ISC Class 12 Syllabus 2027 Biology

ISC YEAR 2027

INDIAN SCHOOL CERTIFICATE
EXAMINATION

BIOLOGY
(863)

February 2025
____________________________________________________________________________________________

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Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE)

MISSION STATEMENT

The Council for the Indian School Certificate
Examinations is committed to serving the nation's
children, through high quality educational
endeavours, empowering them to contribute towards
a humane, just and pluralistic society, promoting
introspective living, by creating exciting learning
opportunities, with a commitment to excellence.

ETHOS OF CISCE

Trust and fair play.
Minimum monitoring.
Allowing schools to evolve their own niche.
Catering to the needs of the children.
Giving freedom to experiment with new ideas
and practices.
Diversity and plurality - the basic strength for
evolution of ideas.
Schools to motivate pupils towards the
cultivation of:
Excellence - The Indian and Global
experience.
Values - Spiritual and cultural - to be the bedrock
of the educational experience.
Schools to have an 'Indian Ethos', strong roots in
the national psyche and be sensitive to national
aspirations.

CLASS XII
There will be two papers in the subject: Paper II: Practical: 3 hours ... 15 marks
Paper I: Theory: 3 hours ... 70 marks Project Work … 10 marks
. Practical File … 5 marks

PAPER I- THEORY: 70 Marks

S. No. UNIT TOTAL WEIGHTAGE

1. Reproduction 16 Marks
2. Genetics and Evolution 15 Marks
3. Biology and Human Welfare 14 Marks
4. Biotechnology and its Applications 10 Marks
5. Ecology and Environment 15 Marks
TOTAL 70 Marks

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PAPER I –THEORY – 70 Marks fruit formation. Significance of dispersal of
seeds.
All structures (internal and external) are required
to be taught along with diagrams. Post-fertilisation events - embryo formation
(monocot and dicot); types of endosperm
1. Reproduction (cellular, nuclear and helobial); definition of
(i) Sexual reproduction in flowering plants perisperm.

Flower structure; development of male and (ii) Human Reproduction
female gametophytes; pollination - types, Male and female reproductive systems;
agencies and examples; outbreeding microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary;
devices; pollen-pistil interaction; artificial gametogenesis - spermatogenesis and
hybridisation, double fertilization; post oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilisation,
fertilization events - development of embryo development upto blastocyst
endosperm and embryo, development of formation, implantation; pregnancy and
seed and formation of fruit; special modes - placenta formation (elementary idea);
apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; parturition (elementary idea); lactation
Significance of seed dispersal and fruit (elementary idea).
formation.
Organs of male and female reproductive
Pre-fertilisation structures and events. system and their functions; internal structure
Structure of microsporangium, T.S. of anther of testis and ovary to be taught with the help
microsporogenesis, structure and of diagrams; gametogenesis-
development of pollen grain, viability of spermatogenesis (including spermiogenesis
pollen grain, economic importance of pollen and spermiation) oogenesis; hormonal
grain. Pistil – structure of megasporangium control of gametogenesis, structure of sperm
(L.S. of anatropous ovule), and mature ovum, menstrual cycle - different
megasporogenesis, structure and phases and hormone action, differences
development of female gametophyte. between oestrous and menstrual cycle,
menarche and menopause, physico-chemical
Types of pollination (autogamy, events during fertilisation, implantation,
chasmogamy, cleistogamy, geitonogamy, embryonic development up to blastocyst
xenogamy), adaptations in flowers formation, important features of human
pollinated by wind, water and insects. embryonic development (formation of heart,
Advantages of self and cross-pollination. limbs, digits, appearance of hair on head,
Contrivances for prevention of self- eyelashes, separation of eye lids, external
pollination. Pollen-pistil interaction in terms genital organs and first movement of foetus
of incompatibility/compatibility, events with reference to time period) placenta and its
leading to fertilisation, artificial functions (structure and the types of placenta
hybridisation: procedure (emasculation and not required). Parturition; lactation –
bagging), and its significance in plant hormonal control and importance.
breeding); definition of triple fusion and
double fertilization, significance of double (iii) Reproductive Health
fertilisation, changes in the ovary and ovule Need for reproductive health and prevention
for seed and fruit formation; apomixis, of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs);
polyembryony, parthenocarpy to be birth control - need and methods,
explained briefly. Fruits to be classified into contraception and medical termination of
true and false, structure (L.S) of a typical pregnancy (MTP); amniocentesis; infertility
fruit (mango and coconut); Internal and assisted reproductive technologies
structure of dicot (bean) and monocot (elementary idea for general awareness).
(maize) seeds; definition, differences and
examples of albuminous and non- Definition of reproductive health, programs of
albuminous seeds. Significance of seed and reproductive health (family planning, RCH),

11
ISC Examination Year 2027

population explosion - role of government in a pedigree chart and interpret the patterns of
controlling the population, contraceptives inheritance by analysis of pedigree chart).
methods and their methods of action (natural- Pleiotropy with reference to the example of
periodic abstinence, withdrawal or coitus Phenylketonuria (PKU) in human beings and
interruptus, lactational amenorrhea; artificial starch synthesis in pea seeds. Chromosomal
– barriers, IUDs, oral pills, spermicidal theory of inheritance; sex determination in
agents, implants and surgical methods, humans, birds, honey bees and grasshopper,
definition of medical termination of sex-linked inheritance - with reference to
pregnancy (MTP) and reasons for it; causes Drosophila (colour of body-yellow and
of infertility. Amniocentesis and its role in brown; and colour of eyes-red and white), and
detecting genetic defects. Assisted man (haemophilia and colour blindness),
reproductive technologies: IVF, IUT, ZIFT, definition and significance of linkage and
ICSI, GIFT, AI, IUI. - definition and crossing over. Mutation: spontaneous,
application only. Causes, symptoms and induced, gene (point – transition, transversion
methods of prevention of sexually transmitted and frame-shift); human genetic disorders:
diseases (genital warts, genital herpes, phenylketonuria, thalassaemia, colour
hepatitis- B, AIDS gonorrhoea, syphilis, blindness, sickle cell anaemia; chromosomal
chlamydiasis, trichomoniasis). disorders: Down’s syndrome, Klinefelter’s
syndrome, Turner’s syndrome.
2. Genetics and Evolution
(ii) Molecular basis of Inheritance
(i) Principles of inheritance and variation
Search for genetic material; structure of
Heredity and variation: Mendelian
DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA
inheritance; deviations from Mendelism -
replication; central dogma; transcription,
incomplete dominance, co-dominance,
genetic code, translation; r e gul at i on of
multiple alleles and inheritance of blood
gene expression - lac operon; human
groups, pleiotropy; elementary idea of
genome project; DNA fingerprinting.
polygenic inheritance; chromosomal theory
of inheritance; sex determination; linkage Structure of eukaryotic chromosomes with
and crossing over; mutation; sex linked reference to nucleosome; properties of ideal
inheritance; Mendelian disorders in humans; genetic material such as ability to replicate,
chromosomal disorders in humans. chemical stability, mutability and
inheritability. Search for DNA as genetic
Explanation of the terms heredity and
material - Griffith’s experiment, Hershey and
variation; Mendel's Principles of inheritance;
Chase’s experiment, Avery, McLeod and
reasons for Mendel's success; Biological
McCarty’s experiment; double helical model
importance of Mendelism; definition of
of DNA (contributions of Miescher, Watson
homologous chromosomes, autosomes and
and Crick, Wilkins, Franklin and Chargaff);
sex chromosomes; alleles – dominant and
Differences between DNA and RNA; types of
recessive; phenotype; genotype; homozygous;
RNA (tRNA, mRNA and rRNA, snRNA,
heterozygous, monohybrid and dihybrid
hnRNA); central dogma; reverse
crosses; back cross and test cross, definitions
transcription (basic idea only), replication of
to be taught with simple examples using
DNA (role of enzymes, namely DNA
Punnett square. Incomplete dominance with
polymerase and ligase), Meselson and Stahl’s
examples from plants (snapdragon -
experiment, and Taylor’s experiment.
Antirrhinum). Co-dominance
transcription, post-transcriptional processing
and multiple allelism – (pattern of inheritance
in eukaryotes (splicing, capping and tailing).
of ABO blood group in humans), polygenic
Intron, exon, cistron, recon, muton,
inheritance with an example of inheritance of
monocistronic and polycistronic transcription
skin colour in humans (students should be
unit (definitions only). Discovery and
taught examples from human genetics through
essential features of genetic code. Definition
pedigree charts. They should be able to create
of codon. Protein synthesis - translation

ISC Examination Year 2027 12

in prokaryotes. Gene expression; lac operon and resistance of bacteria to antibiotics,
in E. coli. Lederberg’s replica plating experiment,
criticism of Darwinism. Neo-Darwinism
Human Genome Project: goal; methodologies
(Modern Synthetic Theory); gene migration
[Expressed Sequence Tags (EST), Sequence
or gene flow, genetic drift (Founder’s effect,
Annotation], salient features and
bottle-neck effect), mutation, genetic
applications. DNA finger printing –
recombination and natural selection, Hugo de
technique, application and ethical issues to be
Vries theory of mutation - role of mutation in
discussed briefly.
evolution; Hardy Weinberg’s principle,
(iii) Evolution factors affecting Hardy Weinberg equilibrium
Origin of life; biological evolution and (numericals on Hardy Weinberg equilibrium),
evidences for biological evolution Variation - causes of variation (mutation and
(palaeontology, comparative anatomy, recombination), types of natural selection
embryology and molecular evidences); (directional, disruptive and stabilizing).
Darwin's contribution, modern synthetic Evolution of man - three features (for
theory of evolution; mechanism of example cranial capacity, height, posture,
evolution - variation and natural selection dentition, social behaviour, etc.) of each of the
with examples, types of natural selection; ancestors Dryopithecus, Ramapithecus,
gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy - Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo
Weinberg's principle; adaptive radiation; erectus, Homo neanderthalensis,
human evolution. Cro-magnon man leading to man of today
(Homo sapiens sapiens).
Origin of life - abiogenesis and biogenesis,
effect of oxygen on origin of life to show that 3. Biology and Human Welfare
reducing atmosphere is essential for abiotic
(i) Human Health and Diseases
synthesis. Important views on the origin of life
(panspermia, spontaneous generation), Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases
modern concept of origin of life, Oparin (viruses, bacteria, protozoans, helminths,
Haldane theory (definition of protobionts, and fungi);Basic concepts of immunology -
coacervates); Miller and Urey experiment. vaccines; cancer, HIV and AIDS;
Evidences of evolution: morphological Adolescence - drug and alcohol abuse.
evidences, definition and differences between
Communicable diseases; modes of
homologous and analogous organs (two
transmission, causative agents, symptoms
examples each from plants and animals),
and prevention; viral diseases (common
convergent evolution and divergent evolution,
cold, chikungunya and dengue), bacterial
vestigial organs; Embryological evidences –
diseases (typhoid- diagnosed by Widal test,
theory of recapitulation, definition and
pneumonia, diphtheria and plague),
differences between ontogeny and phylogeny.
protozoal diseases (amoebiasis, and
Palaeontological evidence – definition of
malaria, graphic outline of life cycle of
fossils and radioactive carbon-dating.
Plasmodium), helmintic diseases
Geological time scale (with reference to
(ascariasis, and filariasis); fungal
dominant flora and fauna) Biogeographical
(ringworms); cancer - types of tumour
evidence – definition of biogeography,
(benign, malignant), causes, diagnosis and
molecular (genetic) evidences -for example
treatment (surgery, immunotherapy, and
genome similarity, universal genetic code;
radiotherapy), characteristics of cancer
Darwin's finches and marsupials (adaptive
cells (loss of contact inhibition and
radiation).
metastasis); allergies and allergens –
Darwinism: salient features of Darwinism, definition and general symptoms of allergies.
contribution of Malthus. Examples of natural
Immunity (definition and types – innate
selection – Long neck of giraffe, industrial
immunity - role of physical barriers,
melanism, resistance of mosquitoes to DDT

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physiological barriers, cellular barriers, and 4. Biotechnology and its Applications
cytokine barriers; and acquired, active and
(i) Biotechnology - Principles and processes
passive, humoral and cell-mediated),
Interferons – definition, source and function; Genetic Engineering (recombinant DNA
structure of a typical antibody molecule, types technology).
of antibodies - IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD and IgE Definition and principles of biotechnology;
(function and occurrence, e,g. in serum, isolation of genomic (chromosomal) DNA
saliva, colostrum); vaccination and (from bacteria/plant cell/animal cell, by cell
immunisation; autoimmunity, primary and lysis), isolation of gene of interest (by
secondary lymphoid organs and tissues, brief electrophoresis), steps of formation of
idea of AIDS – causative agent (HIV), modes recombinant DNA, discovery, nomenclature,
of transmission, diagnosis (ELISA), features and role of restriction enzymes
symptoms, replication of retrovirus in the (EcoRI, HindII) and role of ligase; cloning
infected human cell (including diagram) and vectors (features of a good cloning vector,
prevention. examples of cloning vectors like pBR322,
Alcoholism and smoking - effects on health. Agrobacterium, retroviruses, bacterial
artificial chromosome (BAC), yeast artificial
Drugs: effects and sources of opioids,
chromosome (YAC)), methods of transfer of
cannabinoids, cocaine and barbiturates.
rDNA into a competent host, e.g. by direct-
Reasons for addiction; prevention and control method (temperature shock), microinjection,
of alcohol and drug abuse. gene gun, methods of selection of
recombinants (antibiotic resistance,
(ii) Microbes in Human Welfare
insertional inactivation/blue-white selection),
In household food processing, industrial cloning of recombinants, i.e., gene
production, sewage treatment, energy amplification (by in vivo or in vitro method -
generation and microbes as biocontrol using PCR technique), bioreactor (basic
agents and biofertilisers. Antibiotics. features and uses of stirred tank and sparged
Use of microbes in: (i) Household products: tank bioreactors), downstream processing.
Lactobacillus (curd), Saccharomyces (ii) Biotechnology and its applications
(bread), Propionibacterium (Swiss cheese);
Applications of biotechnology in health and
(ii) Industrial products: beverages (with and
agriculture: human insulin and vaccine
without distillation), antibiotics (Penicillin –
production, stem cell technology, gene
discovery and use); sources (microbes) and
therapy; genetically modified organisms -
uses of organic acids, alcohols and enzymes
Bt crops; transgenic animals; biosafety issues,
(lipase, pectinase, protease, streptokinase)
biopiracy and biopatents.
in industry, sources (microbes) and
applications of Cyclosporin-A, Statins. In agriculture: Micropropagation and
(iii) Sewage treatment – primary and somatic hybridisation techniques for
secondary treatment; (iv) Production of production of GM crops tolerant to abiotic
biogas (methanogens, biogas plant, stresses (cold, drought, salt, heat); pest-
composition of biogas and process of resistant crops (Bt-crops, RNAi with reference
production); (v)Biocontrol agents (ladybird, to Meloidogyne incognita); crops with
dragonfly, Bacillus thuringiensis enhanced nutritional value (golden rice).
Trichoderma, Nucleopolyhedrovirus
In medicine: insulin, vaccine production,
(Baculovirus), and (vi) Microbes as
definition of stem cells and application of stem
biofertilisers (Rhizobium, Azospirillum,
cell technology; gene therapy - with reference
Azotobacter, Glomus, Mycorrhiza,
to treatment of SCID, molecular diagnosis by
Cyanobacteria), IPM, harmful effects of
PCR, ELISA (the details of the technique of
chemical pesticides.
ELISA are not required), and use of
DNA/RNA probes.

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Transgenic animals for bioactive products humification and mineralization), factors
like alpha-1-antitrypsin for emphysema, affecting rate of decomposition (iii) Energy
alpha-lactalbumin; vaccine safety testing, flow. Various types of food chains – grazing
chemical safety testing; study of diseases. and detritus, food webs, trophic levels,
ecological pyramids – energy, number and
Role of GEAC, definition and two examples of biomass.
biopiracy (for example Basmati rice and
turmeric), biopatent; ethical issues. Definition of PAR, 10% Law, standing crop
and standing state.
5. Ecology and Environment (iii) Biodiversity and its Conservation
(i) Organisms and Populations Concept of biodiversity; patterns of
Population; population interactions - biodiversity; importance of biodiversity; loss
population attributes - growth, birth rate and of biodiversity; biodiversity conservation;
death rate, age distribution. hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction,
Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, national
Definition of population; population parks, sanctuaries and Ramsar sites
attributes: sex ratio, types of age distribution
pyramids for human population; definition Definition of biodiversity, few examples of
of population density, natality, mortality, each type of biodiversity - species, ecosystem
emigration, immigration, carrying capacity. and genetic. Global biodiversity and
Ways to measure population density. proportionate number of species of major taxa
Calculation of natality and mortality. of plants, invertebrates and vertebrates;
Population growth: factors affecting patterns of biodiversity (latitudinal gradients,
population growth and population growth species-area relationship – graph and
models: exponential growth and logistic equation), “rivet popper hypothesis”,
growth models along with equations, graph importance of species diversity to the
and examples of the same; life history ecosystem (narrowly utilitarian, broadly
variations: definition of reproductive fitness utilitarian, ethical terms).
and examples.
Examples of some recently extinct organisms
Population interactions – definition of (dodo, quagga, Steller’s Sea cow, thylacine
mutualism, competition (interspecific, and the three sub-species of tiger – Bali,
interference, competitive release and Caspian and Javan), causes of loss of
Gause’s Principle of Competitive biodiversity (habitat loss and fragmentation,
Exclusion), predation (adaptations in over-exploitation, alien species invasion, co-
organisms to avoid predation), parasitism extinction).
(ecto-, endo-, and brood parasites),
Biodiversity conservation: In-situ methods -
commensalism, amensalism.
protected areas: biosphere reserves, national
(ii) Ecosystem parks, wildlife sanctuaries, sacred groves; ex-
situ methods - captive breeding, zoo,
Ecosystems: patterns, components;
botanical gardens, cryopreservation, wild life
productivity and decomposition; energy
safari, seed banks, tissue culture. Definitions
flow; pyramids of number, biomass, energy.
and examples of each of the above. Hotspots,
Definition and types of ecosystems; structure Ramsar sites and Red Data Book.
of ecosystem (brief idea about
The place, year and main agenda of historic
biotic and abiotic components).
conventions on biological diversity (the Earth
Structure and function of pond ecosystem; Summit and the World Summit).
ecosystem functions: (i) Productivity – gross
primary productivity (GPP), net Note: Topics having numerical problems to
primary productivity (NPP) and be taught with illustrative examples.
secondary productivity (ii) Decomposition
(fragmentation, leaching, catabolism,

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PAPER II Collect soil samples from two different areas
and make a comparative study of their texture,
PRACTICAL WORK – 15 Marks moisture content, humus content, water
(1) Taxonomy: Study floral characteristics through holding capacity and pH.
dissection of flowers, drawing floral formula and Guidelines for collection of soil samples:
diagrams of following families:
• Texture - loamy, sandy and clayey soil.
(i) Malvaceae: type – China rose / Hollyhock. • Moisture content – Soil samples are to be
(ii) Leguminosae: subfamily – Papilionaceae – collected from a dry place and a wet place.
type – Sweet pea/ Pea/ Bean/ Sesbania/ Alternatively, samples of soil can be dried
Clitoria (single flower). to different degrees in oven/by keeping in
(iii) Solanaceae: type – Petunia / Datura / Brinjal sun.
Flower / Solanum nigrum. • Humus Content – Collect one sample from
(iv) Liliaceae: type – Onion or Amaryllidaceae – roadside/barren land and one sample from
type – Lily/Spider lily/ Tiger lily/ Tube rose/ garden/cultivated field.
Gladiolus.
• Water holding capacity – Pour given
(v) Cruciferae: type – mustard, candytuft (Iberis amount of water in known weight of soil
sp) sample and record the volume of water
(vi) Compositae (Asteraceae): type sunflower, retained by the soil sample.
Chrysanthemum, Cosmos, Dahlia, Marigold. • pH – Add distilled water to the soil sample
(vii) Gramineae (Poaceae): type – wheat, corn, and test with pH paper.
rice Students should be taught to set up and
Floral characteristics should be explained by demonstrate the experiments with correct
dissection of flowers. Students should be taught diagram of the setup, record their
how to cut vertical section of the flower and observations methodically and give
draw accurately labelled diagrams. The conclusions. This will give a clear idea of the
technique of drawing floral diagrams with the physiological processes. Questions can be
mother axis in the right position is necessary. asked based on the above physiological
Floral formula should be correctly written. processes studied.
Identification of the correct family giving
(iii) To study the effect of enzyme action at three
reasons, technique of cutting T.S. and L.S of
different temperatures and pH on starch
ovary should be explained and accordingly
solution.
correct labelled-diagram should be drawn.
Effect of enzyme (amylase/ diastase) action at
Students should know the examples of plants three different temperatures (low- below
(belonging to each family) which are of 10oC, optimum - 37oC and high – above 70oC)
economic importance. The examples of and pH (acidic, neutral and basic) on starch
common names of plants must be supported solution.
with correct scientific names as well.
(iv) To isolate DNA from available plant material.
NOTE: In the examination, candidates will
Isolation of DNA from spinach leaves, green
be tested on any one of the above families.
pea seeds, pulp of banana and papaya.
Take half a ripe and peeled banana into a
(2) Simple biochemical and physiological beaker and add 50 ml of extraction fluid
experiments (1.5gm table salt +10 ml liquid detergent +90
(i) Study of arrangement/distribution of stomata ml distilled water). Place the beaker in a water
in dicot and monocot leaves. bath set at 60 °C for 15 minutes. Stir gently
with a glass rod. Filter 5ml of cooled content
(ii) Study of soils from two different sites. into a clean test tube and add 5ml of cold 90%

ISC Examination Year 2027 16

ethanol. DNA molecules separate out and habitats. Examples: Hydrilla, cactus, fish
appear as white fibres. and camel.
(3) Slide preparation (iii) Flowers adapted to pollination by different
agencies – insect, water and wind.
(i) Germination of pollen grain in a nutrient
medium. Students should be able to identify the type of
pollination of the given flower, draw the
(ii) T.S. of ovary of any locally available flower,
diagram of the flower and give two reasons
to show marginal / axile placentation.
for the type of pollination. Example:
(iii) T.S. of a hydrophyte stem. Hibiscus and grass.
(iv) T.S. of a xerophytic leaf (Nerium). Students should be taught how to identify,
(v) L.S. of monocot and dicot seed (soaked seeds draw, label and give significantly visible
of maize/wheat, pea/ bean.) characteristics as observed, of each spot, in
The technique of staining and mounting neatly a given time of three minutes. ‘T.S.’, ‘model’,
should be explained. Students should also ‘whole mount’, ‘chart’, ‘image’ of the
know how to make labelled outline diagrams. specimen should be mentioned as a part of
They should also be taught to identify the identification.
mount under low/ high power of microscope.
Two identifying features of the above need to PROJECT WORK AND PRACTICAL
be mentioned. FILE – 15 Marks
(4) Spotting: (three minutes to be given for each Project Work – 10 Marks
spot which includes identification, drawing a The project work is to be assessed by a Visiting
labelled diagram and writing at least two Examiner appointed locally and approved by CISCE.
identifying characteristics).
The candidate is to creatively execute one
NOTE: Spotting must be done on a separate project/assignment on an aspect of biology. Preference
answer sheet during examination, which is to be given to handwritten original investigatory
should be handed over to the Examiner projects, no plagiarism allowed. Candidates are
immediately after spotting. required to submit a hard copy of their computer-
(i) Identify and comment on the following: generated projects duly signed by the Internal
(a) T.S. of ovary of mammal (chart/slide). Examiner (and the Head of the Institution) for physical
verification and assessment. Teachers may assign or
(b) T.S. of testis of mammal (chart/slide). students may choose any one project of their choice.
(c) Germinating pollen grain (slide/chart). Students can choose any other project besides the ones
(d) T.S. of ovary to show the type of indicated in the list. Following is only a suggestive list
placentation (marginal, axile, basal (LS), of topics:
parietal). (i) Genetic disorders
(e) T.S. of blastula / blastocyst of a mammal (ii) Gene therapy
(chart/ slide). (iii) Human Genome Project
(f) Whole mount of Plasmodium sporozoite (iv) DNA fingerprinting
(slide /chart). (v) Bio-piracy
(g) Whole mount of Entamoeba histolytica (vi) Cancer.
trophozoite (slide/chart).
(vii) AIDS/Hepatitis.
(h) Preserved specimen/ chart/ model of
(viii) Drug addiction and community.
Ascaris.
(ix) Role of micro-organisms in industry.
(ii) Comment upon ecological adaptations of
plants and animals. (x) Human population.
(xi) Mendelian Inheritance
Models/ virtual images/ charts of one plant
and one animal found in xeric and aquatic (xii) Environmental resistance.

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(xiii) Traditional and modern methods: Study of a few 13. Gregor Mendel: Father of genetics
traditional methods of pest deterrence vis- 14. Sutton and Boveri: Chromosomal theory of
a-vis modern methods of pest control - inheritance
viability of traditional methods in today's
15. Hugo de Vries, Correns and Tschermack:
scenario and limitations and dangers of modern
Rediscovered Mendelism
methods.
16. T H Morgan: Linkage
(xiv) Role of agrochemicals in increasing food
production. 17. P Maheshwari: Plant tissue culture
Suggested Evaluation Criteria for Project Work: 18. Henking: Discovered X-chromosome
19. F. Miescher: Isolated nucleic acid from pus cells,
Format of the Project:
called Nuclein
– Content 20. Chargaff: Rule of equivalence in DNA structure
– Introduction 21. F. Griffith: Transformation in bacteria
– Presentation (graphs, tables, charts, newspaper 22. Avery, MacLeod and McCarty: DNA is the
cuttings, diagrams, photographs, statistical genetic material
analysis if relevant) 23. Hershey and Chase: DNA is the genetic material
– Conclusion/ Summary
24. Meselson and Stahl: Semi-conservative
– Bibliography replication of DNA
25. G. Gamow: Triplet nature of codons
Practical File – 5 Marks
26. S Ochoa: Discovered polynucleotide
The Visiting Examiner is required to assess students phosphorylase
on the basis of the Biology Practical file maintained by
27. Wallace: Divided the Earth into biogeographical
them during the academic year.
regions
The practical file should cover all the practical 28. M S Swaminathan: Green revolution in India
exercises outlined in the syllabus. Each practical done
29. H Boyer: Discovered Restriction Enzyme
during the year, needs to be recorded date wise by the
student in the Practical file and the same must be 30. S Cohen: Developed the method to transfer
checked, signed and dated by the teacher. plasmid DNA in host cells
31. R. Mishra: Father of Indian Ecology
SCIENTISTS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS: 32. E. Wilson: Coined the term Biodiversity
1. Oparin: Coacervates, Conditions on primitive 33. P Ehrlich: Rivet Popper Hypothesis
earth were favourable for chemical evolution 34. Sanger: DNA/Protein sequencing
2. Stanley Miller & Harold Urey: Conducted 35. Ernest Chain and Howard Florey – Use of
experiment to validate Oparin’s theory. Penicillin as a lifesaving antibiotic
3. Ernst Haeckel: Proposed the recapitulation theory
4. Charles Darwin: Natural Selection
5. Hugo de Vries: Mutation
6. T. R. Malthus: Theory of Human Population
Growth/ Essays on population
7. Alec Jeffreys: DNA finger printing
8. Temin and Baltimore: Reverse transcription. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS TO BE STUDIED
9. Jacob, Monod and Lwoff: proposed Lac operon. 1. ADA- Adenosine Deaminase
10. Watson and Crick: Structure of DNA 2. CMI- Cell Mediated Immunity
11. Nirenberg and Khorana: Genetic code 3. DFC- Detritus Food Chain
12. Benzer: Cistron, recon, muton 4. EFB- European Federation of Biotechnology

ISC Examination Year 2027 18

5. EST- Expressed Sequence Tags 21. MALT- Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue
6. ET- Embryo Transfer 22. MMR- Maternal Mortality Rate
7. GFC- Grazing Food Chain 23. NACO- National AIDS Control Organisation
8. GMO- Genetically Modified Organism 24. NPP- Net Primary Productivity
9. GPP- Gross Primary Productivity 25. PID- Pelvic Inflammatory Diseases
10. hnRNA - Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribo Nucleic 26. PKU- Phenyl ketonuria
Acid 27. RCH- Reproductive and Child Health Care
11. IARI- Indian Agricultural Research Institute Programmes
12. IMR- Infant Mortality Rate 28. SCID – Severe Combined Immuno Deficiency
13. IRRI- International Rice Research Institute 29. SNPs - Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms
14. ICSI - Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection 30. snRNA- Small Nuclear Ribo Nucleic Acid
15. IUCD/IUD – Intra uterine contraceptive device 31. sRNA - Soluble Ribo Nucleic Acid
16. IUCN- International Union for Conservation of 32. SSBP – Single Strand Binding Protein
Nature and Natural Resources 33. UTR - Untranslated Region
17. IUI- Intra Uterine Insemination 34. VNTRs - Variable Number of Tandem Repeats
18. IUT- Intra Uterine Transfer
19. KVIC- Khadi and Village Industries Commission
20. LAB- Lactic Acid Bacteria

ISC Examination Year 2027 19