites on plants or are found on decaying matter such as wood.
(ii) Mode of reproduction
Asexual reproduction takes place through motile zoospores or non-motile aplanospores that are
produced endogenously in sporangium.
Sexual reproduction may be of isogamous, anisogamous, or oogamous type. It results in the
formation of thick-walled zygospore.
Ascomycetes- This group of fungi includes members such as Penicillium, Aspergillus, Claviceps,
and Neurospora.
(i) Mode of nutrition
They are sporophytic, decomposers, parasitic or coprophilous (growing on dung).
(ii) Mode of reproduction: Asexual reproduction occurs through asexual spores produced
exogenously, such as conidia produced on conidiophores.
Sexual reproduction takes place through ascospores produced endogenously in sac-like asci and
arranged inside ascocarps.

Basidiomycetes- This group of fungi includes members such as Ustilago, Agaricus and Puccinia.
(i) Mode of nutrition
They grow as decomposers in soil or on logs and tree stumps. They also occur as parasites in plants
causing diseases such as rusts and smuts.
(ii) Mode of reproduction
Asexual reproduction takes place commonly through fragmentation. Asexual spores are absent.
Sex organs are absent but sexual reproduction takes place through plasmogamy. It involves fusion
of two different strains of hyphae. The resulting dikaryon gives rise to a basidium. Four
basidiospores are produced inside a basidium.

Deuteromycetes — This group of fungi includes members such as Alternaria, Trichoderma, and
Colletotrichum.
(i) Mode of nutrition
Some members are saprophytes while others are parasites. However, a large number act as
decomposers of leaf litter.
(ii) Mode of reproduction
Asexual reproduction is the only way of reproduction in deuteromycetes. It occurs through asexual
spores called conidia.
Sexual reproduction is absent in deuteromycetes.

Q10 What are the characteristic features of Euglenoids?

Answer. Some characteristic features of Euglenoids are as follows.
Euglenoids (such as Euglena) are unicellular protists commonly found in freshwater.
Instead of cell wall, a protein-rich cell membrane known as pellicle is present.
They bear two agella on the anterior end of the body.
A small light sensitive eyespot is present.
They contain photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll and can thus prepare their own food.
However, in absence of light, they behave similar to heterotrophs by capturing other small aquatic
organisms.
They have both plant and animal-like features, which makes them dif cult to classify.

Q11 Give a brief account of viruses with respect to their structure and nature of genetic material.
Also name four common viral diseases.

Answer. Viruses are sub-microscopic infectious agents that can infect all living organisms. A virus
consists of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat. The genetic material may be present in
the form of DNA or RNA.
Most of the viruses, infecting plants, have single stranded RNA as genetic material. On the other
hand, the viruses infecting animals have single or double stranded RNA or double stranded DNA.

Bacteriophages or viruses infecting bacteria mostly have double stranded DNA. Their protein coat
called capsid is made up of capsomere subunits. These capsomeres are arranged in helical or
polyhedral geometric forms.
A.I.D.S, smallpox, mumps, and in uenza are some common examples of viral diseases.

Q12 Organise a discussion in your class on the topic – Are viruses living or nonliving?

Answer. Viruses are microscopic organisms that have characteristics of both living and nonliving.
A virus consists of a strand of DNA or RNA covered by a protein coat. This presence of nucleic acid
(DNA or RNA) suggests that viruses are alive. In addition, they can also respond to their
environment (inside the host cell) in a limited manner. However, some other characters, such as
their inability to reproduce without using the host cell machinery and their acellular nature,
indicate that viruses are non-living. Therefore, classifying viruses has remained a mystery for
modern systematics.