ISC Class 12 Syllabus 2027 Physics

ISC YEAR 2027

INDIAN SCHOOL CERTIFICATE
EXAMINATION

PHYSICS
(861)

February 2025
____________________________________________________________________________________________

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CLASS XII

There will be two papers in the subject:
Paper II: Practical - 3 hours ... 15 marks
Paper I: Theory - 3 hours ... 70 marks
Project Work ... 10 marks
Practical File ... 5 marks
PAPER I- THEORY: 70 Marks
S. NO. UNIT TOTAL WEIGHTAGE

1. Electrostatics
14 Marks
2. Current Electricity

3. Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
16 Marks
4. Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents

5. Electromagnetic Waves 2 Marks

6. Optics 18 Marks

7. Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
7 Marks

8. Atoms and Nuclei 6 Marks

9. Electronic Devices 7 Marks

TOTAL 70 Marks

PAPER I -THEORY- 70 Marks group of charges (superposition
principle); a point charge q in an electric
Note: (i) Unless otherwise specified, only S. I. Units 
field E experiences an electric
are to be used while teaching and learning, as well as  
for answering questions. force FE = qE ; Intensity due to a
(ii) All physical quantities to be defined as and when continuous distribution of charge i.e.
they are introduced along with their units and linear, surface and volume.
dimensions. (c) Electric lines of force: A convenient way
(iii) Numerical problems are included from all topics to visualize the electric field; properties
except where they are specifically excluded or where of lines of force; examples of the lines of
only qualitative treatment is required. force due to (i) an isolated point charge
(+ve and - ve); (ii) dipole, (iii) two
1. Electrostatics similar charges at a small distance;(iv)
uniform field between two oppositely
(i) Electric Charges and Fields charged parallel plates.
Electric charges; conservation and (d) Electric dipole and dipole moment;
quantisation of charge, Coulomb's law; 
superposition principle and continuous derivation of the E at a point, (1) on the
charge distribution. axis (end on position) (2) on the
perpendicular bisector (equatorial i.e.
Electric field: electric field due to a point broad side on position) of a dipole, also
charge, electric field lines, electric dipole, for r>> 2l (short dipole); dipole in a
electric field due to a dipole, torque on a uniform electric field; net force zero,
dipole in uniform electric field. torque on an electric dipole:
Electric flux, Gauss’s theorem in   
τ= p × E and its derivation.
Electrostatics and its applications to find
field due to infinitely long straight wire, (e) Gauss’ theorem: the flux of a vector
 
uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and field; Q=vA for velocity vector v A,
uniformly charged thin spherical shell. 
(a) Coulomb's law, S.I. unit of A is area vector. Similarly, for electric
  
charge; permittivity of free space field E , electric flux φE = EA for E A
and of dielectric medium.   
Frictional electricity, electric charges and φE= E ⋅ A for uniform E . For non-
 
(two types); repulsion and uniform field φE = ∫dφ =∫ E.dA . Special
attraction; simple atomic structure - cases for θ = 00, 900 and 1800. Gauss’
electrons and ions; conductors
theorem, statement: φE =q/∈0
and insulators; quantization and
conservation of electric charge; or φE = where φE is for
Coulomb's law in vector form; (position a closed surface; q is the net charge
coordinates of vector r1, r2 not enclosed, ∈o is the permittivity of free
necessary). Comparison with Newton’s space. Essential properties of a Gaussian
law of gravitation; surface.
Superposition principle 
   
( F
= 1 )
F 12 + F 13 + F 14 + ⋅⋅⋅ . Applications: Obtain expression for E
due to 1. an infinite line of charge, 2. a
(b) Concept of electric field and its intensity; uniformly charged infinite plane thin
examples of different fields; sheet, 3. a thin hollow spherical shell
gravitational, electric and magnetic; (inside, on the surface and outside).
Electric field due to a point charge Graphical variation of E vs r for a thin
  
E = F / qo (q0 is a test charge); E for a spherical shell.

(b) Capacitance of a conductor C = Q/V;
(ii) Electrostatic Potential, Potential Energy and obtain the capacitance of a parallel-plate
Capacitance capacitor (C = ∈0A/d) and equivalent
capacitance for capacitors in series and
Electric potential, potential difference, parallel combinations. Expression for
electric potential due to a point charge, a 1 2
dipole and system of charges; equipotential energy stored (U = CV
surfaces, electrical potential energy of a 2
system of two point charges and of electric 1 1 Q2
dipole in an electrostatic field. = QV = ) and energy density.
2 2 C
Conductors and insulators, free charges and (c) Dielectric constant K = C'/C; this is also
bound charges inside a conductor. called relative permittivity K = ∈r = ∈/∈o;
Dielectrics and electric polarisation, elementary ideas of polarization of matter
capacitors and capacitance, combination in a uniform electric field qualitative
of capacitors in series and in parallel. discussion; induced surface charges
Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor, weaken the original field; results in
energy stored in a capacitor (No derivation, 
formulae only). reduction in E and hence, in pd, (V); for
charge remaining the same Q = CV = C'
(a) Concept of potential, potential difference
V' = K. CV'; V' = V/K; and E ′ = E ; if
and potential energy. Equipotential K
surface and its properties. Obtain an the Capacitor is kept connected with the
expression for electric potential at a source of emf, V is kept constant V = Q/C =
point due to a point charge; graphical Q'/C' ; Q'=C'V = K.
variation of E and V vs r, VP=W/q0; CV= K. Q increases; For a parallel plate
hence VA -VB = WBA/ q0 (taking q0 from B capacitor with a dielectric in between,
to A) = (q/4πε0)(1/rA - 1/rB); derive this C' = KC = K.∈o . A/d = ∈r .∈o .A/d.
equation; also VA = q/4πε0 .1/rA ; for ∈0 A
q>0, VA>0 and for q<0, VA < 0. For a Then C ′ = ; for a capacitor
d 
collection of charges V = algebraic sum  ∈ 
of the potentials due to each charge;  r 

potential due to a dipole on its axial line partially filled with dielectric, capacitance,
and equatorial line; also at any point for C' =∈oA/(d-t + t/∈r).
r>>2l (short dipole). Potential energy of
 2. Current Electricity
a point charge (q) in an electric field E ,
placed at a point P where potential is V, Mechanism of flow of current in conductors.
is given by U =qV and ∆U =q (VA-VB) . Mobility, drift velocity and its relation with
The electrostatic potential energy of a electric current; Ohm's law and its proof,
system of two charges = work done resistance and resistivity and their relation to
W21=W12 in assembling the system; U12 drift velocity of electrons; V-I characteristics
or U21 = (1/4πε0 ) q1q2/r12. For a system (linear and non-linear), electrical energy and
of 3 charges U123 = U12 + U13 + U23 power, electrical resistivity and conductivity.
qq qq q q Temperature dependence of resistance and
1 resistivity.
= ( 1 2 + 1 3 + 2 3 ) . For a
4πε 0 r12 r13 r23
Internal resistance of a cell, potential
dipole in a uniform electric field, derive difference and emf of a cell, combination of
an expression of the electric potential cells in series and in parallel, Kirchhoff's laws
 
energy UE = - p . E , special cases for φ and simple applications, Wheatstone bridge,
=00, 900 and 1800. metre bridge. Potentiometer - principle and its
applications to measure potential difference, to

compare emf of two cells; to measure internal we go ‘down’ with the current (compare with
resistance of a cell. flow of water down a river), and ∆V=IR>0 if
(a) Free electron theory of conduction; we go up against the current across the
acceleration of free electrons, relaxation resistor. When we go through a cell, the -ve
time τ ; electric current I = Q/t; concept of terminal is at a lower level and the +ve
terminal at a higher level, so going from -ve
drift velocity and electron mobility. Ohm's
to +ve through the cell, we are going up and
law, current density J = I/A; experimental
verification, graphs and slope, ohmic ∆V=+ε and going from +ve to -ve terminal
and non-ohmic conductors; obtain the through the cell, we are going down, so ∆V =
relation I=vdenA. Derive σ = ne2τ/m and -ε. Application to simple circuits. Wheatstone
ρ = m/ne2 τ ; effect of temperature on bridge; right in the beginning take Ig=0 as we
consider a balanced bridge, derivation of
resistivity and resistance of conductors and
R1/R2 = R3/R4 [Kirchhoff’s law not
semiconductors and graphs. Resistance R=
necessary]. Metre bridge is a modified form
V/I; resistivity ρ, given by R = ρ.l/A;
of Wheatstone bridge, its use to measure
conductivity and conductance; Ohm’s law in
  unknown resistance. Here R3 = l1ρ and
vector form as J = σ E . R4=l2ρ; R3/R4=l1/l2. Principle of
(b) Electrical energy consumed in time Potentiometer: fall in potential ∆V α ∆l;
t is E=Pt= VIt; using Ohm’s law auxiliary emf ε1 is balanced against the fall
E = (V R ) t = I Rt. Potential difference
2
2 in potential V1 across length l1. ε1 = V1 =Kl1 ;
ε1/ε2 = l1/l2; potentiometer as a voltmeter.
V = P/ I; P = V I; Electric power consumed Potential gradient and sensitivity of a
P = VI = V2 /R = I2 R; commercial units; potentiometer. Use of potentiometer: to
electricity consumption and billing. compare emfs of two cells, to determine
internal resistance of a cell.
(c) The source of energy of a seat of emf (such
as a cell) may be electrical, mechanical, 3. Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
thermal or radiant energy. The emf of a (i) Moving charges and magnetism
source is defined as the work done per unit
charge to force them to go to the point of Concept of magnetic field, Oersted's
higher potential (from -ve terminal to +ve experiment. Biot - Savart law and its
terminal inside the cell) so, ε = dW /dq; but application. Ampere's Circuital law and its
dq = Idt; dW = εdq = εIdt . Equating total applications to infinitely long straight wire,
work done to the work done across the straight solenoids (only qualitative
external resistor R plus the work done across treatment). Force on a moving charge in
the internal resistance r; εIdt=I2R dt + I2rdt; uniform magnetic and electric fields. Force
on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform
ε =I (R + r); I=ε/( R + r ); also IR +Ir = ε
magnetic field, force between two parallel
or V=ε- Ir where Ir is called the back emf as
current-carrying conductors- definition of an
it acts against the emf ε; V is the terminal pd. ampere, torque experienced by a current loop
Derivation of formulae for combination of in a uniform magnetic field; moving coil
identical cells in series, parallel and mixed galvanometer - its sensitivity. Conversion of
grouping. Parallel combination of two cells galvanometer into an ammeter and a
of unequal emf. Series combination of n cells
voltmeter.
of unequal emf.
(ii) Magnetism and Matter
(d) Statement and explanation of Kirchhoff's
laws with simple examples. The first is a A current loop as a magnetic dipole, its
conservation law for charge and the 2nd is magnetic dipole moment, magnetic dipole
law of conservation of energy. Note change moment of a revolving electron, magnetic
in potential across a resistor ∆V=IR<0 when field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar
magnet) on the axial line and equatorial line

(Qualitative only) torque on a magnetic principle, working, theory I= k φ ,
dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic current and voltage sensitivity. Shunt.
field; bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid. Conversion of galvanometer into
Magnetic field lines. Diamagnetic, ammeter and voltmeter of given range.
paramagnetic, and ferromagnetic substances,
with examples. Electromagnets and factors (d) Magnetic field represented by the symbol
affecting their strengths, permanent magnets. B is now defined by the equation
 
F = qo ( v × B ) ; B is not to be defined in
 
(a) Only historical introduction through
Oersted’s experiment. [Ampere’s terms of force acting on a unit pole, etc.;
 
swimming rule not included]. Biot-Savart note the distinction of B from E is that
law and its vector form; application; 
B forms closed loops as there are no
derive the expression for B (i) at the 
centre of a circular loop carrying magnetic monopoles, whereas E lines
current; (ii) at any point on its axis. start from +ve charge and end on -ve
Current carrying loop as a magnetic charge. Magnetic field lines due to a
dipole. Ampere’s Circuital law: magnetic dipole (bar magnet). Magnetic
statement and brief explanation. Apply it field in end-on and broadside-on
 positions (No derivations). Magnetic flux
to obtain B near a long wire carrying  
current and for a solenoid. Only formula φ = B . A = BA for B uniform and
  
of B due to a finitely long conductor. B A ; i.e. area held perpendicular to
  
(b) Force on a moving charged particle in B , For φ = BA( B A ), B=φ/A is the
 
magnetic field = ( )
FB q v × B ; special flux density [SI unit of flux is weber
(Wb)]; but note that this is not correct as
cases, modify this equation substituting 
 a defining equation as B is vector and φ
dl / dt for v and I for q/dt to yield F =
  and φ/A are scalars, unit of B is tesla (T)
I( dl × B )for the force acting on a 
equal to 104 gauss. For non-uniform B
current carrying conductor placed in a  
magnetic field. Derive the expression for field, φ = ∫dφ=∫ B . dA .
force between two long and parallel (e) Properties of diamagnetic, paramagnetic
wires carrying current, hence, define and ferromagnetic substances; their
ampere (the base SI unit of current) and susceptibility and relative permeability.
hence, coulomb; from Q = It. Lorentz
force. It is better to explain the main
distinction, the cause of magnetization
(c) Derive the expression for torque on a (M) is due to magnetic dipole moment
current carrying loop placed in a (m) of atoms, ions or molecules being 0
    
uniform B , using F = I( l × B ) and τ = for dia, >0 but very small for para and
  
r × F ; τ = NIAB sin φ for N turns τ > 0 and large for ferromagnetic
   materials; few examples; placed in
= m × B , where the dipole moment m = 
 external B , very small (induced)
NI A , unit: A.m2. A current carrying magnetization in a direction opposite to
loop is a magnetic dipole; directions of 
  B in dia, small magnetization parallel to
current and B and m using right hand 
B for para, and large magnetization
rule only; no other rule necessary. 
Mention orbital magnetic moment of an parallel to B for ferromagnetic

electron in Bohr model of H atom. materials; this leads to lines of B
Concept of radial magnetic field. Moving becoming less dense, more dense and
coil galvanometer; construction, much more dense in dia, para and ferro,

respectively; hence, a weak repulsion for (b) Self-Induction, coefficient of self-
dia, weak attraction for para and strong inductance, φ = LI and L = ε ;
attraction for ferro magnetic material. dI dt
Also, a small bar suspended in the henry = volt. Second/ampere, expression
horizontal plane becomes perpendicular for coefficient of self-inductance of a
 
to the B field for dia and parallel to B µ0 N 2 A
for para and ferro. Defining equation H =
solenoid L = µ0 n 2 A × l .
l
= (B/µ0)-M; the magnetic properties,
susceptibility χm = (M/H) < 0 for dia (as Mutual induction and mutual inductance
M is opposite H) and >0 for para, both (M), flux linked φ2 = MI1; induced emf
very small, but very large for ferro; dφ2 dI
ε2 = =M 1 . Definition of M as
hence relative permeability µr =(1+ χm) dt dt
< 1 for dia, > 1 for para and >>1 (very
ε2 or M = φ 2
large) for ferro; further, χm∝1/T (Curie’s M = . SI unit
dI 1 I1
law) for para, independent of
temperature (T) for dia and depends on dt
T in a complicated manner for ferro; on henry. Expression for coefficient of
heating ferro becomes para at Curie mutual inductance of two coaxial
temperature. Electromagnet: its solenoids.
definition, properties and factors µ0 N1 N 2 A
affecting the strength of electromagnet;
=M = µ0 n1 N 2 A Induced
l
selection of magnetic material for emf opposes changes, back emf is set up,
temporary and permanent magnets and eddy currents.
core of the transformer on the basis of
retentivity and coercive force [B-H loop Transformer (ideal coupling): principle,
and its significance, retentivity and working and uses; step up and step
coercive force (Qualitative only)]. down; efficiency and applications
including transmission of power, energy
4. Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating losses and their minimisation.
Currents
(c) Sinusoidal variation of V and I with time,
(i) Electromagnetic Induction for the output from an ac
Faraday' laws, induced emf and current; generator; time period, frequency and
Lenz's law, eddy currents. Self-induction phase changes; obtain mean values of
and mutual induction. Transformer. current and voltage, obtain relation
between RMS value of V and I with peak
(ii) Alternating Current values in sinusoidal cases only.
Peak value, mean value and RMS value of (d) Variation of voltage and current in a.c.
alternating current/voltage; their relation in circuits consisting of only a resistor, only
sinusoidal case; reactance and impedance; an inductor and only a capacitor (phasor
LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only), representation), phase lag and phase
LCR series circuit, resonance; power in AC lead. May apply Kirchhoff’s law and
circuits, wattless current. AC generator. obtain simple differential equation (SHM
(a) Electromagnetic induction, Magnetic type), V = Vo sin ωt, solution I = I0 sin
flux, change in flux, rate of change of ωt, I0sin (ωt + π/2) and I0 sin (ωt - π/2)
flux and induced emf; Faraday’s laws. for pure R, C and L circuits respectively.
Lenz's law, conservation of energy; Draw phase (or phasor) diagrams
motional emf ε = Blv, and power P = showing voltage and current and phase
(Blv)2/R; eddy currents (qualitative); lag or lead, also showing resistance R,
inductive reactance XL; (XL=ωL) and

capacitive reactance XC, (XC = 1/ωC). 5. Electromagnetic Waves
Graph of XL and XC vs f. Basic idea of displacement current.
(e) The LCR series circuit: Use phasor Electromagnetic waves, their characteristics, their
diagram method to obtain expression for transverse nature (qualitative ideas only).
I and V, the pd across R, L and C; and Complete electromagnetic spectrum starting from
the net phase lag/lead; use the results of radio waves to gamma rays: elementary facts of
4(e), V lags I by π/2 in a capacitor, V electromagnetic waves and their uses.
leads I by π/2 in an inductor, V and I are Concept of displacement current, qualitative
in phase in a resistor, I is the same in all descriptions only of electromagnetic spectrum;
three; hence draw phase diagram, common features of all regions of
combine VL and Vc (in opposite phase; electromagnetic spectrum including transverse
phasors add like vectors) to nature ( and perpendicular to ); special
give V=VR+VL+VC (phasor addition) and features of the common classification (gamma
the max. values are related by rays, X rays, UV rays, visible light, IR,
V2m=V2Rm+(VLm-VCm)2 when VL>VC microwaves, radio and TV / long waves) in their
Substituting pd=current x production (source), detection and other
resistance or reactance, we get
properties; uses; approximate range of λ or f or
Z2=R2+(XL-Xc)2 OR Z = √[R2+(ωL –
at least proper order of increasing f or λ.
ωC)2] and tanφ = (VL m -VCm)/VRm = (XL-
Xc)/R giving I = I m sin (wt-φ) where I m 6. Optics
=Vm/Z etc. Special cases for RL and RC
circuits. [May use Kirchoff’s law and (i) Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
obtain the differential equation] Graph Ray Optics: Reflection of light by
of Z vs f and I vs f. spherical mirrors, mirror formula,
(f) Power P associated with LCR circuit = refraction of light at plane surfaces, total
1
/2VoIo cosφ =VrmsIrms cosφ = Irms2 R; internal reflection and its applications,
power absorbed and power dissipated; optical fibres, refraction at spherical
electrical resonance; bandwidth of surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lens
signals and Q factor (no derivation); maker's formula, magnification, power of
oscillations in an LC circuit (ω0 = a lens, combination of thin lenses in
contact, combination of a lens and a mirror,
1/ LC ). Average power consumed
refraction and dispersion of light through a
averaged over a full cycle P= prism.
(1/2) VoIo cosφ, Power factor
Optical instruments: Microscopes and
cosφ = R/Z. Special case for pure R, L
astronomical telescopes (reflecting and
and C; choke coil (analytical only), XL
refracting) and their magnifying powers.
controls current but cosφ = 0, hence
P =0, wattless current; LC circuit; at (a) Reflection of light by spherical mirrors.
resonance with XL=Xc , Z=Zmin= R, power Mirror formula: its derivation; R=2f for
delivered to circuit by the source is spherical mirrors. Magnification.
maximum, resonant frequency (b) Refraction of light at a plane interface,
1 Snell's law; total internal reflection and
f0 = .
2π LC critical angle; total reflecting prisms and
optical fibers. Total reflecting prisms:
(g) Simple a.c. generators: Principle, application to triangular prisms with
description, theory, working and use. angle of the prism 300, 450, 600 and 900
Variation in current and voltage with respectively; ray diagrams for Refraction
time for a.c. and d.c. Basic differences through a combination of
between a.c. and d.c.

1 , real depth
media, 1 n2 × 2 n3 × 3 n1 = infinity. Resolving power of compound
and apparent depth. Simple applications. microscope.
(c) Refraction through a prism, minimum Advantages, disadvantages and uses.
deviation and derivation of (ii) Wave Optics
relation between n, A and δmin. Include Wave front and Huygen's principle. Proof
explanation of i-δ graph, i1 = i2 = i (say) of laws of reflection and refraction using
for δm; from symmetry r1 = r2; refracted Huygen's principle. Interference, Young's
ray inside the prism is parallel to the double slit experiment and expression for
base of the equilateral prism. Thin prism. fringe width(β), coherent sources and
Dispersion; Angular dispersion; sustained interference of light, Fraunhofer
dispersive power, rainbow - ray diagram diffraction due to a single slit, width of
(no derivation). Simple explanation. central maximum.
(d) Refraction at a single spherical surface; (a) Huygen’s principle: wavefronts - different
detailed discussion of one case only - types/shapes of wavefronts; proof of laws
convex towards rarer medium, for of reflection and refraction using
spherical surface and real image. Derive Huygen’s theory. [Refraction through a
the relation between n1, n2, u, v and R. prism and lens on the basis of Huygen’s
Refraction through thin lenses: derive theory not required].
lens maker's formula and lens formula; (b) Interference of light, interference of
derivation of combined focal length of monochromatic light by double slit.
two thin lenses in contact. For lenses in Phase of wave motion; superposition of
contact 1/F= 1/f1+1/f2 and P=P1+P2. identical waves at a point, path
Lens formula. Combination of lenses and difference and phase difference; coherent
mirrors (silvering of lens excluded) and and incoherent sources; interference:
magnification for lens, derivation for constructive and destructive, conditions
biconvex lens only; extend the results to for sustained interference of light waves
biconcave lens, plano convex lens and [mathematical deduction of interference
lens immersed in a liquid; power of a from the equations of two progressive
lens P=1/f with SI unit dioptre. waves with a phase difference is not
Formation of image with combination of required]. Young's double slit
thin lenses and mirrors. experiment: set up, diagram, geometrical
[Any one sign convention may be used in deduction of path difference ∆x = dsinθ,
solving numericals]. between waves from the two slits; using
(e) Ray diagram and derivation of ∆x=nλ for bright fringe and ∆x= (n+½)λ
magnifying power of a simple for dark fringe and sin θ = tan θ =yn /D
microscope with image at D (least as y and θ are small, obtain yn=(D/d)nλ
distance of distinct vision) and infinity; and fringe width β=(D/d)λ. Graph of
Ray diagram and derivation of distribution of intensity with angular
magnifying power of a compound distance.
microscope with image at D. Only
(c) Single slit Fraunhofer diffraction
expression for magnifying power of
(elementary explanation, qualitative
compound microscope for final image at
treatment only). Diffraction at a single
infinity.
slit: experimental setup, diagram,
Ray diagrams of refracting telescope diffraction pattern, obtain expression for
with image at infinity as well as at D; position of minima, a sinθn= nλ, where n
simple explanation; derivation of = 1,2,3… and conditions for secondary
magnifying power; Ray diagram of maxima, asinθn =(n+½)λ.; distribution
reflecting telescope with image at

of intensity with angular distance; particle to the change in electrostatic
angular width of central bright fringe. potential energy ∆U of the system
7. Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter [ U = 2e × Ze r0∼10-15m = 1 fermi; atomic
4πε 0 r0
Wave particle duality; photoelectric effect, structure; only general qualitative ideas,
Hertz and Lenard's observations; Einstein's including atomic number Z, Neutron number
photoelectric equation - particle nature of light. N and mass number A. A brief account of
Matter waves - wave nature of particles, historical background leading to Bohr’s
de-Broglie relation; conclusion from Davisson- theory of hydrogen spectrum; formulae for
Germer experiment (Qualitative only). wavelength in Lyman, Balmer, Paschen,
(a) Photo electric effect, quantization of Brackett and Pfund series. Rydberg constant.
radiation; Einstein's equation Bohr’s model of H atom, postulates (Z=1);
Emax = hυ - W0; threshold frequency; work expressions for orbital velocity, radius of
function; experimental facts of Hertz and orbit, kinetic energy, potential energy and
Lenard and their conclusions; Einstein used total energy of electron. Energy level
Planck’s ideas and extended it to apply for diagram, calculation of ∆E, frequency and
radiation (light); photoelectric effect can be wavelength of different lines of emission
explained only assuming quantum (particle) spectra; agreement with experimentally
nature of radiation. Determination of observed values. [Use nm and not Å for unit
Planck’s constant (from the graph of ofλ].
stopping potential Vs versus frequency f of (ii) Nuclei
the incident light). Momentum of photon
p=E/c=hν/c=h/λ. Composition and size of nucleus. Mass-
energy relation, mass defect; binding
(b) De Broglie hypothesis, phenomenon of energy per nucleon and its variation with
electron diffraction (qualitative only). Wave mass number; Nuclear reactions, nuclear
nature of radiation is exhibited in fission and nuclear fusion.
interference, diffraction and polarisation;
particle nature is exhibited in photoelectric (a) Atomic masses and nuclear density;
effect. Dual nature of matter: particle Isotopes, Isobars and Isotones –
nature common in that it possesses definitions with examples of each.
momentum p and kinetic energy KE. The Unified atomic mass unit, symbol u,
wave nature of matter was proposed by 1u=1/12 of the mass of 12C atom =
Louis de Broglie, λ=h/p= h/mv. Davisson 1.66x10-27kg). Composition of nucleus;
and Germer experiment; qualitative mass defect and binding energy, BE=
description of the experiment and (∆m) c2. Graph of BE/nucleon versus
conclusion. mass number A, special features - less
BE/nucleon for light as well as heavy
8. Atoms and Nuclei elements. Middle order more stable [see
(i) Atoms fission and fusion] Einstein’s equation
E=mc2. Calculations related to this
Alpha-particle scattering experiment; equation; mass defect/binding energy,
Rutherford's atomic model; Bohr’s atomic mutual annihilation and pair production
model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum. as examples.
Rutherford’s nuclear model of atom (b) Nuclear Energy
(mathematical theory of scattering excluded),
based on Geiger - Marsden experiment on Theoretical (qualitative) prediction of
α-scattering; nuclear radius r in terms of exothermic (with release of energy)
closest approach of α particle to the nucleus, nuclear reaction, in fusing together two
light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus
obtained by equating ∆K=½ mv2 of the α
and in splitting heavy nucleus to form

middle order (lower mass number) lattice; definition of energy bands - groups of
nuclei, is evident from the shape of BE closely spaced energy levels separated by
per nucleon versus mass number graph. band gaps called forbidden bands. An
Also calculate the disintegration energy idealized representation of the energy bands
Q for a heavy nucleus (A=240) with for a conductor, insulator and
BE/A ∼ 7.6 MeV per nucleon split into semiconductor; characteristics, differences;
two equal halves with A=120 each and distinction between conductors, insulators
BE/A ∼ 8.5 MeV/nucleon; Q ∼ 200 MeV. and semiconductors on the basis of energy
Nuclear fission: Any one equation of bands, with examples; qualitative discussion
fission reaction. Chain reaction- only; energy gaps (eV) in typical substances
controlled and uncontrolled; nuclear (carbon, Ge, Si).
reactor and nuclear bomb. Main parts of (b) Some electrical properties of
a nuclear reactor including their semiconductors. Majority and minority
functions - fuel elements, moderator, charge carriers - electrons and holes;
control rods, coolant, casing; criticality; intrinsic and extrinsic, doping, p-type, n-
utilization of energy output - all type; donor and acceptor impurities.
qualitative only. Fusion, simple example Junction diode and its symbol; depletion
of 4 1H→4He and its nuclear reaction region and potential barrier; forward
equation; requires very high temperature and reverse biasing, V-I characteristics
∼ 106 degrees; difficult to achieve; and numericals; half wave and a full
hydrogen bomb; thermonuclear energy wave rectifier. Simple circuit diagrams
production in the sun and stars. [Details and graphs, function of each component
of chain reaction not required]. in the electric circuits, qualitative only.
[Bridge rectifier of 4 diodes not
9. Electronic Devices
included].
(i) Semiconductor Electronics: Materials,
Devices and Simple Circuits. Energy bands in (c) Elementary ideas on solar cell,
photodiode and light emitting diode
conductors, semiconductors and insulators
(qualitative ideas only). Intrinsic and (LED) as semi conducting diodes.
extrinsic semiconductors. P and n type, p-n Importance of LED’s as they save energy
without causing atmospheric pollution
junction.
and global warming. Zener diode, V-I
(ii) Semiconductor diode: I-V characteristics in characteristics, circuit diagram and
forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier; working of Zener diode as a voltage
Special types of junction diodes: LED, regulator.
photodiode and solar cell and Zener diode
and its characteristics, Zener diode as a
voltage regulator. PAPER II
(a) Energy bands in solids; energy band PRACTICAL WORK- 15 Marks
diagrams for distinction between conductors,
insulators and semi-conductors - intrinsic The experiments for laboratory work and practical
and extrinsic; electrons and holes in examinations are mostly from two groups:
semiconductors. (i) experiments based on ray optics and
Elementary ideas about electrical conduction (ii) experiments based on current electricity.
in metals [crystal structure not included]. The main skill required in group (i) is to remove
Energy levels (as for hydrogen atom), 1s, 2s, parallax between a needle and the real image of
2p, 3s, etc. of an isolated atom such as that of another needle.
copper; these split, eventually forming In group (ii), understanding circuit diagram and
‘bands’ of energy levels, as we consider solid making connections strictly following the given
copper made up of a large number of diagram is very important. Polarity of cells and
isolated atoms, brought together to form a

meters, their range, zero error, least count, etc. should experimental points must be kept on the line
be taken care of. or symmetrically placed on the left and right
A graph is a convenient and effective way of side of the line. The line should be continuous,
representing results of measurement. It is an thin, uniform and extended beyond the extreme
important part of the experiment. plots.
There will be one graph in the Practical question (vi) The intercepts must be read carefully.
paper. Y intercept i.e. y0 is that value of y when x = 0.
Candidates are advised to read the question paper Similarly, X intercept i.e. x0 is that value of x
carefully and do the work according to the when y=0. When x0 and y0 are to be read,
instructions given in the question paper. Generally origin should be at (0, 0).
they are not expected to write the procedure of the Deductions
experiment, formulae, precautions, or draw the
figures, circuit diagrams, etc. (i) The slope ‘S’ of the best fit line must be found
Observations should be recorded in a tabular form. taking two distant points (using more than 50%
of the line drawn), which are not the plotted
Record of observations y − y1 ∆y
points, using S = 2 = . Slope S must
• All observations recorded should be consistent x2 − x1 ∆x
with the least count of the instrument used (e.g. be calculated upto proper decimal place or
focal length of the lens is 10.0 cm or 15.1cm but significant figures as specified in the question
10 cm is a wrong record.) paper.
• All observations should be recorded with correct (ii) All calculations should be rounded off upto
units. proper decimal place or significant figures, as
Graph work specified in the question papers.
Students should learn to draw graphs correctly noting NOTE:
all important steps such as: Short answer type questions may be set from each
(i) Title experiment to test understanding of theory and logic
(ii) Selection of origin (should be marked by two of steps involved.
coordinates, example 0,0 or 5,0, or 0,10 or 30,5; Given below is a list of required experiments.
Kink is not accepted). Teachers may add to this list, keeping in mind the
(i) The axes should be labelled according to the general pattern of questions asked in the annual
question examinations.
(ii) Uniform and convenient scale should be taken Students are required to have completed all
and the units given along each axis (one small experiments from the given list (excluding
division = 0.33, 0.67, 0.66, etc. should not to be demonstration experiments):
taken) 1. To find focal length of a convex lens by using u-
(iii) Maximum area of graph paper (at least 60% of v method (no parallax method)
the graph paper along both the axes) should
Using a convex lens, optical bench/metre scales
be used.
and two pins, obtain the positions of the images
(iv) Points should be plotted with great care, for various positions of the object; f<u<2f, u~2f,
marking the points plotted with (should be a and u>2f.
circle with a dot)  or ⊗ . A blob ( ) is a
misplot. Draw the following set of graphs using data from
the experiments -
(v) The best fit straight line should be drawn. The
best fit line does not necessarily have to pass (i) ν against u. It will be a curve.
through all the plotted points and the origin.
While drawing the best fit line, all

 v 1. To convert a given galvanometer into (a) an
(ii) Magnification  m =  against ν which is a ammeter of range, say 2A and (b) a voltmeter of
 u
range 4V.
straight line and to find focal length by
intercept. 2. To study I-V characteristics of a semi-conductor
diode in forward and reverse bias.
(iii) y = (100/v) against x = (100/u) which is a
straight line and find f by intercepts. 3. To determine refractive index of a glass slab
using a traveling microscope.
2. To find f of a convex lens by displacement
4. Identification of diode, LED, transistor, IC,
method.
resistor, capacitor from mixed collection of such
3. To determine the focal length of a given convex items.
lens with the help of an auxiliary convex lens. 5. Use of multimeter to (i) identify base of
4. To determine the focal length of a concave lens, transistor, (ii) distinguish between npn and pnp
using an auxiliary convex lens, not in contact and type transistors, (iii) see the unidirectional flow
plotting appropriate graph. of current in case of diode and an LED,
(iv) check whether a given electronic component
5. To determine focal length of concave mirror by (e.g. diode, transistors, IC) is in working order.
using two pins (by u-v method).
6. Charging and discharging of a capacitor.
6. To determine the refractive index of a liquid by
using a convex lens and a plane mirror.
7. To determine the focal length of a convex mirror PROJECT WORK AND PRACTICAL
using convex lens. FILE – 15 marks
8. Using a metre bridge, determine the resistance of
about 100 cm of (constantan) wire. Measure its Project Work – 10 marks
length and radius and hence, calculate the
specific resistance of the material. The Project work is to be assessed by a Visiting
Examiner appointed locally and approved by the
9. Verify Ohm’s law for the given unknown
resistance (a 60 cm constantan wire), plotting a Council.
graph of potential difference versus current. Also All candidates will be required to do one project
calculate the resistance per cm of the wire from involving some physics related topic/s under the
the slope of the graph and the length of the wire. guidance and regular supervision of the Physics
10. To determine the internal resistance of a cell by a teacher.
potentiometer.
Candidates should undertake any one of the
11. From a potentiometer set up, measure the fall in
following types of projects:
potential (i.e. pd) for increasing lengths of a
constantan wire, through which a steady current • Theoretical project
is flowing; plot a graph of pd (V) versus length
(l). Calculate the potential gradient of the wire • Working Model
and specific resistance of its material. Q (i) Why • Investigatory project (by performing an
is the current kept constant in this experiment? experiment under supervision of a teacher)
Q (ii) How can you increase the sensitivity of the
potentiometer? Q (iii) How can you use the Candidates are to prepare a technical report including
above results and measure the emf of a cell? title, abstract, some theoretical discussion,
12. To verify the laws of combination of resistances experimental setup, observations with tables of data
(series and parallel) using metre bridge. collected, graph/chart (if any), analysis and
discussion of results, deductions, conclusion, etc. The
Demonstration Experiments (The following teacher should approve the draft, before it is
experiments are to be demonstrated by the teacher): finalised. The report should be kept simple, but neat

and elegant. Teachers may assign or students may Suggested Evaluation Criteria for Investigative
choose any one project of their choice. Projects:
Suggested Evaluation Criteria for Theory Based  Title of the Project
Projects:  Theory/principle involved
 Title of the Project  Experimental setup
 Introduction  Observations calculations/deduction and graph
work
 Contents
 Result/ Conclusions
 Analysis/ material aid (graph, data, structure,
pie charts, histograms, diagrams, etc.) Practical File – 5 marks
 Originality of work (the work should be the
The Visiting Examiner is required to assess the
candidates’ original work,)
candidates on the basis of the Physics practical file
 Conclusion/comments maintained by them during the academic year.

Suggested Evaluation Criteria for Model Based
Projects:
 Title of the Project
 Model construction
 Concise Project report