GATE 2024 Syllabus for Textile Engineering & Fibre Science

TF Textile Engineering and Fibre Science

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Linear Algebra: Matrices and Determinants; Systems of linear equations; Eigen values and
Eigen vectors.

Calculus: Limit, continuity and differentiability; Successive differentiation; Partial
differentiation; Maxima and minima; Errors and approximations; Definite and improper
integrals; Sequences and series; Test for convergence; Power series; Taylor series.

Differential Equations: First order linear and non-linear differential equations; Higher order
linear differential equations with constant coefficients; Euler-Cauchy equation; Partial
differential equations; Wave and heat equations; Laplace’s equation.

Probability and Statistics: Random variables; Poisson, binomial and normal distributions;
Mean, mode, median, standard deviation; Confidence interval; Test of hypothesis; Correlation
analysis; Regression analysis; Analysis of variance; Control charts.

Numerical Methods: Numerical solutions of linear and non-linear algebraic equations;
Numerical integration by trapezoidal and Simpson’s rules; Single-step and multi-step
numerical methods for differential equations.

TEXTILE ENGINEERING AND FIBRE SCIENCE

Section 1: Textile Fibres

Classification of textile fibres; Essential requirements of fibre forming polymers; Gross and
fine structures of natural fibres like cotton, wool, silk; Introduction to bast fibres; Properties and
uses of natural and man-made fibres including carbon, aramid and ultra-high molecular weight
polyethylene fibres; Physical and chemical methods of fibre and blend identification and blend
analysis.

Molecular architecture, amorphous and crystalline phases, glass transition, plasticization,
crystallization, melting, factors affecting Tg and Tm; Polymerization of nylon-6, nylon-66, poly
(ethylene terephthalate), polyacrylonitrile and polypropylene; Melt spinning processes for
PET, polyamide and polypropylene; Preparation of spinning dope; Principles of wet spinning,
dry spinning, dry-jet-wet spinning and gel spinning; Spinning of acrylic, viscose and other
regenerated cellulosic fibres such as polynosic and lyocell; Post spinning operations such as
drawing, heat setting, tow-to-top conversion; Spin finish composition and applications;
Different texturing methods.

Methods of investigating fibre structure such as density, x-ray diffraction, birefringence, optical
and electron microscopy such as SEM and TEM, I.R. spectroscopy, thermal methods such as
DSC, DMA, TMA and TGA; Structure and morphology of man-made fibres; Mechanical
properties of fibres; Moisture sorption of fibres; Fibre structure-property correlation.

Section 2: Yarn Manufacture, Yarn Structure and Properties

Principles of ginning; Principles of opening, cleaning and blending; Working principles of
modern blow room machines; Fundamentals of carding; Conventional vs. modern carding
machine; Card setting; Card clothing; Periodic mass variation in card sliver; Card auto leveller;
Principles of roller drawing; Roller arrangements in drafting systems; Periodic mass variation
in drawn sliver; Draw frame auto leveller; Principles of cotton combing; Combing cycle and
mechanisms; Recent developments in combing machine; Principles of drafting, twisting, and
bobbin building in roving formation; Modern developments in roving machine; Principles of
drafting, twisting and cop building in ring spinning; Causes of end breakages; Modern
developments in ring spinning machine; Working principles of ring doubler and two-for-one
twister; Relationship between single yarn twist and folded yarn twist; Principles of compact,
rotor, air-jet, air-vortex, friction, core, wrap and twist-less spinning processes.

Influence of fibre geometry, fibre configuration and fibre orientation in yarn; Fibre packing
density of yarn; Yarn diameter; Yarn twist and its relation to yarn strength; Helical arrangement
of fibres in yarns; Yarn contraction; Fibre migration in yarns; Stress-strain relation in yarn;
Mass irregularity of yarn; Structure-property relationship in ring, compact, rotor, air-jet and
friction spun yarns.

Section 3: Fabric Manufacture, Structure and Properties

Principles of winding processes; Classification of winding methods; Patterning mechanism;
Yarn clearers and tensioners; Different systems of yarn splicing; Warping objectives and
classification; Different types of warping creels; Features of beam and sectional warping
machines; Different sizing systems; Sizing of spun and filament yarns;Drawing-in process;
Principles of pirn winding.

Primary and secondary motions of loom; Shedding motion; Positive and negative shedding
mechanisms; Type of sheds; Tappet, dobby and jacquard shedding; Weft insertion;
Mechanics of weft insertion with shuttle; Shuttle picking and checking; Beat-up; Kinematics of
sley; Loom timing diagram; Cam designing; Effect of sley setting and cam profile on fabric
formation; Take-up and Let-off motions; Warp and weft stop motions; Warp protection; Weft
replenishment; Principles of weft insertion systems of shuttle-less weaving machines such as
projectile, rapier, water-jet and air-jet; Principles of functioning of multiphase and circular
looms; Types of selvedges.

Basic woven fabric constructions and their derivatives; Crepe, cord, terry, gauze, leno and
double cloth constructions; Drawing and lifting plans.

Fundamentals of weft knitting; Classification of weft knitting technologies; Weft knitted
constructions such as plain, rib, interlock and purl; Different knit stitches such as loop, tuck
and float.

Principle of warp knitting; Classification of warp knitting technologies; Swinging and shogging
motion of guide bar; Basic warp knit construction such as pillar, tricot, atlas, inlay and
nets.Fibre preparation processes for nonwovens; Web formation and bonding
processes;Spun-bonding and melt-blowing technologies; Applications of nonwoven fabrics.

Principles of braiding; Type of braids; Maypole braiding technology.

Peirce’s equations for plain woven fabric geometry; Elastic a model of plain-woven fabric;
Thickness, cover and maximum set of woven fabrics; Geometry of plain weft knitted loop;
Munden’s constants and tightness factor for plain weft knitted fabrics; Geometry of tubular
braids.

Section 4: Textile Testing

Sampling techniques for fibres, yarns and fabrics; Sample size and sampling errors.
Moisture in textiles; Fibre length, fineness, crimp, maturity and trash content; Tensile testing
of fibres; High volume fibre testing.
Linear density of sliver, roving and yarn; Twist and hairiness of yarn; Tensile testing of yarns;
Evenness testing; Fault measurement and analysis of yarns.
Fabric thickness, compressibility, stiffness, shear, drape, crease recovery, tear strength,
bursting strength, pilling and abrasion resistance; Tensile testing of fabrics; Objective
evaluation of low stress mechanical characteristics; Air permeability; Wetting and wicking;
Water-vapour transmission through fabrics; Thermal resistance of fabrics.

Section 5: Chemical Processing

Impurities in natural fibre; Singeing; Chemistry and practice of preparatory processes for
cotton; Preparatory processing of wool and silk; Mercerization of cotton; Preparatory
processes for manmade fibres and their blends; Optical brightening agent.

Classification of dyes; Dyeing of cotton, wool, silk, polyester, nylon and acrylic with appropriate
classes of dyes; Dyeing of polyester/cotton and polyester/wool blends; Dyeing machines;
Dyeing processes and machines for cotton knitted fabrics; Dye-fibre interaction; Introduction
to thermodynamics and kinetics of dyeing; Brief idea about the relation between colour and
chemical constitution; Beer-Lambert’s law; Kubelka-Munk theory and its application in colour
measurement; Methods for determination of wash, light and rubbing fastness.

Methods of printing such as roller printing and screen printing; Preparation of printing paste;
Various types of thickeners; Printing auxiliaries; Direct styles of printing of (i) cotton with
reactive dyes, (ii) wool, silk, nylon with acid and metal complex dyes, (iii) polyester with
disperse dyes; Resist and discharge printing of cotton, silk and polyester; Pigment printing;
Transfer printing of polyester; Inkjet printing; Printing faults.

Mechanical finishing of cotton; Stiff, soft, wrinkle resistant, water repellent, flame retardant and
enzyme (bio-polishing) finishing of cotton; Milling, decatizing and shrink resistant finishing of
wool; Antistatic and soil release finishing; Heat setting of synthetic fabrics; Minimum
application techniques.

Pollution control and treatment of effluents.