ISC Class 12 Syllabus 2024 Physics

ISC
Syllabus

2024

Revised

Syllabus

PHYSICS (861)
CLASS XII

There will be two papers in the subject:
Paper II: Practical - 3 hours ... 15 marks
Paper I: Theory - 3 hours ... 70 marks
Project Work ... 10 marks
Practical File ... 5 marks

PAPER I- THEORY: 70 Marks

S. NO. UNIT TOTAL WEIGHTAGE

1. Electrostatics 15 Marks

2. Current Electricity

3. Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
16 Marks
4. Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents

5. Electromagnetic Waves 2 Marks

6. Optics 18 Marks

7. Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
12 Marks
8. Atoms and Nuclei

9. Electronic Devices 7 Marks

TOTAL 70 Marks

1


PAPER I -THEORY- 70 Marks field E experiences an electric
 
Note: (i) Unless otherwise specified, only S. I. Units force FE = qE . Intensity due to a
are to be used while teaching and learning, as well as
continuous distribution of charge i.e.
for answering questions.
linear, surface and volume.
(ii) All physical quantities to be defined as and when
(c) Electric lines of force: A convenient way
they are introduced along with their units and
to visualize the electric field; properties
dimensions.
of lines of force; examples of the lines of
(iii) Numerical problems are included from all topics force due to (i) an isolated point charge
except where they are specifically excluded or where (+ve and - ve); (ii) dipole, (iii) two
only qualitative treatment is required. similar charges at a small distance;(iv)
uniform field between two oppositely
1. Electrostatics charged parallel plates.
(i) Electric Charges and Fields (d) Electric dipole and dipole moment;

Electric charges; conservation and derivation of the E at a point, (1) on the
quantisation of charge, Coulomb's law; axis (end on position) (2) on the
superposition principle and continuous perpendicular bisector (equatorial i.e.
charge distribution. broad side on position) of a dipole, also
Electric field: electric field due to a point for r>> 2l (short dipole); dipole in a
charge, electric field lines, electric dipole, uniform electric field; net force zero,
electric field due to a dipole, torque on a torque on an electric dipole:
dipole in uniform electric field.   
τ= p × E and its derivation.
Electric flux, Gauss’s theorem in (e) Gauss’ theorem: the flux of a vector
Electrostatics and its applications to find  
field due to infinitely long straight wire, field; Q=vA for velocity vector v A,
uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and 
A is area vector. Similarly, for electric
uniformly charged thin spherical shell.   
field E , electric flux φ E = EA for E A
(a) Coulomb's law, S.I. unit of   
charge; permittivity of free space and φE= E ⋅ A for uniform E . For non-
and of dielectric medium.  
Frictional electricity, electric charges uniform field φ E = ∫dφ =∫ E.dA . Special
(two types); repulsion and cases for θ = 00, 900 and 1800. Gauss’
attraction; simple atomic structure - theorem, statement: φE =q/∈0
electrons and ions; conductors or φE = where φE is for
and insulators; quantization and
conservation of electric charge; a closed surface; q is the net charge
Coulomb's law in vector form; (position enclosed, ∈o is the permittivity of free
coordinates r 1 , r 2 not necessary). space. Essential properties of a Gaussian
Comparison with Newton’s law of surface.
gravitation; Superposition principle 
    Applications: Obtain expression for E
( F
= 1 )
F 12 + F 13 + F 14 + ⋅⋅⋅ . due to 1. an infinite line of charge, 2. a
(b) Concept of electric field and its intensity; uniformly charged infinite plane thin
examples of different fields; sheet, 3. a thin hollow spherical shell
gravitational, electric and magnetic; (inside, on the surface and outside).
Electric field due to a point charge Graphical variation of E vs r for a thin
   spherical shell.
E = F / qo (q 0 is a test charge); E for a
group of charges (superposition
principle); a point charge q in an electric

2

(ii) Electrostatic Potential, Potential Energy and capacitance for capacitors in series and
Capacitance parallel combinations. Obtain an
Electric potential, potential difference, 1 2
expression for energy stored (U = CV
electric potential due to a point charge, a 2
dipole and system of charges; equipotential 1 1 Q2
surfaces, electrical potential energy of a = QV = ) and energy density.
system of two point charges and of electric 2 2 C
dipole in an electrostatic field. (c) Dielectric constant K = C'/C; this is also
Conductors and insulators, free charges and called relative permittivity K = ∈r = ∈/∈o;
bound charges inside a conductor. elementary ideas of polarization of matter
Dielectrics and electric polarisation, in a uniform electric field qualitative
capacitors and capacitance, combination discussion; induced surface charges
of capacitors in series and in parallel. weaken the original field; results in

Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor, reduction in E and hence, in pd, (V); for
energy stored in a capacitor (No derivation, charge remaining the same Q = CV = C'
formulae only). V' = K. CV'; V' = V/K; and E ′ = E ; if
K
(a) Concept of potential, potential difference the Capacitor is kept connected with the
and potential energy. Equipotential source of emf, V is kept constant V = Q/C =
surface and its properties. Obtain an Q'/C' ; Q'=C'V = K.
expression for electric potential at a CV= K. Q increases; For a parallel plate
point due to a point charge; graphical capacitor with a dielectric in between,
variation of E and V vs r, VP=W/q0;
C' = KC = K.∈o . A/d = ∈r .∈o .A/d.
hence VA -VB = WBA/ q0 (taking q0 from B
∈0 A
to A) = (q/4πε0)(1/rA - 1/rB); derive this Then C ′ = ; for a capacitor
equation; also VA = q/4πε0 .1/rA ; for d 
 ∈ 
q>0, VA>0 and for q<0, VA < 0. For a  r 

collection of charges V = algebraic sum partially filled dielectric, capacitance,
of the potentials due to each charge; C' =∈oA/(d-t + t/∈r).
potential due to a dipole on its axial line
and equatorial line; also at any point for 2. Current Electricity
r>>2l (short dipole). Potential energy of Mechanism of flow of current in conductors.

a point charge (q) in an electric field E , Mobility, drift velocity and its relation with
placed at a point P where potential is V, electric current; Ohm's law and its proof,
is given by U =qV and ∆U =q (VA-VB) . resistance and resistivity and their relation to
The electrostatic potential energy of a drift velocity of electrons; V-I characteristics
system of two charges = work done (linear and non-linear), electrical energy and
W21=W12 in assembling the system; U12 power, electrical resistivity and conductivity.
or U21 = (1/4πε0 ) q1q2/r12. For a system Temperature dependence of resistance and
of 3 charges U123 = U12 + U13 + U23 resistivity.
1 qq qq q q Internal resistance of a cell, potential
= ( 1 2 + 1 3 + 2 3 ) . For a
4πε 0 r12 r13 r23 difference and emf of a cell, combination of
dipole in a uniform electric field, derive cells in series and in parallel, Kirchhoff's laws
an expression of the electric potential and simple applications, Wheatstone bridge,
  metre bridge. Potentiometer - principle and its
energy UE = - p . E , special cases for φ applications to measure potential difference, to
=00, 900 and 1800. compare emf of two cells; to measure internal
(b) Capacitance of a conductor C = Q/V; resistance of a cell.
obtain the capacitance of a parallel-plate
capacitor (C = ∈0A/d) and equivalent

3

(a) Free electron theory of conduction; terminal is at a lower level and the +ve
acceleration of free electrons, relaxation terminal at a higher level, so going from -ve
time τ ; electric current I = Q/t; concept of to +ve through the cell, we are going up and
drift velocity and electron mobility. Ohm's ∆V=+ε and going from +ve to -ve terminal
law, current density J = I/A; experimental through the cell, we are going down, so ∆V =
verification, graphs and slope, ohmic -ε. Application to simple circuits. Wheatstone
and non-ohmic conductors; obtain the bridge; right in the beginning take Ig=0 as we
relation I=vdenA. Derive σ = ne2τ/m and consider a balanced bridge, derivation of
ρ = m/ne2 τ ; effect of temperature on R1/R2 = R3/R4 [Kirchhoff’s law not
resistivity and resistance of conductors and necessary]. Metre bridge is a modified form
semiconductors and graphs. Resistance R= of Wheatstone bridge, its use to measure
V/I; resistivity ρ, given by R = ρ.l/A; unknown resistance. Here R3 = l1ρ and
conductivity and conductance; Ohm’s law as R4=l2ρ; R3/R4=l1/l2. Principle of
 
J=σ E. Potentiometer: fall in potential ∆V α ∆l;
auxiliary emf ε1 is balanced against the fall
(b) Electrical energy consumed in time in potential V1 across length l1. ε1 = V1 =Kl1 ;
t is E=Pt= VIt; using Ohm’s law
ε1/ε2 = l1/l2; potentiometer as a voltmeter.
E = (V R ) t = I Rt. Potential difference
2
2
Potential gradient and sensitivity of
potentiometer. Use of potentiometer: to
V = P/ I; P = V I; Electric power consumed compare emfs of two cells, to determine
P = VI = V2 /R = I2 R; commercial units; internal resistance of a cell.
electricity consumption and billing.
3. Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
(c) The source of energy of a seat of emf (such
as a cell) may be electrical, mechanical, (i) Moving charges and magnetism
thermal or radiant energy. The emf of a Concept of magnetic field, Oersted's
source is defined as the work done per unit experiment. Biot - Savart law and its
charge to force them to go to the higher point application. Ampere's Circuital law and its
of potential (from -ve terminal to +ve applications to infinitely long straight wire,
terminal inside the cell) so, ε = dW /dq; but straight solenoids (only qualitative
dq = Idt; dW = εdq = εIdt . Equating total treatment). Force on a moving charge in
work done to the work done across the uniform magnetic and electric fields. Force
external resistor R plus the work done across on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform
the internal resistance r; εIdt=I2R dt + I2rdt; magnetic field, force between two parallel
ε =I (R + r); I=ε/( R + r ); also IR +Ir = ε current-carrying conductors-definition of
or V=ε- Ir where Ir is called the back emf as ampere, torque experienced by a current loop
it acts against the emf ε; V is the terminal pd. in uniform magnetic field; moving coil
Derivation of formulae for combination for galvanometer - its sensitivity. Conversion of
identical cells in series, parallel and mixed galvanometer into an ammeter and a
grouping. Parallel combination of two cells voltmeter.
of unequal emf. Series combination of n cells (ii) Magnetism and Matter
of unequal emf.
A current loop as a magnetic dipole, its
(d) Statement and explanation of Kirchhoff's magnetic dipole moment, magnetic dipole
laws with simple examples. The first is a moment of a revolving electron, magnetic
conservation law for charge and the 2nd is field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar
law of conservation of energy. Note change magnet) on the axial line and equatorial line,
in potential across a resistor ∆V=IR<0 when torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a
we go ‘down’ with the current (compare with uniform magnetic field; bar magnet as an
flow of water down a river), and ∆V=IR>0 if equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines.
we go up against the current across the Diamagnetic, paramagnetic, and
resistor. When we go through a cell, the -ve
4

ferromagnetic substances, with examples. (d) Magnetic field represented by the symbol
Electromagnets and factors affecting their B is now defined by the equation
strengths, permanent magnets.  
F = qo ( v × B ) ; B is not to be defined in
 

(a) Only historical introduction through terms of force acting on a unit pole, etc.;
Oersted’s experiment. [Ampere’s  
note the distinction of B from E is that
swimming rule not included]. Biot-Savart 
law and its vector form; application; B forms closed loops as there are no

derive the expression for B (i) at the magnetic monopoles, whereas E lines
centre of a circular loop carrying start from +ve charge and end on -ve
current; (ii) at any point on its axis. charge. Magnetic field lines due to a
Current carrying loop as a magnetic magnetic dipole (bar magnet). Magnetic
dipole. Ampere’s Circuital law: field in end-on and broadside-on
statement and brief explanation. Apply it positions (No derivations). Magnetic flux
  
to obtain B near a long wire carrying φ = B . A = BA for B uniform and
current and for a solenoid. Only formula  
 B A ; i.e. area held perpendicular to
of B due to a finitely long conductor.  
For φ = BA( B A ), B=φ/A is the flux
(b) Force on a moving charged particle in
  density [SI unit of flux is weber (Wb)];
magnetic field = ( )
FB q v × B ; special but note that this is not correct as a

cases, modify this equation substituting defining equation as B is vector and φ

dl / dt for v and I for q/dt to yield F = and φ/A are scalars, unit of B is tesla (T)
  
I dl × B for the force acting on a current equal to 10-4 gauss. For non-uniform B
 
carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field, φ = ∫dφ=∫ B . dA .
field. Derive the expression for force
between two long and parallel wires (e) Properties of diamagnetic, paramagnetic
carrying current, hence, define ampere and ferromagnetic substances; their
(the base SI unit of current) and hence, susceptibility and relative permeability.
coulomb; from Q = It. Lorentz force. It is better to explain the main
(c) Derive the expression for torque on a distinction, the cause of magnetization
current carrying loop placed in a (M) is due to magnetic dipole moment
     (m) of atoms, ions or molecules being 0
uniform B , using F = I l × B and τ = for dia, >0 but very small for para and
  
r × F ; τ = NIAB sin φ for N turns τ > 0 and large for ferromagnetic
   materials; few examples; placed in
= m × B , where the dipole moment m = 
 external B , very small (induced)
NI A , unit: A.m2. A current carrying magnetization in a direction opposite to
loop is a magnetic dipole; directions of 
  B in dia, small magnetization parallel to
current and B and m using right hand 
rule only; no other rule necessary. B for para, and large magnetization

Mention orbital magnetic moment of an parallel to B for ferromagnetic

electron in Bohr model of H atom. materials; this leads to lines of B
Concept of radial magnetic field. Moving becoming less dense, more dense and
coil galvanometer; construction, much more dense in dia, para and ferro,
principle, working, theory I= k φ , respectively; hence, a weak repulsion for
current and voltage sensitivity. Shunt. dia, weak attraction for para and strong
Conversion of galvanometer into attraction for ferro magnetic material.
ammeter and voltmeter of given range. Also, a small bar suspended in the
horizontal plane becomes perpendicular
 
to the B field for dia and parallel to B

5

for para and ferro. Defining equation H Mutual induction and mutual inductance
= (B/µ0)-M; the magnetic properties, (M), flux linked φ2 = MI1; induced emf
susceptibility χm = (M/H) < 0 for dia (as dφ2 dI
M is opposite H) and >0 for para, both ε2 = =M 1 . Definition of M as
dt dt
very small, but very large for ferro;
hence relative permeability µr =(1+ χm) ε2 or M = φ 2
M = . SI unit
< 1 for dia, > 1 for para and >>1 (very dI 1 I1
large) for ferro; further, χm∝1/T (Curie’s dt
law) for para, independent of henry. Expression for coefficient of
temperature (T) for dia and depends on mutual inductance of two coaxial
T in a complicated manner for ferro; on solenoids.
heating ferro becomes para at Curie µ0 N1 N 2 A
temperature. Electromagnet: its =M = µ0 n1 N 2 A Induced
l
definition, properties and factors emf opposes changes, back emf is set up,
affecting the strength of electromagnet; eddy currents.
selection of magnetic material for
temporary and permanent magnets and Transformer (ideal coupling): principle,
core of the transformer on the basis of working and uses; step up and step
retentivity and coercive force (B-H loop down; efficiency and applications
and its significance, retentivity and including transmission of power, energy
coercive force not to be evaluated). losses and their minimisation.
4. Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating (c) Sinusoidal variation of V and I with time,
Currents for the output from an ac
generator; time period, frequency and
(i) Electromagnetic Induction phase changes; obtain mean values of
Faraday's laws, induced emf and current; current and voltage, obtain relation
Lenz's Law, eddy currents. Self-induction between RMS value of V and I with peak
and mutual induction. Transformer. values in sinusoidal cases only.
(ii) Alternating Current (d) Variation of voltage and current in a.c.
circuits consisting of only a resistor, only
Peak value, mean value and RMS value of
an inductor and only a capacitor (phasor
alternating current/voltage; their relation in
representation), phase lag and phase
sinusoidal case; reactance and impedance;
lead. May apply Kirchhoff’s law and
LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only),
obtain simple differential equation (SHM
LCR series circuit, resonance; power in AC
type), V = Vo sin ωt, solution I = I0 sin
circuits, wattless current. AC generator.
ωt, I0sin (ωt + π/2) and I0 sin (ωt - π/2)
(a) Electromagnetic induction, Magnetic for pure R, C and L circuits respectively.
flux, change in flux, rate of change of Draw phase (or phasor) diagrams
flux and induced emf; Faraday’s laws. showing voltage and current and phase
Lenz's law, conservation of energy; lag or lead, also showing resistance R,
motional emf ε = Blv, and power P = inductive reactance XL; (XL=ωL) and
(Blv)2/R; eddy currents (qualitative); capacitive reactance XC, (XC = 1/ωC).
(b) Self-Induction, coefficient of self- Graph of XL and XC vs f.
inductance, φ = LI and L = ε ; (e) The LCR series circuit: Use phasor
dI dt diagram method to obtain expression for
henry = volt. Second/ampere, expression I and V, the pd across R, L and C; and
for coefficient of self-inductance of a the net phase lag/lead; use the results of
µ0 N 2 A 4(e), V lags I by π/2 in a capacitor, V
=
solenoid L = µ0 n 2 A × l . leads I by π/2 in an inductor, V and I are
l

6

in phase in a resistor, I is the same in all Concept of displacement current, qualitative
three; hence draw phase diagram, descriptions only of electromagnetic spectrum;
combine VL and Vc (in opposite phase; common features of all regions of
phasors add like vectors) to electromagnetic spectrum including transverse
give V=VR+VL+VC (phasor addition) and nature ( and perpendicular to ); special
the max. values are related by features of the common classification (gamma
V2m=V2Rm+(VLm-VCm)2 when VL>VC rays, X rays, UV rays, visible light, IR,
Substituting pd=current x microwaves, radio and TV waves) in their
resistance or reactance, we get production (source), detection and other
Z2=R2+(XL-Xc)2 and properties; uses; approximate range of λ or f or
tanφ = (VL m -VCm)/VRm = (XL-Xc)/R at least proper order of increasing f or λ.
giving I = I m sin (wt-φ) where I m =Vm/Z
etc. Special cases for RL and RC circuits. 6. Optics
[May use Kirchoff’s law and obtain the
differential equation] Graph of Z vs f and (i) Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
I vs f. Ray Optics: Reflection of light by
(f) Power P associated with LCR circuit = spherical mirrors, mirror formula,
1
/2VoIo cosφ =VrmsIrms cosφ = Irms2 R; refraction of light at plane surfaces, total
power absorbed and power dissipated; internal reflection and its applications,
electrical resonance; bandwidth of optical fibres, refraction at spherical
signals and Q factor (no derivation); surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lens
maker's formula, magnification, power of
oscillations in an LC circuit (ω0 =
a lens, combination of thin lenses in
1/ LC ). Average power consumed contact, combination of a lens and a mirror,
averaged over a full cycle P= refraction and dispersion of light through a
(1/2) VoIo cosφ, Power factor prism.
cosφ = R/Z. Special case for pure R, L Optical instruments: Microscopes and
and C; choke coil (analytical only), XL astronomical telescopes (reflecting and
controls current but cosφ = 0, hence refracting) and their magnifying powers.
P =0, wattless current; LC circuit; at (a) Reflection of light by spherical mirrors.
resonance with XL=Xc , Z=Zmin= R, power
Mirror formula: its derivation; R=2f for
delivered to circuit by the source is
spherical mirrors. Magnification.
maximum, resonant frequency
1 (b) Refraction of light at a plane interface,
f0 = . Snell's law; total internal reflection and
2π LC critical angle; total reflecting prisms and
(g) Simple a.c. generators: Principle, optical fibers. Total reflecting prisms:
description, theory, working and use. application to triangular prisms with
Variation in current and voltage with angle of the prism 300, 450, 600 and 900
time for a.c. and d.c. Basic differences respectively; ray diagrams for Refraction
between a.c. and d.c. through a combination of
1 , real depth
media, 1 n2 × 2 n3 × 3 n1 =
5. Electromagnetic Waves and apparent depth. Simple applications.
Basic idea of displacement current. (c) Refraction through a prism, minimum
Electromagnetic waves, their characteristics, their deviation and derivation of
transverse nature (qualitative ideas only). relation between n, A and δmin. Include
Complete electromagnetic spectrum starting from explanation of i-δ graph, i1 = i2 = i (say)
radio waves to gamma rays: elementary facts of for δm; from symmetry r1 = r2; refracted
electromagnetic waves and their uses. ray inside the prism is parallel to the
base of the equilateral prism. Thin prism.

7

Dispersion; Angular dispersion; diffraction due to a single slit, width of
dispersive power, rainbow - ray diagram central maximum.
(no derivation). Simple explanation. (a) Huygen’s principle: wavefronts - different
(d) Refraction at a single spherical surface; types/shapes of wavefronts; proof of laws
detailed discussion of one case only - of reflection and refraction using
convex towards rarer medium, for Huygen’s theory. [Refraction through a
spherical surface and real image. Derive prism and lens on the basis of Huygen’s
the relation between n1, n2, u, v and R. theory not required].
Refraction through thin lenses: derive (b) Interference of light, interference of
lens maker's formula and lens formula; monochromatic light by double slit.
derivation of combined focal length of Phase of wave motion; superposition of
two thin lenses in contact. Combination identical waves at a point, path
of lenses and mirrors (silvering of lens difference and phase difference; coherent
excluded) and magnification for lens, and incoherent sources; interference:
derivation for biconvex lens only; extend constructive and destructive, conditions
the results to biconcave lens, plano for sustained interference of light waves
convex lens and lens immersed in a [mathematical deduction of interference
liquid; power of a lens P=1/f with SI from the equations of two progressive
unit dioptre. For lenses in contact 1/F= waves with a phase difference is not
1/f1+1/f2 and P=P1+P2. Lens formula, required]. Young's double slit
formation of image with combination of experiment: set up, diagram, geometrical
thin lenses and mirrors. deduction of path difference ∆x = dsinθ,
[Any one sign convention may be used in between waves from the two slits; using
solving numericals]. ∆x=nλ for bright fringe and ∆x= (n+½)λ
(e) Ray diagram and derivation of for dark fringe and sin θ = tan θ =yn /D
magnifying power of a simple as y and θ are small, obtain yn=(D/d)nλ
microscope with image at D (least and fringe width β=(D/d)λ. Graph of
distance of distinct vision) and infinity; distribution of intensity with angular
Ray diagram and derivation of distance.
magnifying power of a compound
(c) Single slit Fraunhofer diffraction
microscope with image at D. Only
(elementary explanation, qualitative
expression for magnifying power of
treatment only). Diffraction at a single
compound microscope for final image at
slit: experimental setup, diagram,
infinity.
diffraction pattern, obtain expression for
Ray diagrams of refracting telescope position of minima, a sinθn= nλ, where n
with image at infinity as well as at D; = 1,2,3… and conditions for secondary
simple explanation; derivation of maxima, asinθn =(n+½)λ.; distribution
magnifying power; Ray diagram of of intensity with angular distance;
reflecting telescope with image at angular width of central bright fringe.
infinity. Advantages, disadvantages and
uses. 7. Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
(ii) Wave Optics Wave particle duality; photoelectric effect,
Wave front and Huygen's principle. Proof Hertz and Lenard's observations; Einstein's
of laws of reflection and refraction using photoelectric equation - particle nature of light.
Huygen's principle. Interference, Young's Matter waves - wave nature of particles,
double slit experiment and expression for de-Broglie relation.
fringe width(β), coherent sources and
sustained interference of light, Fraunhofer

8

(a) Photo electric effect, quantization of total energy of electron. Energy level
radiation; Einstein's equation diagram, calculation of ∆E, frequency and
Emax = hυ - W0; threshold frequency; work wavelength of different lines of emission
function; experimental facts of Hertz and spectra; agreement with experimentally
Lenard and their conclusions; Einstein used observed values. [Use nm and not Å for unit
Planck’s ideas and extended it to apply for ofλ].
radiation (light); photoelectric effect can be
(ii) Nuclei
explained only assuming quantum (particle)
nature of radiation. Determination of Composition and size of nucleus. Mass-
Planck’s constant (from the graph of energy relation, mass defect; binding
stopping potential Vs versus frequency f of energy per nucleon and its variation with
the incident light). Momentum of photon mass number; Nuclear reactions, nuclear
p=E/c=hν/c=h/λ. fission and nuclear fusion.
(b) De Broglie hypothesis, phenomenon of (a) Atomic masses and nuclear density;
electron diffraction (qualitative only). Wave Isotopes, Isobars and Isotones –
nature of radiation is exhibited in definitions with examples of each.
interference, diffraction and polarisation; Unified atomic mass unit, symbol u,
particle nature is exhibited in photoelectric 1u=1/12 of the mass of 12C atom =
effect. Dual nature of matter: particle nature 1.66x10-27kg). Composition of nucleus;
common in that it possesses momentum p and mass defect and binding energy, BE=
kinetic energy KE. The wave nature of (∆m) c2. Graph of BE/nucleon versus
matter was proposed by Louis de Broglie, mass number A, special features - less
λ=h/p= h/mv. BE/nucleon for light as well as heavy
elements. Middle order more stable [see
8. Atoms and Nuclei
fission and fusion] Einstein’s equation
(i) Atoms E=mc2. Calculations related to this
equation; mass defect/binding energy,
Alpha-particle scattering experiment;
mutual annihilation and pair production
Rutherford's atomic model; Bohr’s atomic
as examples.
model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum.
(b) Nuclear Energy
Rutherford’s nuclear model of atom
(mathematical theory of scattering excluded), Theoretical (qualitative) prediction of
based on Geiger - Marsden experiment on exothermic (with release of energy)
α-scattering; nuclear radius r in terms of nuclear reaction, in fusing together two
closest approach of α particle to the nucleus, light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus
obtained by equating ∆K=½ mv2 of the α and in splitting heavy nucleus to form
particle to the change in electrostatic middle order (lower mass number)
potential energy ∆U of the system nuclei, is evident from the shape of BE
per nucleon versus mass number graph.
[ U = 2e × Ze r0∼10-15m = 1 fermi; atomic Also calculate the disintegration energy
4πε 0 r0
structure; only general qualitative ideas, Q for a heavy nucleus (A=240) with
including atomic number Z, Neutron number BE/A ∼ 7.6 MeV per nucleon split into
N and mass number A. A brief account of two equal halves with A=120 each and
historical background leading to Bohr’s BE/A ∼ 8.5 MeV/nucleon; Q ∼ 200 MeV.
theory of hydrogen spectrum; formulae for Nuclear fission: Any one equation of
wavelength in Lyman, Balmer, Paschen, fission reaction. Chain reaction-
Brackett and Pfund series. Rydberg constant. controlled and uncontrolled; nuclear
Bohr’s model of H atom, postulates (Z=1); reactor and nuclear bomb. Main parts of
expressions for orbital velocity, kinetic a nuclear reactor including their
energy, potential energy, radius of orbit and functions - fuel elements, moderator,
control rods, coolant, casing; criticality;

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utilization of energy output - all (b) Junction diode and its symbol;
qualitative only. Fusion, simple example depletion region and potential barrier;
of 4 1H→4He and its nuclear reaction forward and reverse biasing, V-I
equation; requires very high temperature characteristics and numericals; half wave
∼ 106 degrees; difficult to achieve; and a full wave rectifier. Simple circuit
hydrogen bomb; thermonuclear energy diagrams and graphs, function of each
production in the sun and stars. [Details component in the electric circuits, qualitative
of chain reaction not required]. only. [Bridge rectifier of 4 diodes not
included]; elementary ideas on solar cell,
9. Electronic Devices photodiode and light emitting diode (LED) as
(i) Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, semi conducting diodes. Importance of
Devices and Simple Circuits. Energy bands in LED’s as they save energy without causing
conductors, semiconductors and insulators atmospheric pollution and global warming.
(qualitative ideas only). Intrinsic and PAPER II
extrinsic semiconductors.
PRACTICAL WORK- 15 Marks
(ii) Semiconductor diode: I-V characteristics in
forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier; The experiments for laboratory work and practical
Special types of junction diodes: LED, examinations are mostly from two groups:
photodiode and solar cell. (i) experiments based on ray optics and
(ii) experiments based on current electricity.
(a) Energy bands in solids; energy band
diagrams for distinction between conductors, The main skill required in group (i) is to remove
insulators and semi-conductors - intrinsic parallax between a needle and the real image of
another needle.
and extrinsic; electrons and holes in
semiconductors. In group (ii), understanding circuit diagram and
making connections strictly following the given
Elementary ideas about electrical diagram is very important. Polarity of cells and
conduction in metals [crystal structure meters, their range, zero error, least count, etc. should
not included]. Energy levels (as for be taken care of.
hydrogen atom), 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, etc. of an
A graph is a convenient and effective way of
isolated atom such as that of copper;
representing results of measurement. It is an
these split, eventually forming ‘bands’ of important part of the experiment.
energy levels, as we consider solid
copper made up of a large number of There will be one graph in the Practical question
isolated atoms, brought together to form paper.
a lattice; definition of energy bands - Candidates are advised to read the question paper
groups of closely spaced energy levels carefully and do the work according to the
separated by band gaps called forbidden instructions given in the question paper. Generally
bands. An idealized representation of the they are not expected to write the procedure of the
energy bands for a conductor, experiment, formulae, precautions, or draw the
insulator and semiconductor; figures, circuit diagrams, etc.
characteristics, differences; distinction Observations should be recorded in a tabular form.
between conductors, insulators and
Record of observations
semiconductors on the basis of energy
bands, with examples; qualitative • All observations recorded should be consistent
discussion only; energy gaps (eV) in with the least count of the instrument used (e.g.
typical substances (carbon, Ge, Si); some focal length of the lens is 10.0 cm or 15.1cm but
electrical properties of semiconductors. 10 cm is a wrong record.)
Majority and minority charge carriers -
• All observations should be recorded with correct
electrons and holes; intrinsic and
units.
extrinsic, doping, p-type, n-type; donor
and acceptor impurities.

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Graph work NOTE:
Students should learn to draw graphs correctly noting Short answer type questions may be set from each
all important steps such as: experiment to test understanding of theory and logic
(i) Title of steps involved.
(ii) Selection of origin (should be marked by two Given below is a list of required experiments.
coordinates, example 0,0 or 5,0, or 0,10 or 30,5; Teachers may add to this list, keeping in mind the
Kink is not accepted). general pattern of questions asked in the annual
examinations.
(i) The axes should be labelled according to the
question Students are required to have completed all
(ii) Uniform and convenient scale should be taken experiments from the given list (excluding
and the units given along each axis (one small demonstration experiments):
division = 0.33, 0.67, 0.66, etc. should not to be 1. To find focal length of a convex lens by using u-
taken) v method (no parallax method)
(iii) Maximum area of graph paper (at least 60% of Using a convex lens, optical bench/metre scales
the graph paper along both the axes) should and two pins, obtain the positions of the images
be used. for various positions of the object; f<u<2f, u~2f,
(iv) Points should be plotted with great care, and u>2f.
marking the points plotted with (should be a
Draw the following set of graphs using data from
circle with a dot)  or ⊗ . A blob ( ) is a
the experiments -
misplot.
(v) The best fit straight line should be drawn. The (i) ν against u. It will be a curve.
best fit line does not necessarily have to pass  v
through all the plotted points and the origin. (ii) Magnification  m =  against ν which is a
 u
While drawing the best fit line, all
experimental points must be kept on the line straight line and to find focal length by
or symmetrically placed on the left and right intercept.
side of the line. The line should be continuous, (iii) y = (100/v) against x = (100/u) which is a
thin, uniform and extended beyond the extreme straight line and find f by intercepts.
plots.
2. To find f of a convex lens by displacement
(vi) The intercepts must be read carefully. method.
Y intercept i.e. y0 is that value of y when x = 0.
Similarly, X intercept i.e. x0 is that value of x 3. To determine the focal length of a given convex
when y=0. When x0 and y0 are to be read, lens with the help of an auxiliary convex lens.
origin should be at (0, 0). 4. To determine the focal length of a concave lens,
Deductions using an auxiliary convex lens, not in contact and
plotting appropriate graph.
(i) The slope ‘S’ of the best fit line must be found
taking two distant points (using more than 50% 5. To determine focal length of concave mirror by
of the line drawn), which are not the plotted using two pins (by u-v method).
y − y1 ∆y 6. To determine the refractive index of a liquid by
points, using S = 2 = . Slope S must
x2 − x1 ∆x using a convex lens and a plane mirror.
be calculated upto proper decimal place or 7. To determine the focal length of a convex mirror
significant figures as specified in the question using convex lens.
paper.
8. Using a metre bridge, determine the resistance of
(ii) All calculations should be rounded off upto about 100 cm of (constantan) wire. Measure its
proper decimal place or significant figures, as length and radius and hence, calculate the
specified in the question papers. specific resistance of the material.

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9. Verify Ohm’s law for the given unknown PROJECT WORK AND PRACTICAL FILE –
resistance (a 60 cm constantan wire), plotting a
15 marks
graph of potential difference versus current. Also
calculate the resistance per cm of the wire from Project Work – 10 marks
the slope of the graph and the length of the wire.
The Project work is to be assessed by a Visiting
10. To determine the internal resistance of a cell by a Examiner appointed locally and approved by the
potentiometer.
Council.
11. From a potentiometer set up, measure the fall in
potential (i.e. pd) for increasing lengths of a All candidates will be required to do one project
constantan wire, through which a steady current involving some physics related topic/s under the
is flowing; plot a graph of pd (V) versus length guidance and regular supervision of the Physics
(l). Calculate the potential gradient of the wire teacher.
and specific resistance of its material. Q (i) Why
is the current kept constant in this experiment? Candidates should undertake any one of the
Q (ii) How can you increase the sensitivity of the following types of projects:
potentiometer? Q (iii) How can you use the • Theoretical project
above results and measure the emf of a cell?
12. To verify the laws of combination of resistances • Working Model
(series and parallel) using metre bridge. • Investigatory project (by performing an
experiment under supervision of a teacher)
Demonstration Experiments (The following
experiments are to be demonstrated by the teacher): Candidates are to prepare a technical report including
1. To convert a given galvanometer into (a) an title, abstract, some theoretical discussion,
ammeter of range, say 2A and (b) a voltmeter of experimental setup, observations with tables of data
range 4V. collected, graph/chart (if any), analysis and
2. To study I-V characteristics of a semi-conductor discussion of results, deductions, conclusion, etc. The
diode in forward and reverse bias. teacher should approve the draft, before it is
3. To determine refractive index of a glass slab finalised. The report should be kept simple, but neat
using a traveling microscope. and elegant. Teachers may assign or students may
choose any one project of their choice.
4. Identification of diode, LED, transistor, IC,
resistor, capacitor from mixed collection of such Suggested Evaluation Criteria for Theory Based
items. Projects:
5. Use of multimeter to (i) identify base of  Title of the Project
transistor, (ii) distinguish between npn and pnp
 Introduction
type transistors, (iii) see the unidirectional flow
of current in case of diode and an LED,  Contents
(iv) check whether a given electronic component  Analysis/ material aid (graph, data, structure,
(e.g. diode, transistors, IC) is in working order. pie charts, histograms, diagrams, etc.)
 Originality of work (the work should be the
6. Charging and discharging of a capacitor.
candidates’ original work,)
 Conclusion/comments

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Suggested Evaluation Criteria for Model Based
Projects:
 Title of the Project
 Model construction
 Concise Project report
Suggested Evaluation Criteria for Investigative
Projects:
 Title of the Project
 Theory/principle involved
 Experimental setup
 Observations calculations/deduction and graph
work
 Result/ Conclusions
Practical File – 5 marks
The Visiting Examiner is required to assess the
candidates on the basis of the Physics practical file
maintained by them during the academic year.

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