MBOSE Class 10 Question Bank 2027 Social Science

FOR MEGHALAYA CLASS 10 PREPARATION

MBOSE Class 10
Question Bank 2027
Social Science
EXAM YEAR TYPE SUBJECT

Meghalaya Class 10 2027 Question Bank Social Science

Notes · Sample Papers · Previous Year Papers · Mock Tests

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4. Giuseppe Garibaldi worked with people
s (With Important Questions and Answers)
Social Science ag
from different regions and backgrounds to
achieve the unification of Italy. What
Class X value does this best demonstrate?
2026 – 2027 A. Refusal to cooperate with others
Published by B. Respect for diverse people working
Education Department towards a common goal
Government of Meghalaya C. Preference for regional identity over
An Initiative under national unity
Chief Minister’s Initiative to Maximize Pass D. Dependence only on foreign powers

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Achievement and Classroom Triumph (CM Answer: B

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IMPACT)
SOCIAL SCIENCE
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5. A group of young people from different
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Section-A
em regions of Europe met secretly to discuss
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Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) – 1 Mark
a g
liberty and national unity. They believed

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that people sharing a common history and
1. Which of the following best reflects the
culture should have the right to govern
idea of Nationalism?
A. Believing that all nations should have themselves rather than remain under
the same culture foreign rule. Which idea is best reflected
B. Recognising a shared identity and the in the passage?
desire for self-governance among A. Colonial expansion
people B. Nationalism
C. Supporting only one's local C. Conservatism
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community instead of the nation
D. Industrialization
.
D. Ignoring national identity in favour of

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regional identity Answer: B
Answer B
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2. How did the ideas of liberty, equality, g
a and
6. How did Otto von Bismarck contribute to
the unification of Germany?
fraternity during the French Revolution
A. By promoting peaceful negotiations
contribute to the growth of nationalism?
among all European countries.
A. They encouraged people to support
B. By leading Prussia through wars and
absolute monarchy.
diplomatic strategies to unite the
B. They discouraged democratic
German states.
movements
C. By organising the Frankfurt
C. They promoted colonial rule in
Parliament.
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Europe.

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D. By supporting the French Revolution.

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D. They inspired people across Europe

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Answer: B

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to demand freedom and nation-

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states.

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7. Which event laid the foundation for the
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Answer: D

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Unification of Italy under the leadership

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of Cavour?
A. The European Revolutions
formation of a United German nation by
B. The Crimean War
bringing together Representatives from
C. The war against Denmark
different German states?
D. The Congress of Vienna
A. The Frankfurt Parliament
Answer: B
B. The Congress of Vienna
C. The French Revolution
D. The Crimean War

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Answer: A

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8. The Unification of Germany became
possible because different leaders, soldiers 11. There are two statements marked as
and states worked together towards a Assertion (A) and Reason(R). Mark your
common goal. Which value is best answer as per the option given below:
reflected in this process? Assertion (A): The Rowlatt Act was passed
A. Competition by the British government for the Indians in
B. Isolation 1919.
C. Collaboration Reason (R): The Rowlatt Act aimed to curb
D. Individualism nationalist’s sentiments and allow for arrest
Answer: C without trial for two years.
Option:
9. During the unification of Germany, A. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is
leaders used different methods to achieve the correct explanation of (A).
national unity. Some believed in peaceful B. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is
discussions, while others supported the not the correct explanation of (A).
use of diplomacy and war when C. (A) is correct but (R) is incorrect
necessary. Both approaches aimed at D. (A) is incorrect but (R) is correct.
achieving the same goal. Which Answer: A
conclusion can be drawn from the
passage? 12. Arrange the following activities of the
A. There is only one correct way to Non-Cooperation Movement in India in
achieve national unity. the correct sequence.
B. Different approaches may be used to 1. Boycott of government schools
achieve a common national goal. and colleges
C. War is always the best solution to 2. Boycott of foreign goods
national problems. 3. Resignation from government jobs
D. Peaceful methods never lead to and titles
success. 4. Boycott of law courts
Answer: B A. 1 → 2 → 3 → 4
B. 3 → 1 → 4 → 2
10. Match the following C. 2 → 1 → 3 → 4
List A List B D. 4 → 2 → 1 → 3
Answer: B
a) Zollverein 1.Believed in
gradual change 13. During the Indian freedom struggle, some
b) Liberalism 2. Economic people argued that violent methods would
bring independence faster, while Gandhi
Union
believed in non-violence. Which
c) Conservatism 3.Right to self- statement best explains why Gandhi's
governance approach became more effective?
d) Nationalism 4. Equality for all A. It encouraged mass participation from
before the law different sections of society.
B. It increased the use of weapons against
the British.
Options:
C. It discouraged people from joining the
A. a-1, b-2, c-3, d-4 movement.
B. a-2, b-4, c-1, d-3 D. It made the British immediately grant
C. a-1, b-3, c-2, d-4 independence.
D. a-4, b-3, c-1, d-2 Answer: A
Answer: B

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c. o 14. Assertion (A): The peasants of Awadh

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18. A student says, "The Indian National
s actively joined the Non-Cooperation
Movement. ag
Congress was formed mainly to start an
armed revolt against the British." How
would you evaluate this statement?
Reason (R): They opposed the
A. It is correct because Congress was
exploitation of talukdars, high rents, and formed to wage war immediately.
forced labour (begar). B. It is incorrect because the early
A. Both (A) and (R) are correct, and (R) is the Congress aimed to present Indian
correct explanation of (A). grievances peacefully and seek
B. Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not political reforms.

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the correct explanation of (A). C. It is correct because Congress wanted

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C. (A) is correct, but (R) is incorrect.

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to end British rule in one year.

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D. (A) is incorrect, but (R) is correct. D. It is incorrect because Congress was

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Answer: A formed only for social reforms.
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Answer B
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15. If Mahatma Gandhi had not suspended the
Non-Cooperation Movement after the 19. A group of villagers who practiced salt
Chauri Chaura incident, which Gandhian making decided to stop paying revenue to
principle would have been compromised? protest against an unjust British law.
A. Social equality Which national movement are they
B. Self-reliance following?
C. Self- discipline A. Non-Cooperation Movement
D. Non-violence (Ahimsa) B. Boycott Movement
Answer: D C. Civil Disobedience Movement

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D. Revolutionary Movement

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16. Arrange the following events related to Answer: C

em 20. Read the statements and choose the
the impact of the First World War on India

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in the correct sequence.
1. Prices of essential goods increased.
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2. People faced economic hardships. Statement I: A rich peasant joined the
3. Taxes were increased to meet war Civil Disobedience Movement because he
expenses. wanted the government to reduce land
4. Public dissatisfaction grew. revenue.
A. 3 → 1 → 2 → 4 Statement II: An industrialist joined the
B. 1 → 3 → 2 → 4 movement because he wanted protection
C. 2 → 1 → 3 → 4 from foreign competition
D. 3 → 2 → 1 → 4 Statement III: Plantation workers

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Answer: A participated mainly because they wanted

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complete political independence.

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17. Which sequence best explains how the Options:

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HSRA planned to achieve its objective? A. Statement I and II are correct, but

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A. Spread communalism → Support
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Statement III is incorrect

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British rule → Gain power B. Statement I. and III are correct, but

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colonial rule → Establish a socialist
Statement II is incorrect
C. Statement I is incorrect, but Statement II
republic in India and III are correct.
C. Start industries → Improve trade → D. Statement I and II are incorrect, but
Gain independence statement III is correct
D. Promote non-cooperation → Boycott Answer A
schools → Establish British rule
Answer: B

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21. A factory owner wanted to recruit workers 25. Read the following statements about the
from different villages. Instead of doing it work involved in textile production.
personally, he appointed a trusted person Statement I: A fuller gathered and
to bring labourers and supervise them. finished cloth by pleating and processing
Who is this person? it after weaving.
A. Jobber Statement II: Different workers
B. Factory owner performed different tasks to complete one
C. Apprentice piece of cloth.
D. Merchant Which of the following is correct?
Answer: A A. Both Statements I and II are correct,
and Statement II explains the need for
22. Two students are discussing proto- collaboration in textile production.
industrialisation in a classroom activity. B. Both Statements I and II are correct,
• Student A: "Industries began only after but Statement II does not explain
factories were established." Statement I.
• Student B: "Many goods were produced C. Statement I is correct, but Statement
in villages by families even before II is incorrect.
factories came into existence." D. Statement I is incorrect, but Statement
Who has the more accurate understanding? II is correct.
A. Student A, because factories started all Answer: A
production.
26. James Watt's improvement of Newcomen's
B. Student B, because proto-industrialisation
steam engine had what major effect on
existed even before factories established.
industries?
C. Both are equally correct.
A. It reduced the use of machines in
D. Neither student is correct.
factories.
Answer: B
B. It made steam engines more efficient and
23. During the Industrial Revolution, a factory
suitable for factories.
owner notices that child workers are made
C. It stopped the use of coal in industries.
to work for long hours in unsafe
D. It increased the use of hand labour.
conditions. Which action best reflects a
Answer: B
sense of concern for the workers?
A. Increasing their working hours to 27. Why Richard Arkwright’s Water Frame
improve production was considered an important invention
B. Providing safe working conditions during the Industrial Revolution?
and reducing child labour A. It enabled faster spinning using water
C. Ignoring their problems because power.
production is more important B. It replaced the steam engine in
D. Reducing wages to earn higher factories.
profits C. It was the first machine used in coal
Answer: B mines.
D. It increased hand spinning at home.
24. A merchant from North India wants to Answer: A
export textiles to the Gulf through the Red
Sea. He decides to use the port that 28. A weaver refused to accept advances from
provided the easiest access to this trade the East India Company's gomashta. What
route. Which port should he choose? is the most likely reason?
A. Kochi A. The gomashta forced weavers to sell
B. Surat cloth at low prices and controlled their
C. Calcutta work.
D. Madras B. The gomashta encouraged free trade
Answer: B among weavers.
C. The gomashta paid higher prices than
local traders.
D. The gomashta supplied modern
weaving machines.
Answer: A

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33. A reformer wants to spread social reform
s decades of the 19th century because:
A. Export market collapsed ag
ideas quickly among common people.
Which method would be most effective in
the 19th century?
B. Cheap Manchester imports flooded
A. Oral storytelling only
Indian markets. B. Printed pamphlets and newspapers
C. Raw cotton became costly C. Stone inscriptions
D. Sub-standard quality of raw cotton. D. Handwritten manuscripts
Answer: B Answer: B

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30. There are two statements marked as 34. Which statement best justifies why print

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culture is considered a turning point in

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Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Select the
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history?

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correct answer as per the options given
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A. It made people economically more

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below: self-reliant.
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Assertion (A): The growth of industries B. It encouraged scientific discoveries
changed the pattern of human settlement. C. It enabled ideas and knowledge to
Reason (R): People migrated to reach large numbers of people
D. It opposed all forms of modern
industrial centres in search of
education.
employment. Answer: C
A. Both A and R are true but R is not the
correct explanation of A. 35. A historian claims that print culture had
B. Both A and R are true and R is the little impact on the poor because most of

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them were illiterate. Which argument best

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correct explanation of A

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challenges this claim?
C. A is True but R is False

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A. Printed books were available only in

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D. A is False but R is True

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cities.

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Answer: B
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B. Only the rich were interested in social

31. A village library receives many affordable a reforms
C. Printing was banned in all villages.
printed books. What is the most likely D. Many poor people accessed printed
result? ideas through public readings, songs,
A. People stop reading. and oral discussions
B. Literacy and awareness increase. Answer D
C. Handwritten books become more
popular. 36. Choose the correctly matched pairs

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D. Trade decreases. i) Jyotiba Phule------------Gulamgiri.

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Answer: B ii) Ram Chadda--------- Sacchi Kavitayen.

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iii) Raja Ram Mohan Roy—Sambad

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32. Why did rulers and religious authorities Kaumudi.

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often fear the spread of printed books? iv) Tulsidas----Ramcharitmanas.

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A. Printing promoted questioning of

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authority and spread new ideas Options:
B. Books were too expensive A. (i) , (ii) and (iv)
C. Books occupied too much space. B. (ii) , (iii) and (iv)
D. Printing opened up new ways of C. (i) , (iii) and (iv)
living. D. (i) , (ii) and (iii)
Answer: A Answer: C

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37. Read the statements carefully: A. III → IV → I → II
i. A newspaper named Bengal Gazette was B. IV → III → I → II
published in 1780. C. IV → I → III → II
ii. It was started by James Augustus Hickey. D. III → I → II → IV
iii. This marked the beginning of newspaper Answer: B
publishing in India.
Which conclusion can be drawn from 40. The British government introduced strict
these statements? control over newspapers after the Revolt
A. Raja Ram Mohan Roy published the of 1857. What was the most likely reason
first newspaper in India. for this action?
B. James Augustus Hickey introduced A. To encourage the publication of more
newspaper publishing in India. newspapers
C. Printing in India began only after B. To encourage printing technology in
newspapers were published. the world.
D. Sambad Kaumudi was India's first C. To prevent newspapers from spreading
newspaper. anti-colonial ideas and criticism of
Answer: B British rule
D. To promote the use of regional
38. A history teacher explains that after the languages in newspapers
introduction of printing, books and Answer: C
newspapers were produced in large
numbers. As more people began reading 41. Which action correctly explains how a
the same printed materials, spelling, resource is formed from a material found
grammar, and vocabulary gradually in nature?
became uniform. This made A. A rock becomes a resource as soon as
communication easier across different it is found.
regions. B. A material becomes a resource only
Question: when humans identify its usefulness to
Based on the passage, which of the satisfy his wants.
following was an important impact of the C. All natural materials are resources by
Print Revolution on languages? default.
A. Regional languages completely D. Only living things can become
disappeared. resources.
B. Languages became more standardized. Answer: B
C. New languages replaced old ones.
D. Printed books reduced the use of 42. A country has plenty of minerals but is
written language. facing shortages of clean water and fertile
Answer: B land.
Which statement best explains why the
39. A student prepared the following timeline country should plan its resource use
on the growth of the press in India, but the carefully?
events are not in the correct order. A. Because all resources are available in
Arrange the events in the correct equal amounts everywhere.
chronological order to show the growth of B. Because some resources are unevenly
the press in India. distributed and limited in quantity.
i. Raja Ram Mohan Roy published Sambad C. Because resources can never be
Kaumudi. exhausted.
ii. Newspapers started publishing cartoons D. Because only mineral resources are
and caricatures to comment on social and important.
political issues. Answer: B
iii. James Augustus Hickey published Bengal
Gazette, the first newspaper in India.
iv. The Portuguese missionaries established
the first printing press in Goa.
Options:

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47. Which one of the following statements
s extends up to 200 nautical miles from its
coast. Which statement correctly explains ag
refers to the sustainable development?
A. Overall development of various
why resources found within this zone are
resources
called national resources?
A. They belong to all countries equally. B. Development should take place
B. They cannot be used by anyone. without damaging the environment
C. They can be used only by private C. Economic development of people
companies. D. Development that meets the desires of
D. They are under the country's control the members of all communities
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and can be used according to its laws Answer: B
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Answer: D

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48. A district allows industries to cut trees for
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44. A scientist discovers a new mineral

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economic growth but ignores
a
deposit. Its properties are studied, but no
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technology exists to use it. Into which afforestation. Which long-term outcome is
category should this resource be placed? most likely to affect both the environment
A. Developed resource and the people living there?
B. Potential resource A. Ecological imbalances due to loss of
C. Stock forests
D. Reserved resource B. Increase in wildlife population
Answer: C C. Increase in fertile land
D. More regular rainfall
45. A village has a river, fertile land, and Answer: A

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thick forests. However, the people lack the

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skills and technology to use these 49. Which of the following soils is most

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resources effectively. A development found in the Northern Plains of

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India, making the region highly suitable
a
program is introduced to train villagers

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for agriculture?
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and improve infrastructure.

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Which change is most likely to occur A. Red soil
after the program? B. Laterite soil
A. The resources will lose their value. C. Alluvial soil
B. More resources may become useful D. Desert soil
for the community. Answer C
C. The natural resources will disappear.
D. The village will stop depending on its 50. A farmer in a hilly area noticed that heavy
resources. rainfall is washing away the fertile topsoil
from his fields every year. He decided to
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Answer: B

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make steps on the slopes and plant grass
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46. On the basis of ownership, National

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Highway can be better considered as along the edges of the fields.

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What is the main purpose of adopting

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which of the following types of resources?

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these measures?
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A. Individual resources

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B. Community owned-resource A. To increase rainfall in the area

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D. International resource soil fertility
C. To convert the land into forest land
Answer: C D. To increase the temperature of the
soil.
Answer: B

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51. A company plans to establish a plantation Soil Type States
of tea and coffee in a region with heavy 1. Black soil (a) Uttar Pradesh
rainfall and high temperatures. Which type 2. Laterite soil (b) Tamil Nadu
of soil would you recommend as the most 3. Desert soil (c) Rajasthan
4. Alluvial Soil (d) Maharashtra
suitable?
Options:
A. Laterite soil A. 1 - a , 2 - b , 3 - c , 4 – d
B. Desert soil B. 1 – b, 2 – c , 3 – d, 4 - a
C. Red soil C. 1 – d 2 – b , 3 – c , 4- a
D. Alluvial soil D. 1 – c 2 – a 3 – d 4 - b
Answer: A Answer: C

56. Which statement best explains the
52. Read the statements and choose the
importance of soil conservation?
correct answer.
A. It reduces the salinity of soil
Statement I: Terrace farming helps
B. It helps maintain soil fertility and
reduce soil erosion on hilly slopes.
agricultural productivity.
Statement II: Shifting cultivation is the
C. It reduces the mineral content of soil
best method to prevent soil erosion.
D. It increases desertification.
A. Both Statements I and II are true.
Answer: B
B. Both Statements I and II are false.
C. Statement I is true, but Statement II is
57. Assertion (A): Transported soils do not
false.
have a well-defined soil profile.
D. Statement I is false, but Statement II is
Reason (R): They constitute soils that
true.
are transported by various agents of
Answer: C
erosion.
Options:
53. Why is alluvial soil considered as most A. Both A and R are true and R is the
fertile soil? correct explanation of A.
A. It contains abundant nutrients B. Both A and R are true but R does not
deposited by rivers. explain A.
B. It is rich in sand only. C. A is true but R is false.
C. It has very little moisture. D. A is false but R is true.
D. It contains only clay. Answer A
Answer: A
58. A village is facing severe soil erosion on
54. Which of the following statements about hill slopes during the rainy season. Which
soils is correct? plan would be the best to conserve the
A. Soil is a non-renewable resource that soil?
can never be conserved. A. Cut down trees to increase farming
B. Soil contains minerals, organic matter, area
water and air that support plant growth. B. Practice terrace farming and plant
C. All soil has the same fertility and trees
texture. C. Remove grass from the slopes
D. Soil is formed within a few years D. Build more roads on the hills
Answer: B
Answer: B

59. Which situation best explains how
55. Match the following: overgrazing leads to land degradation?

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B. Tehri Dam Andolan
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C. Animals eat too much vegetation, ag
C. Beej Bachao Andolan
D. Both A and B
leaving the soil exposed to erosion.
D. It improves the water-holding capacity Answer: D
of the soil.
Answer: C 64. A state plans to build a large multipurpose
river project. During a public meeting,
60. There are two statements marked as some villagers oppose it. Which concern
Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Select the best explains their opposition?
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correct answer as per the options given A. It provides irrigation to dry regions.
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below: B. It helps generate hydroelectric power.

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Assertion (A): Multipurpose projects are C. It may cause displacement of people
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and loss of livelihood.
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called the “Temples of Modern India.”

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D. It helps control floods.

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Reason (R): They integrate development Answer: C
of agriculture and industry.
Options: 65. A city's population doubles within 20
A. Both A and R are true and R is the years, but its water resources remain the
correct explanation same. What is the most likely result?
B. Both A and R are true but R is not A. Water scarcity increases.
B. Water availability increases
the correct explanation
automatically.
C. A is true but R is false C. Rainfall increases.

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D. A is false but R is true D. Rivers become deeper.
Answer: A

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Answer: A

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61. Why did Jawaharlal Nehru call
a
conservation?
multipurpose river valley projects the A. To increase mineral production
"Temples of Modern India"? B. To reduce mineral waste
A. They promote irrigation, electricity C. To protect the environment
generation, and overall development. D. To promote sustainable use of
B. They are places of religious worship. minerals
C. They are built only for tourism. Answer: D
D. They are used only for fishing.
Answer: A 67. Which of the following is NOT a strategy

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62. Which of the following is the most

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for conserving minerals?

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sustainable strategy for managing water A. Increasing recycling rates

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resources? B. Reducing mineral usage

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A. Using ground water excessively
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C. Improving mining efficiency
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B. Recycling waste water and harvesting D. Discourage the use substitutes and

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of rain water scraps

a C. Discharging untreated waste water in
to rivers
Answer: D

D. Depending only on dams for water
supply.
Answer: B

63. Which of the following environmental 68. What is the term for the process of reusing

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minerals from waste materials?

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groups came under great scrutiny and

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A. Recycling

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opposition?
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B. Reusing
A. Narmada Bachao Andolan
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D. Recovering C. Nuclear power plant
Answer: A) D. Wind power plant
Answer: B
69. Which one of the following is not a
benefit of reducing mineral waste through 74. Assertion (A): Non-conventional sources
conservation efforts? of energy are preferred for sustainable
A. Increased economic benefits development.
B. Decreased environmental impacts Reason (R): Non-conventional sources of
C. Improved public health energy are renewable and generally cause
D. Improvement in Transport and less pollution than conventional sources.
communication Options:
Answer: D A. Both A and R are true, and R is the
70. Consider the following statements correct explanation of A.
i. Minerals are non-renewable resources. B. Both A and R are true, but R is not
ii. Conservation ensures minerals remain the correct explanation of A.
available for future generations. C. A is true, but R is false.
iii. Recycling has no role in conserving D. A is false, but R is true.
mineral resources. Answer: A
iv. Reducing wastage during mining helps
conserve minerals. 75. Match the following and choose the
Which statements are correct? correct option
A. i, ii and iv only
B. i and iii only List A (Minerals) List B (Uses)
C. ii and iii only a. Bauxite 1. Cement
D. i, ii and iii only production
Answer: A b. Limestone 2. Electrical cables
c. Manganese 3. Raw material
71. A steel company wants to produce high- for aluminum
quality steel using the most widely used d. Copper 4. Bleaching
iron ore. Which ore should it choose? powder, Paints
A. Magnetite Options:
B. Hematite A. a-2, b-1, c-4, d-3
C. Limonite B. a-1, b-2, c-3, d-4
D. Siderite C. a-3, b-1, c-4, d-2
Answer: B D. a-4, b-3. c- 2, d-1
Answer: C
72. Two neighboring states disagree over
where a new gas-based power plant
should be built. The committee decides to 76. Why agriculture is called the backbone of
locate it near the region with large natural the Indian economy?
gas reserves to avoid transport disputes. A. It employs a large population and
Which region is the most suitable? supports industries.
A. Damodar Basin
B. It is the only occupation in India.
B. Ganga Basin
C. Krishna–Godavari Basin and Gulf of C. It produces only food grains.
Cambay D. It depends only on exports.
D. Indus Basin Answer: A
Answer: C
77. Which of the following is not an example
of subsistence farming?
73. A state has abundant coal but no major A. Shifting cultivation
rivers for hydropower. Which type of B. Intensive subsistence agriculture
power plant would you suggest the C. Commercial farming
government to set up? D. Extensive subsistence agriculture
A. Hydroelectric power plant Answer C
B. Thermal power plant

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m c. o
c. o

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D. Intensive subsistence farming
s geographical conditions ag
Answer: B

• It is a Kharif crop used as food and 83. A farmer uses HYV seeds but gets poor
fodder
yields despite adequate rainfall. What is
• It requires a temperature between
21°C to 27°C. the most likely reason?
• It grows well in alluvial soil. A. Lack of fertilizers and proper
Options: irrigation
A. Wheat B. Sufficient sunlight
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B. Sugarcane C. Too much labour
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C. Rice
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D. Small landholding
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D. Maize

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Answer: A
e between primitive
Answer D

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lfarming and intensive a g
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79. What is common 84. Which one of the following is an incorrect
a
subsistence
subsistence farming:
combination?
Crops Major producers
A. Both require the use of modern A. Rubber Kerala
machinery.
B. Cotton Maharashtra
B. Both are done on large land holdings.
C. Both require large amounts of credit. C. Tea West Bengal
D. Both are labor intensive D. Millets Meghalaya
Answer: D Answer D

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80. Pick the odd one out from the following
c. o 85. Which of the following is the main

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given options

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objective of the food security policy in

a
A. Rice - Wheat—Maize.
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India?
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B. Tea - Rubber – Sugarcane
a
C. Cotton – Jute – Mesta A. Food access to the people lives below
D. Linseed -- Coconut ---Mustard poverty line.
Answer B B. Growth in agricultural yield and
production.
81. Which factor has contributed the most to C. Fixing of support price for
the shift from subsistence farming to procurement of all products.
commercial farming in India? D. To help farmers to get food at
A. Increase in rainfall
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subsidized price in open markets.

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B. Use of modern technology and better
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Answer: B

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market access

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C. Reduction in population

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D. Decrease in soil fertility

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Answer: B
a
86. Which statements correctly explain how
82. A farmer in a drought-prone region wants industries contribute to India's economy?
to reduce crop failure. Which farming 1. Industries generate employment
practice is the best option? opportunities.
A. Plantation farming 2. Industries contribute to the country's GDP.

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3. Industries reduce the need for exports.

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B. Dry farming with drought-resistant

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4. Industries help earn foreign exchange

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crops
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through exports.

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C. Shifting cultivation
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Options:

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A. 1 and 2 only expanding agricultural land to accelerate
B. 1, 2 and 4 only economic development. Which option
C. 2 and 3 only would you recommend if the main
D. 1, 2, 3 and 4 objective is long-term economic growth
Answer: B and development?
A. Expand agricultural land only.
87. A student says, "Factories and farms B. Invest only in healthcare facilities.
belong to the same type of industry C. Set up new industries because they
because both produce goods." Which generate employment, increase
response correctly creates awareness production, and boost economic
about the classification of industries? growth.
A. Agriculture is a secondary industry D. Avoid industrialisation to reduce
because it produces crops. pollution.
B. Manufacturing is a secondary industry Answer: C
because it converts raw materials into
finished products. 91. Imagine you are the District Industries
C. Mining is a tertiary industry because it Officer, planning to establish a new
provides services. manufacturing unit. Which combination
D. Services are primary industries of factors would you choose to ensure the
because they help people. industry's success?
Answer: B A. A place with raw materials, good
transport, and a nearby market.
88. A cement company wants to establish a B. A place with only cheap land.
new plant. It compares four states based C. A place far from markets and with
on the facilities available. Which state is minimum transport facilities.
likely to be the best choice? D. A place with no access to raw
A. A state with abundant limestone and materials.
good transport connectivity. Answer: A
B. A state with poor limestone reserves
but many tourist attractions. 92. Consider the following situations.
C. A state with fertile agricultural land • Factory X is located where
only. transport facilities are excellent but
D. A state with dense forests with limited raw materials are scarce.
limestone deposits. • Factory Y is located in a remote
Answer: A area with abundant raw materials
but poor transport facilities.
89. A district in India has encouraged the Which factor best explains why
establishment of industries. As a result, Factory X may perform better
locally made products are now exported to despite limited raw materials?
many countries, improving the quality and A. Government subsidies
competitiveness of Indian goods in the B. Availability of raw materials
global market." C. Well-developed transportation
What does this situation best show? infrastructure
A. Industries increase dependence on D. Proximity to markets
agriculture. Answer: C
B. Industries mainly promote rural-urban 93. Which of the following is a primary
migration. classification of industries in India on the
C. Industries enhance India's global basis of ownership?
competitiveness. A. Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary
D. Industries reduce the demand for B. Light, Heavy, and Cottage
technology. C. Public, Private, and Joint
Answer: C D. Manufacturing, Service, and
Agriculture
90. A state government is planning to invest Answer: A)
either in setting up new industries or

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c. o 94. Which type of industry is concerned with

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B. It is the main administrative office of
s the extraction and production of natural
resources? ag
the Central Railway Zone.
C. It is the largest railway station in
A. Primary industry India.
B. Secondary industry D. It is the only station where express
C. Tertiary industry trains stop.
D. Quaternary industry Answer: B
Answer: C
99. A tourist plans to travel by the National
95. A company needs to transport crude oil Highway connecting Amritsar and Delhi.

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from a refinery to a port. Which is the best Which highway should they use?

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A. National Highway No. 5

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mode of transport the company should

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B. National Highway No. 4

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employ?

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C. National Highway No. 3

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A. Roadways
a
D. National Highway No. 1
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B. Railways Answer: D
C. Air ways
D. Pipeline 100. A government wants to transport large
Answer: D quantities of goods at the lowest cost
while using an environmentally friendly
mode of transport. Which mode should be
96. Assertion (A): Indian Railways are called given priority?
the "Life Line of the National Economy." A. Road transport
Reason (R): They transport people and B. Rail transport
goods across the country, linking
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C. Air transport

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production centers with markets.
.
D. Inland water transport
A. Both A and R are true, and R is the

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Answer: D

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correct explanation of A.

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B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the

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101. A remote district has poor transport and

a
correct explanation of A. communication facilities. Which plan
C. A is true, but R is false. would best promote its economic
D. A is false, but R is true. development?
Answer: A A. Build only shopping malls.
B. Improve roads, railways, internet and
97. Two students are debating the history of communication networks.
an important road in India. C. Close nearby markets.
• Student A: "The Golden Quadrilateral
D. Reduce investment in transport.
was built by Sher Shah Suri."
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Answer: B

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• Student B: "The Grand Trunk Road was

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built by Sher Shah Suri."
How can you help them to resolve their
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disagreement?
l a s
las A. Accept Student A's opinion without
ag
g
checking facts.
a B. Refer to reliable historical sources
C. Decide by tossing a coin. 102. A Student says that the Golden
D. Ignore the disagreement and Quadrilateral connects the major metro
continue the discussion. cities in India to improve trade and
Answer: B transport. Which option correctly supports
the student's statement?
98. The headquarters of the Central Railway A. Chennai – Kolkata – Bengaluru –
Zone is Mumbai CSMT. What does this Mumbai – Delhi
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indicate?

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B. Delhi – Kolkata – Chennai – Mumbai
. e
A. It is the place where all trains begin

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- Delhi

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their journey.

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C. Kolkata – Silchar – Delhi – Mumbai

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D. Mumbai – Delhi – Bengaluru – C. Meghalaya is surrounded by Assam on
Chennai the north, with Bangladesh on the east,
Answer: B west and south.
D. Meghalaya is surrounded by Assam on
103. If a country improves both in transport the east and south with Bangladesh
and communication systems, what is the on the north and west.
most likely result?
A. Reduced economic growth Answer: B
B. Faster trade, better connectivity and
improved transport 107. Which Act passed by the Parliament
C. Limited trade relations conferred full statehood on Meghalaya?
D. Increased travel time. A. State Reorganisation Act
Answer: B B. Assam Reorganisation Act
C. Government of India Act
104. The North eastern region prefers air D. North Eastern Areas (Reorganisation)
transport over other mode of transport Act.
because: Answer: D
I. This area is covered with dense forests
108. Sohra and Mawsynram located in
and many rivers with frequent flooding
schedule Meghalaya are the two areas which
receives the highest rainfalls in the world
II. This area has no accessibility of other mainly because:
mode of transport A. It is close to the Arabian Sea.
III. This area has dissected physiographic B. Moist monsoon winds are forced to
feature. rise over the Khasi Hills
C. It has dense forests
IV. This mode of transport can traverse D. It is surrounded by Mountains
difficult terrain and dense forests. Answer: B
Options:
A. I and II are correct 109. Which of the following statement is
B. I, II and IV are correct incorrect with regards to the economy of
C. I, III and IV are correct Meghalaya?
D. II and IV are correct A. Meghalaya is predominantly an
Answer: C agrarian economy.
B. About 80 per cent of the total
105. A ship carrying tea, jute, and engineering population depends on agriculture.
goods leaves a river port located on the C. The state imports food grains from
banks of the Hooghly River. It serves the other states.
eastern and northeastern parts of India. D. Among the rural population, more than
Which port is being referred to? 65 percent live in below poverty line.
A. Kolkata Port Answer: D
B. Mumbai Port
C. Kochi Port 110. Meghalaya has significant potential for
D. Vishakhapatnam Port hydroelectric power because:
Answer: A A. It has fast flowing rivers and hilly
terrain.
106. Which statement correctly describes the B. It has large oil fields.
boundaries of Meghalaya? C. It has favourable climatic conditions.
D. Its vast Coal deposits using for
A. Meghalaya is surrounded by Assam on generating electricity.
the west and east with Bangladesh on Answer: A
the north and south. 111. The Government of Meghalaya issues a
B. Meghalaya is surrounded by Assam on public notice in three official languages.
the north and east with Bangladesh on Which set of languages is most likely to
the west and south. appear in the notice?

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c. o A. Khasi and Garo only

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b. West Garo
s 2. Resubelpara
s B. English only
C. Khasi, Garo and English ag
Hills
c. West Jaintia 3. Tura
D. Hindi, Khasi and English Hills
Answer: C d. North Garo 4. Shillong
Hills
112. Considser the following statements: Options:
1.Nongkhnum Island is formed by the A. a - 2 , b - 1, c -3 , d – 4
bifurcation of the Kynshi River. B. a -1 , b - 2 , c – 3 , d – 4
2.It is the largest river island in C. a – 2, b – 3 , c – 1 , d – 4
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Meghalaya and the second-largest river D. a – 4, b – 3 , c – 1 , d - 2

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island in Asia. Answer: D

.
Which of the following is correct?
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A. Only Statement 1 is correct 116. A student says, "In India, all powers
las
a s
B. Only Statement 2 is correct

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belong only to the Central Government."
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C. Both Statements 1 and 2 are correct Do you agree with the statement?
D. Both Statements 1 and 2 are A. Yes, because States have no powers.
incorrect B. No, because powers are shared
Answer: C between the Centre and the States.
113. “Meghalaya’s forests are rich in C. Yes, because the Constitution gives all
biodiversity and provide timber, medicinal powers to Parliament.
plants, clean water, and habitats for D. No, because only local governments
wildlife. However, deforestation and have powers.
forest fires threaten these valuable Answer: B

m The President of India can proclaim a
resources”.

c. o 117.National
Based on the passage, which is the best

m
way to protect Meghalaya’s forest
e
Emergency under Article 352 in

a s
resources? certain situations. Which situation
A. Encourage shifting cultivation.
g l correctly explains when a National
B. Encourage afforestation, prevent
forest fires and involve local a Emergency can be declared?
A. When the financial position of the
communities in conservation. country becomes weak
C. Convert forests into settlement. B. When there is war, external
D. Allow unrestricted mining inside aggression, or armed rebellion
forests. C. When a state government loses its
Answer: B majority
D. When Parliament is dissolved

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114. A trader from Meghalaya wants to Answer: B

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export agricultural products through the

c. o m
state's international border. Which
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118. A dispute arises between the Union and

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neighbouring country would the most
a
a State regarding the interpretation of a

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likely trade with? Constitutional provision. Which

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A. Nepal
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institution should interpret the

a
B. Myanmar Constitution and settle the dispute to
C. Bhutan uphold the federal system?
D. Bangladesh A. Supreme Court
Answer: D B. Election Commission
C. Parliament
D. Finance Commission
Answer: A

115. Match the following
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List A List B
a. East Khasi 1. Jowai
m . 119. A student says, "Since some Indian
se
Hills
se states have only one House, the Indian
g l a
l a a
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Parliament should also have only one highways within village. This action
House." demonstrates:
How would you respond based on your A. De-centralization of power
understanding of the Indian Parliament? B. Inclusive decision-making
A. All legislatures must have one House. C. Centralization of power
B. Parliament has two Houses even D. Administrative control
though some states have one House. Answer: A
C. Parliament has no legislative Houses.
D. The President alone is the Parliament. 124. Which of the following best explains the
Answer: B importance of decentralization in Indian
120. Imagine you are helping prepare a democracy?
revised Constitution for a new country. A A. It concentrates power in one authority.
new subject like Artificial Intelligence is B. It reduces people’s participation in
not included in any legislative list. What democracy.
would you suggest should be done with C. It brings decision making closer to the
such a subject? people.
A. Include it in the State List only
B. Include it in the Union List only. D. It increases dependences on the central
C. Treat it as a residuary subject until government.
assigned by law. Answer: C
D. Leave it permanently outside all lists.
125. Assertion (A): India's language
Answer: C
policy reflects the country's cultural
diversity.
121. A village school needs funds to repair
Reason (R): The Constitution
classrooms. The Gram Panchayat cannot
recognizes multiple languages and
meet the entire cost. Which Panchayati
protects linguistic rights.
Raj institution should be approached as
A. Both A and R are true, and R is the
the apex level body to consider broader
correct explanation of A.
district-level support?
B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the
A. Gram Panchayat
correct explanation of A.
B. Block Panchayat (Panchayat Samiti)
C. A is true, but R is false.
C. Zila anchayat (Zila Parishad)
D. A is false, but R is true.
D. Village Panchayat.
Answer: A
Answer: C
126. A farmers' association demands better
122. Which sequence best explains the
prices for crops and subsidies only for its
process that led to the creation of
members. Which type of interest group
linguistic states in India?
does it represent?
A. Demand for linguistic recognition →
A. Promotional interest group
Reorganization of state boundaries →
B. Sectional interest group
Better administrative convenience
C. Single issue Movement.
B. Creation of new states → Demand for
D. Public interest group
languages → Independence
Answer: B
C. Independence → Abolition of all
states → Creation of Union Territories
only
D. Language differences → Separation
from India → Formation of new
countries
Answer A

127. Consider the following statements:
123. A village decides to take up the
1. Political parties aim to capture political
construction, repair and maintenance of all
power through elections.
roads, except the state and national

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c. o 2. Pressure groups influence government

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D. Political parties cannot work with
s policies without contesting elections.
3. Pressure groups are unconcerned about ag
pressure groups.
Answer A.
public issues.
4. Political parties and pressure groups 131. Match List I and List II and select the
perform the same functions. correct answer by using the option.
Which of the above statements are correct? List I List II
A. 1 and 2 only a. Organization that (i).Public interest
B. 2 and 3 only seek to promote groups
C. 1, 2 and 4 only the interest of a

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D. 1, 3 and 4 only particular

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Answer: A section

.
b. Organization that (ii).Sectional
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128. A group of doctors forms an association seek to promote
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Interest groups
s
a s
to improve the working conditions and
l
Common
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welfare of doctors across the country. interest
Which type of interest group does this c. They are more like (iii).Multiple-
association represent? umbrella type issue movements
A. Promotional interest group movements
B. Sectional interest group d. Their active life (iv).Single -issue
C. Political party span is short. movement
D. Public interest group Options:
Answer: B. A. a (i) , b (ii), c (iii), d (iv)
B. a (ii) , b (i) , c (iii) d (iv)

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129. These are the different views of two

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C. a (iii), b (iv), c (ii), d (i)

.
students in a class room. D. a (iv) , b (iii), c (ii), d (i)

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Student A: "Only environmental Answer: B

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movements can influence government
decisions."
g l 132. In the question given below, there are
Student B: "Trade unions can also
influence government policies by a two statements marked Assertion (A) and
Reason (R). Read the statement and
representing Workers' interests." choose the correct option.
Whose opinion reflects a broader Assertion (A): Pressure groups and
understanding of pressure groups? movements work for political power.
A. Student A only Reason (R): Pressure groups and
B. Student B only movements act as a bridge between the
C. Both students government and citizen to ensuring that

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D. Neither student diverse voices are heard.

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Answer: B. Options:

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A. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is

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130. Trade union and a political party jointly
a
the correct explanation of (A)

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organise discussions with the government B. (A) is false but (R) is true

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to improve labour laws. The trade union
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C. Both (A) and (R ) are false

a
provides workers' concerns, while the D. Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is
political party raises the issue in the not the correct explanation of (A)
legislature. What does this situation best Answer: B
demonstrate?
A. Pressure groups and political parties
can collaborate while performing
different roles.
B. Pressure groups and political parties
have exactly the same functions.
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C. Pressure groups always replace

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political parties in government.
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133. A farmers' association launches a social 138. Political parties often develop a strong
media campaign and peaceful protests to presence in a particular region by
demand better crop prices. Which addressing local issues and representing
statement best explains how the regional aspirations. Based on this
association is influencing politics? understanding, which party has
A. By contesting elections established a strong regional base in Tamil
B. By influencing public opinion through Nadu?
campaigns and demonstrations A. All India Anna Dravida Munnetra
C. By acting as the legislature Kazhagam (AIADMK)
D. By replacing political parties B. Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP)
Answer: B C. Indian National Congress (INC)
D. Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
134. Which of the following statements is best Answer: A
described the relation between political
parties and pressure groups. 139. Statement I: A Modern Democracy
cannot function without Political Party
A. Pressure groups influence policy makers
Statement I: Existence of Parties is a pre
by supplying them accurate data and condition for existence of vibrant
Information like political parties democracy.
B. Political parties have to face the people Options:
in elections, but pressure groups do not. A. Only statement I is correct
C. Many political parties are born out of B. Only Statement II is correct
C. Both the Statements are correct
movements.
D. Both the Statements are incorrect
D. Pressure groups are forced to compete Answer: C
with political parties
Answer: C 140. A student is exploring different political
135. Narmada Bachao Andolan is a single ideologies in India and wants to identify
issue movement that related to the party that follows communist
A. Education and unemployment ideology. Which political party should the
B. Environment and displacement student choose?
C. Trade and Commerce A. Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP)
D. Election and Political parties B. Communist Party of India (Marxist)
Answer: B [CPI(M)]
C. Indian National Congress (INC)
136. Choose the correct sequence: D. Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
A. Allots symbol → Register party Answer: B
→Apply symbol→ Verify application
B. Verify application → Apply symbol → 141. Which one of the following is
Register party → Allots symbol incorrectly paired
C. Register Party → Apply symbol → A. India - Multi party system
Allots symbol → Verify application B. North Korea - Single party system
D. Register Party → Apply symbol → C. Canada - Two party system
Verify application → Allots symbol D. Bangladesh - One party system
Answer: D Answer: D

137. A student is preparing a timeline of the 142. Observe the following statements with
major political parties in India. Which regards to the political parties. and choose
party should be placed first based on the the correct option
year of its formation? Statement I: It will be difficult to form a
A. Indian National Congress (INC) stable government without political parties.
B. Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) Statement II: Opposition parties play a
C. Communist Party of India (CPI) pivotal role in formation of public opinion.
D. All India Trinamool Congress (AITC)
Answer: A

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c. o Statement III: Since most of the parties

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146. Which of the following international
s have similar ideology, voters have better
alternative ag
organizations works to improve women’s
access to justice and protect their rights?
Statement IV: Parties do hold regular A. Human Rights Law Network
elections to select top leaders of the party. B. World Health Organisation
Options: C. Women’s Justice Initiative
A. Statements I and II are correct, but D. International Women’s Organisation
Statements III and IV are incorrect. Answer: C
B. Statements III and IV are correct,
but statement I and II are incorrect 147. Read the situations below. Which one

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C. Statement II and III correct, but violates Article 23 of the Indian

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statement I and IV are incorrect Constitution?

.
D. Statements I and III are correct , but A. A person is forced to work without
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statement II and IV are incorrect wages.
las
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l party neither keep
Answer: A B. A company pays workers according to
a g
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their skills.
a register nor conduct internal
143. If a political C. A farmer hires labourers and pays
membership them fairly.
election regularly. Which of the D. A student volunteers for a cleanliness
following challenges being faced by that drive.
political party? Answer: A
A. Lack of internal democracy.
B. Dynastic succession 148. A woman working in a factory is granted
C. Growing role of money and muscle paid leave before and after childbirth.

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power Which law provides this benefit?

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D. Limited alternation to the voters.
.
A. Equal Remuneration Act

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Answer: A B. Medical Termination of Pregnancy

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Act

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144. A group of students is preparing an
g
C. Re marriage Act

a
awareness poster titled "Functions of D. Maternity Benefit Act
Political Parties in a Democracy." Which Answer: D
of the following points should NOT be
included in their poster as a function of a 149. Two employees, one man and one
political party? woman, performs the same work in a
A. Contest elections public sector undertaking with equal
B. Form and run the government efficiency. The woman receives lower
C. Make necessary arrangements for wages. Which law has been violated?
conducting elections to legislative
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A. Prohibition of Child Labour Act

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bodies
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B. Equal Remuneration Act

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D. Play a decisive role in making laws for
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C. Dowry Prohibition Act

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the country

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D. Factories Act

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Answer C
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Answer: B

gla 145.says,
a
During a classroom discussion, Rima 150. A district plans to improve education,
"Our political party has only one health care, and employment opportunities
leader who makes all the important for women. What is the most likely long-
decisions. Ordinary members have no role term outcome?
in choosing leaders or candidates."Based A. Decline in sustainable development
on this situation, which major challenge of B. Increase in gender inequality
political parties is illustrated? C. Progress towards sustainable
A. Lack of alternatives to voters development
B. Lack of internal democracy D. Reduction in literacy
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C. Lack of able leadership
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Answer: C
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D. Lack of clear ideology

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151. Assertion (A): Men and women are not 156. A government college refuses admission
entitled for equal wages for equal work. to a student with a certified benchmark
Reason (R): Equal remuneration disability even though seats are available
promotes equality and prevents under the reserved quota. Which principle
discrimination at the workplace. of RPwD Act being violated?
A. Both A and R are true, and R is the A. Availability.
correct explanation of A. B. Equality and non – discrimination
B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the C. Guardianship
correct explanation of A. D. Freedom of speech
C. A is true, but R is false. Answer: B
D. A is false, but R is true.
Answer: A 157. Which of the following is NOT one of
the objectives of the Rights of Persons
152. Which directive principle support equal with Disabilities (RPwD) Act, 2016?
employment opportunities for men and A. Promoting accessibility
women? B. Ensuring equality
A. Article 39(a) C. Providing free employment to all
B. Article 14 persons with disabilities
C. Article 21 D. Preventing discrimination
D. Article 52 Answer: C.
Answer A
158. Which of the following is a provision for
153. Choose the correctly matched pair: person with benchmark disabilities?
A. Adequate means of livelihood for both A. Access to free education till he attains
men and women – Article 39(a) the age of 18 years.
B. To renounce practices derogatory to B. Provide reasonable accommodation.
the dignity of women--Article 243-D C. Provide free employment
(3) D. Provide separate school building and
C. Reservation of 1/3 seats to women in campus
local bodies -- Article 23(1) Answer: A
D. No discrimination of the ground of sex
--- Article 51-A (e) 159. A school installs ramps and lifts so that
Answer: A) students using wheelchairs can access all
classrooms. Which right is being
154. The word “Divyangam” denotes protected?
A. People with less qualification A. Right to recreation only
B. People with special needs B. Right to accessibility
C. People who excel in sports C. Right to get free education.
D. People with Disability D. Right to leisure
Answer: D Answer: B

155. Which law in India does protect the 160. A new school policy ensures that students
rights of persons with disabilities by with disabilities study in regular
ensuring equality, accessibility, and classrooms with appropriate support and
inclusion? equal opportunities. Which principle does
A. Right to Information Act, 2005 this policy promote?
B. Consumer Protection Act, 2019 A. Segregation
C. Rights of Persons with Disabilities B. Inclusion
Act, 2016 C. Discrimination
D. Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 D. Attachment.
Answer: C Answer: B

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C. A is true, but R is false.
s is sent to a textile factory where it is made
into cloth. The cloth is then transported by ag
D. A is false, but R is true.
Answer: C
trucks to different shops."
165. Read the following statements regarding
Which sectors are involved in the the classification of the economy based on
correct order? the nature of economic activity:
A. Primary → Secondary → Tertiary i.The primary sector involves activities
B. Secondary → Tertiary → Primary related to the extraction of natural
C. Tertiary → Primary → Secondary resources.

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D. Primary → Tertiary → Secondary ii.The secondary sector includes

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manufacturing and processing

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Answer: A
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iii.The tertiary sector provides services that

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162. Which of the following support individuals and other sectors of

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how the IT revolution has contributed to the economy.
a
a
the growth of the service sector in India?
A. It reduced agricultural production.
iv.Organized and unorganized sectors are
classifications based on the nature of
B. It created new services such as economic activity.
software development, online banking, Choose the correct option:
and IT-enabled services. A. Statements I, II and III are correct.
C. It increased mining activities. B. Statements II and IV are correct.
D. It replaced all manufacturing C. Statements I and IV are correct.
industries. D. All statements are correct.

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Answer: B Answer: A

c. o 166. A village has 10 family members
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163. A group of workers runs a small

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roadside food stall. They share
a
working on a small farm, but only 6

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responsibilities such as cooking, serving workers are actually needed to produce
a
customers, and managing accounts.
However, they receive low wages and the same amount of crops. The
have no paid leave or job security. Which government proposes skill training so that
characteristic of the informal sector is some workers can take up jobs in other
highlighted through their collaborative sectors.
work? If you were a member of that village, what
A. Paid leave and job security suggestion would you like to give?
B. High salaries with fixed working
Options:

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C. Low wages and lack of employment A. All family members should continue

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benefits working on the farm because it is a

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D. Government employment traditional occupation.

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Answer: C
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B. The extra workers should remain on the

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Assertion (A): The economy can be
production.
into the primary, secondary, and
tertiary sectors based on the nature of C. The family should consider new
economic activity. employment opportunities and skill
Reason (R): Organized and unorganized training, as this can improve their income
sectors are classified on the basis of without reducing farm output.
ownership, not on the nature of economic D. The government should not suggest any
activity. changes in employment patterns.
A. Both A and R are true, and R is the
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Answer: C

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correct explanation of A.

.
B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the
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correct explanation of A.
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167. Kamal works in a rice mill. His job here is C. A is true, but R is false.
low paid and often not regular. There is no D. A is false, but R is true.
provision for paid leaves. In which Sector is Answer: C
Kamal working? 171. Read the following statements about
A. Organized Sector development:
B. Government Sector 1. Different people may have different
C. Unorganized Sector developmental goals.
D. Joint Sector 2. The developmental goals of different
Answer: C people may sometimes conflict with
each other.
168. Read the statements carefully and find 3. Everyone has the same idea of
out the incorrect option given below: development.
A. MGNREGA has been implemented in Which of the above statement(s) is/are
whole country now. correct?
B. MGNREGA guarantees 200 days of A. 1 and 2 only
assured work to the people in need of B. 2 and 3 only
it. C. 1 and 3 only
C. The scheme was launched initially in D. 1, 2 and
February, 2006. Answer: A
D. If the government fails to provide the
work, the people are given 172. A Country has a total annual income of
unemployment Allowances. ₹12, 00,000 crore and a population of 120
Answer: B crore.. Which concept helps compare the
average income of people in the country?
169. A country produces rice, clothes, A. National income
computers, healthcare services, and B. Per capita income
transport services in a year. While C. Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
calculating the country's economic D. Human Development Index (HDI)
performance, only the value of goods and Answer: B
services meant for final use is counted to
avoid double counting. 173. A government plans to increase
What does the above information try to industries but also introduces strict rules
convey? to reduce pollution and conserve forests.
A. GDP shows the value of all final Which development approach does this
goods best represent?
B. GDP shows all the services of a A. Economic growth only
country B. Environmental protection only
C. GDP shows the value of final goods C. Women empowerment only
and services only D. Sustainable development
D. GDP shows all the intermediate goods Answer: D
and final services only
Answer: C 174. A country has low average income,
limited access to healthcare, and a lower
170. In the question given below, there are life expectancy than most developed
two statements marked Assertion (A) and nations. Based on these indicators, the
Reason (R). Read the statement and country is most likely to be classified as:
choose the correct option. A. A developed country
Assertion (A): The tertiary sector B. A developing country
provides services C. A high-income country
Reason (R): It produces goods from D. A highly industrialized country
directly from nature.
A. Both A and R are true, and R is the Answer: B
correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the
correct explanation of A.

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c. o 175. Which of the following best explains the

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179. Observe the table and say which state is
s purpose of the Human Development Index
(HDI)? ag
more developed?
State PCI IMR LR
A. To measure only the economic growth Meghalaya 90,638 33 68.5
of a country
B. To compare countries only on the Mizoram 232126 3 71.8
basis of income
C. To measure development using health, Arunachal 279396 21 71.6
education, and income indicators Pradesh
D. To measure the availability of natural (As per the latest Niti Aayog report)
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resources A. Meghalaya
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Answer: C

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B. Mizoram

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176. Which of the following statement best

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D. All three States.

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describe that per capita income may not be
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Answer: B

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the true indicator of economic
development? 180. A government wants to reduce farmers’
A. Per capita income can be measured dependence on money lenders. Which
both at current prices and at constant measure would be the most effective?
prices. A. Increase the interest rate charge by
B. Per capita income includes only those banks.
goods and services sold in the market. B. Make formal credit easier to access
C. High per capita income countries are through bank and cooperative societies.
considered as developed countries. C. Encourage borrowing only from

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D. Per capita income clearly indicates the

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relatives.

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distribution of income in the society. D. Encourage borrowing from indigenous

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Answer: B banks

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177. In the question given below, there are two
statements marked Assertion (A) and
Reason (R) Read the statement and choose a 181. A smart phone made in china sold by a
Korean company in India This is an
the correct option. example of:
Assertion (A): Sex ratio in India is very low A. Industrialisation
in India as compared to developed B. Privatisation
countries. C. Globalisation
Reason (R): Female do not get good diet D. Nationalisation
and medical care as compared to male. Answer: C

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Options:

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A. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is 182. A farmer has surplus rice and wants to

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the correct reason of (A)
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exchange it for a bicycle. The bicycle

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B. (A) is false but (R) is true
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seller is willing to accept only vegetables

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C. Both (A) and (R ) are false

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instead of rice. This exchange cannot take
D. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is
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place because of:
a
not the correct reason of (A) A. Commodity money
Answer: A B. Medium of exchange
C. Double coincidence of wants
178. Two countries have equal national D. Banking system
income, but one has fewer people. Which Answer: C
country is better developed?
A. Country with more people
B. Country with fewer people
C. Both are equal
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D. Cannot be compared.

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Answer B
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183. Rita has extra wheat, while her neighbour

se has milk. They exchange wheat for milk
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without using money. Which economic 187. A customer buys groceries using
system does this illustrate? currency notes. Which function of money
A. Credit system is demonstrated in this situation?
B. Banking system A. Store of value
C. Barter system B. Medium of exchange
D. Digital payment system C. Unit of production
Answer: C D. Means of barter
Answer: B
184. Consider these statements and choose the
correct option 188. A newspaper reports that a bank has
Statement I: The barter system requires been penalized for not following the rules
both parties to want each other's goods or while giving loans to customers. The
services. action was taken by the country's banking
Statement II: This requirement often regulator to ensure that banks function
makes exchange difficult and fairly and protect the interests of
inconvenient. depositors and borrowers.
Options: Question: Which institution is responsible
A. Both Statements I and Statement II are for supervising the functioning of formal
true, and Statement II correctly explains sources of credit in India?
Statement I. A. Ministry of Finance
B. Both Statements I and Statement II are B. Head Office of the Bank
true, but Statement II does not explain C. Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
Statement I. D. Co-operative Society
C. Statement I is true, but Statement II is Answer: C
false.
D. Statement I is false, but Statement II is 189. Which statement best explains the role of
true. bank in economic development?
Answer: A A. They print currency notes.
B. They act as intermediary between the
185. A farmer wants a loan at a reasonable depositors and borrowers.
rate of interest with proper legal C. They discourage the collateral
protection. Which source of credit is the D. They collect various taxes for the
most suitable? government.
A. Moneylender Answer: B
B. Co-operative society
C. Trader 190. Rekha, who lives in an urban slum,
D. Indigenous bank wants to start a small tailoring business.
Answer B She needs a loan and is considering
different sources of finance. Which option
186. Which of the following situations would best help her make a flexible and
indicates that a group is not functioning as beneficial financial decision?
a Self Help Group (SHG)? A. Borrow from a local moneylender who
A. Members save regularly and lend charges a high interest rate.
money to one another. B. Take a loan from a formal financial
B. The group has 15–20 members. institution offering lower interest and
C. Members depend mainly on high- transparent terms.
interest loans from moneylenders C. Borrow from an informal lender
instead of their pooled savings. without comparing the repayment
D. Members collectively manage their conditions.
savings and lending activities. D. Depend only on friends and relatives
Answer: C even if the amount is insufficient.
Answer: B

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c. o 191. Match List A with List B

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194. A multinational company plans to
s List A
a. Barter system
List B
1.Member based ag
establish a new manufacturing unit in
another country. It considers the
lending availability of skilled labour, government
b. Money lender 2.Papermoney issued support, and access to markets.
by RBI Which of the following factors is least
c. Currency notes 3.High interest rate likely to influence its decision?
d. SHG 4.Exchange of goods A. Availability of skilled and unskilled
and services labour
Options: B. Nearness to markets

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A. a – 1, b -2, c – 3, d - 4 C. Favourable government policies

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B. a – 4, b -3, c – 2, d – 1 D. Presence of a large number of local

.
competitors
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C. a – 2, b – 1, c – 3, d – 4

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D. a – 3, b – 2, c – 4, d – 3 Answer: D

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195. A country encourages globalization by
192. A group of students is comparing allowing foreign companies to invest and
different types of companies. One student compete with local firms. Which outcome
says, "This Company owns factories in best supports this policy?
India, Brazil, and South Africa and A. Reduced economic growth
manages production from its B. Increased unemployment in every
headquarters."Which type of company are sector
the students describing? C. Increased competition leading to
A. Foreign Company innovation and better choices for

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consumers

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B. Government Company

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C. Multinational Company D. Reduced cultural exchange among

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D. public -Private Partnership Company countries

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Answer: C Answer: C

193. Read the following statements about g l
Multinational Companies (MNCs): a
196. In the question given below, there are two
statements marked Assertion (A) and
1. They own or control production in more Reason (R). Read the statement and choose
than one country. the correct option
2. They establish factories close to markets to Assertion (A): Many companies prefer to
reduce transport costs. establish production units in Special
3. They organise production across different Economic Zones (SEZs).
countries. Reason (R): SEZs provide tax

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4. They recruit workers only from their home concessions, better infrastructure, and

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country. simplified business procedures.

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A. Both A and R are true, and R is the
e
Which statement does not correctly

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correct explanation of A.
a
describe an MNC?

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A. Statement 1 B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the

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correct explanation of A.
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B. Statement 2

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C. Statement 3 C. A is true, but R is false.
D. Statement 4 D. A is false, but R is true.
Answer: D Answer: A

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197. During a classroom discussion, four 200. Match the column
students shared their opinions about the List A List B
World Trade Organization (WTO). a. Foreign 1. Removal of trade
• Riya: "The WTO gives every country an Investment restrictions
equal chance to compete in global trade." b)Liberalisation 2. Person who uses
• Aman: "Some developing countries goods and services
struggle because they cannot compete with c) SEZ 3. Investment by
large multinational companies." MNCs in another
• Neha: "The WTO has no effect on small country
farmers or local industries." d) Consumers 4) Areas with special
• Rahul: "All WTO policies benefit both business rules
developed and developing countries
equally."
Which student's opinion best reflects a
genuine concern about a disadvantage of
the WTO while considering different Options:
perspectives? A. a – 3, b – 1, c – 4, d – 2
A. Riya, because the WTO provides B. a – 1, b – 2, c – 3, d – 4
equal opportunities to all countries. C. a – 2, b – 3, c – 4, d – 1
B. Aman, because developing countries D. a – 4, b – 3, c – 2, d – 1
may face difficulties competing with Answer: A
stronger economies.
C. Neha, because WTO policies do not
affect farmers or local industries.
D. Rahul, because WTO benefits every
country in the same way.
Answer: B

198. An Indian automobile manufacturer faces
tough challenge after foreign car
companies enter in the Indian market.
What is the most likely impact on the
manufacturer?
A. The Indian manufacturer will stop
producing cars immediately.
B. The government will ban all foreign
companies.
C. The Indian manufacturer may improve
quality and reduce prices to remain
competitive.
D. The government may re- introduce the
trade barrier.
Answer: C

199. A group of artisans in a village wants to
sell handmade products to international
buyers. Which government initiative
would make globalisation fairer for them?
A. Reducing wages of artisans
B. Providing training, better transport,
and online marketing support
C. Increasing taxes on small businesses
D. Restricting the sale of local products
Answer: B

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c. o

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4. After the Unification of Germany in 1871,
s Short Questions and answers: 2 marks
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European nations started competing in
building armies and claimed superiority
1. Do you think the Treaty of Vienna over others. Do you agree that this shows
successfully maintained peace in Europe? nationalism had become militaristic and
Give two reasons. chauvinistic? Explain with two points.
Answer: Answer:
Yes, the treaty of Vienna could maintain Yes, I do agree that after the Unification of
peace in Europe to a great extent Germany in 1871, European nations started
i. It restored political stability by re- competing in building armies and claimed

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establishing monarchies and superiority over others.

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maintaining a balance of power. Militaristic: Countries like Germany and

.
ii. The treaty prevented any major Britain started an arms race, especially
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European war for nearly four naval competition, to show power.
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decades (1815–1853).
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Chauvinistic: Nations like France and
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Germany developed extreme pride and
2. Napoleon Bonaparte introduced several believed their nation was superior, leading
administrative reforms that influenced to hatred for others.
many countries. Which two of the
following reforms introduced by Napoleon 5. “The Civil Disobedience Movement was
are still followed in many parts of the world more aggressive than Non Cooperation.”
today? Justify the statement.
Answer: Answer:
i. Napoleonic Code (Civil Code): It The Civil Disobedience Movement was

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established equality before the law more aggressive than the Non-Cooperation

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and protected the right to property. Movement because:

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ii. Uniform system of weights and i. People openly broke unjust laws, such

a s
measures (metric system): It as the Salt Law, and refused to pay
introduced a standardized system
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that is widely used across the world
today. a ii. Unlike the Non-Cooperation
Movement, which mainly involved
boycotting British Institutions and
3. “King Charles Albert, the ruler of Piedmont goods, the Civil Disobedience
was defeated by the Austrians in the Battle Movement directly challenged British
of Custozza”. If the king had won the authority through mass law-breaking
battle, how might the history of Italy have and defiance.
been different? Give two possible

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outcomes. 6. If you were asked to design a new

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Answer: Commission for India in 1927, what two

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If King Charles Albert had won the battle: principles would you include to make it

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i. Austria’s domination over Italy acceptable to all Indians? Explain.

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would have ended earlier. Answer.

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ii. Italy might have become a united i. Principle of Representation: The

ag nation much before the actual
unification.
Commission must have Indian
members because Indians have the
right to decide their own future.
ii. Principle of Self-Governance: The
commission should recommend
Dominion Status instead of just
reviewing the 1919 Act, to respect
Indian demands.

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7. ‘The Rowlatt Act led to a nationwide ii. The act clearly discriminated
protest in 1919’. Give two reasons to between the English and the
support the statement. Vernacular Press
Answer.
The Rowlatt Act caused a nationwide
protest in 1919 because: 12. Explain why Gutenberg's printing press is
i. The Act allowed arrest without any considered a revolutionary invention in the
trial which threatened every Indian’s history of print culture?
personal liberty. Answer:
ii. Indians expected reforms after i. Gutenberg developed the movable
supporting Britain in the First World metal type printing press, making
War but got repressive laws instead,
causing anger. printing faster, cheaper, and more
8. Identify any two factors that contributed to accurate.
the growth of industries during the ii. It enabled the mass production of
Industrial Revolution in Europe. books, spreading knowledge and ideas
Answer: to a larger number of people
i. The invention of new machines
increased production. 13. Do you think print culture was essential for
ii. The availability of coal and iron the spread of education? Justify your
supported industrial development. answers with any two points.
Answer:
9. Mention any two ways in which the factory i. Print culture made books and learning
system transformed the method of materials easily available.
production. ii. More people could read and gain
Answer: knowledge at a lower cost.
i. Goods were produced in factories
using machines instead of by hand at 14. Evaluate how the Union List, State List and
home. Concurrent List help in ensuring efficient
ii. Large-scale production made governance in India.
manufacturing faster and more Answer:
efficient. i. The Union, State and Concurrent Lists
clearly divide legislative powers
10. Give two reasons why child labour should between the Centre and the States,
be abolished in industries. preventing overlap and confusion in
Answer: administration.
i. Children have the right to education ii. This division enables each level of
and healthy development. government to manage its own
ii. Child labour affects their physical responsibilities efficiently while
and mental well-being. promoting cooperation on matters of
common interest.
11. Mention any two ways in which Indian
Nationalists opposed the Vernacular Press
Act, 1878.
Answer:
i. It allows the British Government to
have more authority over publishing
and also held it to repress seditious
writing

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m
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c. o15. ‘During a quiz, a student claims that the

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18. State any two criteria for political party to
s Centre is stronger than the States in India.
Analyse the statement using constitutional ag
be recognized as a national party.
Answer:
provisions. A political party is recognized as a
Answer: National Party if it meets the following
i. The Centre is stronger because it has criteria:
greater powers during emergencies i. It should get at least 6% of the valid
and can create new states by changing votes in four or more States and wins
their boundaries. at least 4 LokSabha seats.
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ii. It also has greater legislative authority ii. It should win at least 2% of the total
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through the Union List, and Governors LokSabha seats which is 11 seats and

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can reserve certain State Bills for the must also be recognized as a State

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a
President's approval. Party in at least four States.

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16. A group of doctors forms an association to
protect their professional interests. Identify
19. Outline the procedures followed in
conducting an election in India.
the type of pressure group and justify your Answer:
answer. The correct sequence of the procedures followed
Answer: in conducting an election in India is:
i. It is a Sectional Interest Group I. Filing of nomination
because it represents the interests of II. Election campaign

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a particular section of society, III. Polling (voting)

.
namely doctors. IV. Counting of votes and declaration of

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ii. Its main aim is to protect the election results
professional rights and welfare of its
g l a V. Formation of the government

a
members by influencing government
policies. 20. Analyse how the Women's Justice Initiative
(WJI) helps in protecting women's rights.
17. Explain the process through which pressure Answer:
groups influence government policies. i. WJI provides legal aid, counselling
Answer: and court representation to women
i. Pressure groups influence facing violence and discrimination,

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government policies by organising helping them access justice.

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campaigns, demonstrations, protests ii. It creates awareness through legal

c. o e m
and petitions to draw the education, files Public Interest

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government's attention to public
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Litigations (PILs) and works for the

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effective implementation of women's

ag ii. They also create public awareness
through the media and mobilise
rights laws.

public opinion, encouraging the 21. Do you think laws alone are enough to
government to adopt favourable ensure a women’s right? Give reasons.
policies. Answer:
No, laws alone are not enough to ensure
women's rights because:
i. Laws must be effectively
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implemented, and those who violate

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women's rights should be punished

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to ensure justice.

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ii. Society must change its attitude
towards women, and women should 25. During a general election, no single
be educated and made aware of their political party wins enough seats to form
rights so they can exercise them the government. What is the most likely
confidently. outcome in such a situation?
22. Imagine you are a school principal. What Answer:
two measures would you take to promote i. A coalition government is formed,
inclusive education in your school? where two or more political parties
Answer: join together to secure a majority and
i. Admit students with disabilities form the government.
without discrimination and provide ii. The coalition parties share power
reasonable accommodation and work together on the basis of a
according to their needs. common programme to run the
ii. Make school buildings accessible government.
and provide trained teachers and 26. Evaluate how equal opportunities improve
learning materials suitable for the status of women in India.
different disabilities. Answer:
23. How has women's reservation helped i. Equal opportunities in education,
society? employment, and public life enable
Answer: women to develop their talents,
i. Increased women's participation in become economically independent,
governance: Reservation has enabled and actively contribute to the
more women to become members of progress of their families and society.
Panchayats and Municipalities, ii. They promote gender equality by
giving them an opportunity to ensuring that women enjoy the same
participate in decision-making and rights and opportunities as men,
public administration. thereby improving their social status,
ii. Promoted empowerment and confidence, and overall quality of
equality: It has strengthened the life.
social and political status of women
by ensuring their representation in 27. Examine how the objectives of the Rights
local self-government and of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016
encouraging equal participation in strengthen the constitutional values of
democratic processes. equality and justice.
Answer:
24. Do pressure groups always have a positive i. The Act guarantees equal rights and
impact? Give your opinion with one reason. opportunities for persons with
Answer: disabilities by prohibiting
No, pressure groups do not always have a discrimination and ensuring equal
positive impact. At times, they may access to education, employment,
promote the interests of only a particular healthcare, and public services. This
section of society instead of the welfare of upholds the constitutional principle
the entire public. of equality before the law.
Reason: Some pressure groups may use ii. The Act promotes inclusion, dignity,
strikes, protests, or demonstrations that and social justice by creating a
disrupt normal public life and create barrier-free environment,
inconvenience for others. encouraging accessibility, and
ensuring that persons with

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c. o

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disabilities can participate fully and
s
31. Explainahow the distribution of alluvial
l
s independently in all aspects of social,
economic, and political life. This soilsginfluences population density.
a
reflects the constitutional values of Answer:
justice, equality, and respect for i. Alluvial soil is highly fertile and
human dignity. supports cultivation of crops such as
rice and wheat.
28. Why should we use non-renewable ii. Agriculture provides employment
resources carefully? and food, so people settle in fertile

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Answer: river plains, resulting in high

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population density.
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i. They are limited in quantity and take

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millions of years to form.

s e 32. Differentiate between Sheet Erosion and
g
a
ii. Careful use helps conserve them for

l a
Gully Erosion.
g
future generations.
a
29. Suggest two ways to convert a potential
Answer:
Sheet erosion occurs when water flows
resource into an actual resource. down the slope as a thin sheet and removes
Answer: the top layer of a soil. It removes fertile
i. Identification and preparation of topsoil over a large area. Whereas gully
inventory of resources which erosion occurs when running water cuts
involves surveying, mapping and deep channels as gullies in clayey soil. It

m
forms deep gullies and make the land

c. o
estimation and measurement of
quantity, characteristics and uncultivable.
properties of the resources.
s em 33. How can constructing a dam help farmers
ii. Developing a planning structure
g l a
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empowered with appropriate to overcome water shortages during the dry
technology, skill and setting up season?
institutions for implementing the Answer:
aims of resource planning. i. Dams can ensure regular supply of
water for agriculture helping the
30. Describe sustainable economic farmers to grow crops throughout the
development and explain why it is year.
necessary in today's world. ii. Rainwater that is stored in the dams
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Answer: can be used for irrigation during the
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c. o m
Sustainable economic development aims at dry season.

s e
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meeting human development goals while at

s Answer: g
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the same time sustaining resources and

g
ecosystem services upon which the
a
a economy and society depend. It is
necessary to prevent resource depletion and
i. Dams destroy habitats for aquatic life.
ii. Dams fragment rivers, making
ensure a healthy environment for future migration difficult for the aquatic
generations. fauna.

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35. If a region has abundant coal but also many 39. Your school plans to promote eco-friendly
rivers, which source of electricity should be products. Suggest any two ways to
preferred for sustainable development? encourage the use of jute products.
Justify the statement. Answer:
Answer: i. Create awareness about the
i. Hydroelectricity should be preferred environmental benefits of jute as it is
because it is generated from fast-flowing biodegradable, recyclable and eco-
water which is a renewable. friendly.
ii. It helps in the conservation of non- ii. Encourage the use of jute bags and
renewable resources like coal, petroleum other jute products instead of plastic
and natural gas. to reduce pollution and to support
sustainable development.
36. A region is rich in bauxite. What industrial
activity is likely to develop there and why? 40. If you were planning to set up a cement
Answer: factory, what factor related to raw material
Aluminium industry is likely to develop a would you consider first and why?
region is rich in bauxite. This is because Answer:
Bauxite is the chief ore use for I would choose a location near limestone
manufacturing aluminium and locating the deposit, because limestone is the main raw
industries near the raw material reduces material for cement factory.
transportation cost. Proximity to a limestone deposits will help
to reduce transportation costs and ensures
37. A farmer shifts from traditional seeds to uninterrupted production.
HYV seeds. What impact will this have on
production? 41. How does the shift from ‘Palanguin’ to
Answer: buses and trains reflect changes in the
i. High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds transport system? Give any two points.
produce a much higher crop yield Answer:
than traditional seeds when supplied The shift from ‘Palanguin’ to buses and
with proper irrigation, fertilizers and trains reflect changes in the transport
pesticides. system in the following ways:
ii. This increases food grain production, i. Transport systems have evolved to meet
improves farmer’s income, and the growing needs of people.
supports commercial farming with ii. Modern transport such as buses and
modern agricultural practices. trains, is faster, carries more passengers
and makes travel more comfortable.
38. Suppose Farmers in your area want to earn
income through sericulture. Suggest two 42. Explain any two ways in which tourism
steps they should take. benefits both tourists and local
Answer: communities.
i. Rearing of healthy silkworms by Answer:
maintaining proper hygiene and Tourism benefits both tourists and local
protecting them to ensure good communities.
quality silk production. i. Tourism promotes national and
ii. Cultivating mulberry plants, as their international understanding and cultural
leaves are the main food for exchange.
silkworm, helping them grow well
and produce better silk cocoons.

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47. Why should all sectors of the economy be
s supports local handicrafts and the
economy. ag
given equal importance? Give any two
reasons.
Answer:
i. Each sector depends on the others for
43. State any two characteristics of the growth and development.
matrilineal system in Meghalaya? ii. Balanced development creates more
Answer: employment and improves the
Meghalaya has historically followed a economy.
matrilineal system where Lineage and
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inheritance are traced through women. The 48. How are the primary and secondary sectors

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related? Give any two points.

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youngest daughter inherits the family
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Answer:

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wealth and cares for her parents. This
e
i. The primary sector supplies raw

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system gives women an important position materials to the secondary sector.
l a
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in the family, preserves family property and ii. The secondary sector processes these
strengthens family ties and social security. raw materials into finished goods.
44. Meghalaya often faces a deficit in food
49. Explain how literacy improves the quality
grains production. Explain any two reasons
of life. Give any two points.
for this situation. Answer:
Answer: i. It increases employment opportunities.
i. Agricultural productivity is low ii. It helps people make informed
because many farmers still depend decisions about health and society.

m Why should development benefit all
c. o sections of society? Give any two reasons.
on traditional farming methods,
50.
including shifting cultivation and
make limited use of scientific
s em Answer:
farming practices.
g l a i. It reduces inequality among people.

a
ii. Inadequate irrigation facilities, ii. It improves the overall standard of
limited use of improved seeds, living.
fertilizers and modern agricultural
51. Explain how banks help people save and
technology also reduce crop yields
use money.
and overall farm productivity. Answer:
45. State any two features of the tertiary sector. i. Banks provide a safe place to keep
Answer: savings.

m
ii. They lend money to individuals and

o
i. It provides services instead of

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producing goods. businesses for productive activities.

c. o 52. State any two waysm
e in economic
ii. It supports the growth of the primary
borrowers work stogether
em46. A worker loses his wages whenever he is
in which banks and
a
and secondary sectors.

s development.l
la Answer: a
g
ag absent from work. Identify the sector and
justify your answer with one reason. i. Banks provide loans for business and
Answer: farming activities.
Sector: Unorganized sector. ii. Borrowers repay loans, enabling banks
Reason: There is no job security or paid to lend to others.
leave in the unorganized sector.

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53. State any two advantages of using bank 57. Differentiate between demand deposits and
deposits instead of keeping cash at home. fixed deposits.
Answer: Answer:
i. Money remains safe and earns
Demand Deposits Fixed Deposits
interest.
ii. Deposits can be used for digital Money can be Money is
payments and withdrawals when withdrawn at any deposited for a
needed. time. fixed period.
Earns higher
54. Suggest any two ways to reduce the interest but
negative effects of globalisation on small Used for daily
cannot be
producers. transactions and
Answer: withdrawn before
payments.
i. Provide financial and technical maturity without
support to small producers. conditions.
ii. Encourage the use and marketing of
local products. 58. Why did the Government of India put
barriers on foreign trade and foreign
55. Suggest any two innovative ways in which
investment?
technology can help local businesses
compete in the global market. Answer:
Answer: The Government of India put barriers on
i. Sell products through online foreign trade and foreign investment in
platforms. order to:
ii. Use digital marketing to reach more i. Protect domestic industries from
customers.
foreign competition.
56. Income alone is not enough to measure ii. Promote the growth of Indian
development. Explain why? industries and prevent excessive
Answer: dependence on foreign companies.
Income alone is not enough to measure
development because:
i. Development includes quality of life,
such as good health, education, clean
environment, equality, and security,
not just income.
ii. Income may be unequally
distributed, so even if the average
income is high, many people may
still live in poverty.

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e Long Questions and answers: 5 marks
Section-C
l a s
iv. The British Government agreed to
s ag
release political prisoners who had not
committed violent crimes.
1. Analyze how the rise of nationalism in the It was a partial success because:
Balkans contributed to the disintegration of i. It led to the release of thousands of
the Ottoman Empire. political prisoners.
Support your answer with suitable ii. The Congress was recognized as a
examples. major political force and invited to
Answer: negotiate with the British.
The rise of nationalism in the Balkans However, the demand for Complete

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played a major role in weakening and Independence was not accepted.

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eventually disintegrating the Ottoman

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Empire. 3. The Non-Cooperation Movement marked a

em
i. Growth of Nationalism: Inspired by turning point in India's freedom struggle."
las
a s g
Do you agree with this statement?
a
the ideas of liberty and self-rule, many
l
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ethnic groups in the Balkans wanted Evaluate its achievements and limitations to
independent nation-states. justify your answer.
ii. Demand for Independence: Answer:
Countries such as Greece, Serbia, Yes, I agree that the Non-Cooperation
Bulgaria, and Romania revolted Movement was a turning point in India's
against Ottoman rule and gradually freedom struggle because it transformed the
gained independence. nature of the national movement.
iii. Weakening of Ottoman Control: As Achievements:
more territories broke away, the i. It was the first nationwide mass movement

m
led by Mahatma Gandhi, involving people

co
Ottoman Empire lost political power,

.
land, and resources. from different regions, religions, and social

em
iv. Rivalry among Balkan States: groups.

s
ii. It encouraged Indians to boycott foreign
a
Newly independent Balkan nations

g l
competed with one another to expand goods, government schools, law courts,

a
their territories, increasing regional and titles, promoting the spirit of Swadeshi
instability. and self-reliance.
v. Interference by European Powers: iii. The movement increased political
Powerful nations such as Russia and awareness and inspired ordinary people,
Austria-Hungary supported different including women, students, and peasants,
Balkan groups to promote their own to participate in the freedom struggle.
interests, further weakening the Limitations:
Ottoman Empire. iv. The movement was withdrawn after the

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Chauri Chaura incident, disappointing

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2. Explain the Gandhi-Irwin Pact. Do you many supporters.

c. o m
v. It did not achieve its immediate objective
e
think it was a success? Give reasons.

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of Swaraj (self-rule).
a
Answer:

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vi. The sudden withdrawal created confusion

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The Gandhi–Irwin Pact was signed on 5

la
among many freedom fighters.
g
March 1931 between Mahatma Gandhi

a
and Lord Irwin. It temporarily ended the However, despite its limitations,
Civil Disobedience Movement and paved the Non-Cooperation Movement was a
the way for discussions between the major turning point because it united
British Government and the Indian millions of Indians under a common cause
National Congress. and laid the foundation for future mass
The main terms of the Pact were: movements.
i. It promised dominion status to India
ii. The Congress agreed to suspend the 4. Construct an explanation showing how
different social groups participated in the
m .
Civil Disobedience Movement.

co m
iii. Gandhi agreed to participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement and explain

m .
Second Round Table Conference in how their expectations and objectives
se
London.
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influenced their participation.
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Answer: As a result, many weaving families
Different social groups participated in the fell into poverty and shifted to
Civil Disobedience Movement (1930) with agriculture or other low-paying jobs.
different expectations and objectives.
Although they united under Mahatma 6. Statement: A merchant wants to increase
Gandhi's leadership, each group hoped to cloth production but faces restrictions from
achieve its own goals. powerful guilds in towns. He decides to
Rich Peasants: Rich farmers from
organise production in the countryside by
Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, and Andhra Pradesh
wanted a reduction in land revenue and involving peasants and artisans.
protection from economic hardships. They Explain how this system benefited both the
actively joined the movement hoping the merchants and the rural workers.
government would lower taxes. Answer:
Poor Peasants: Poor peasants expected i. The powerful guilds in towns restricted
relief from high rents and wanted remission merchants from expanding production, so
of unpaid rent. However, the Congress did not
support their demand to stop rent payments, merchants shifted production to the
so many later withdrew from the movement. countryside.
Business Class: Indian industrialists and ii. Due to the enclosure movement, many
traders supported the movement because they poor peasants and cottagers lost access to
wanted protection from foreign competition, common lands and looked for additional
lower taxes, and freedom to expand Indian sources of income.
industries.
iii. Merchants supplied raw wool to rural
Women: Women from both urban and
rural areas took part in processions, picketing, spinners, weavers, fullers, and dyers, while
and boycotts. They hoped to contribute to controlling every stage of production and
India's freedom and gain greater respect and marketing.
participation in public. iv. Rural families could continue farming on
their small plots while earning extra
5. What is industrialization? Examine the income through cloth production, making
impact of British policies on India
full use of family labour.
weavers.
Answer: v. This proto-industrial system increased
Industrialization is the process of cloth production, benefited merchants by
developing industries on a large scale by reducing costs and avoiding guild
using machines, factories, and modern restrictions, and provided employment and
technology to produce goods efficiently. supplementary income to rural households.
Impact of British Policies on Indian
Weavers: British policies had a severe
impact on Indian weavers: 7. Statement: A company used advertisements,
i. Cheap machine-made cloth from labels, and calendars with Indian cultural
Britain flooded Indian markets, images to attract customers and increase the
reducing the demand for hand woven sale of its products.
Indian textiles. Based on the above statement, explain how
ii. Heavy taxes and restrictions were advertisements and labels were designed to
imposed on Indian textiles, while
influence Indian consumers. How did Indian
British goods entered India with low
duties. manufacturers use advertisements differently
iii. Many weavers lost their livelihood during the Swadeshi Movement?
because they could not compete with Answer:
cheaper factory-made products. i. Advertisements made products appear
iv. Weavers were often forced to sell attractive, useful, and necessary to
cloth at very low prices to British
consumers.
traders.

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9. “A social reformer wants to spread his ideas
s images of Indian gods, goddesses, and
royal figures to gain the trust of buyers. ag
to people living in different parts of India”.
Explain how print culture would help the
iii. Calendars with attractive pictures were reformer spread his ideas and promote public
distributed to homes, shops, and offices to debates.
keep the products popular. Answer:
iv. These methods helped foreign i. He could publish newspapers, pamphlets,
manufacturers increase the sale of their and books.
goods in India. ii. His ideas would reach many readers
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v. During the Swadeshi Movement, Indian quickly.
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manufacturers used advertisements to iii. Others could express agreement or

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encourage people to buy Indian-made disagreement through print.

s e g
a
goods as a symbol of patriotism. iv. Printing in local languages would
l a
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increase public participation.
8. Statement: With the spread of education v. This would encourage discussions and
and printing, books and magazines became support social and religious reforms.
available to children, women, and workers,
creating opportunities for learning and
social awareness.
Based on the above statement,
explain how the growth of print culture

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showed sensitivity towards the educational
and social needs of children, women, and
.
workers.
s em
g l a
a
Answer: 10. Evaluate the Role of Print in the Growth of
i. The spread of primary education Nationalism in India.
increased the demand for school Answer:
textbooks and children's literature, Print played a significant role in the growth of
helping children develop reading nationalism in India.
habits. i. Spread nationalist ideas: Newspapers,
ii. Women's magazines and books books, and pamphlets spread ideas of

m
encouraged women to read, write, and freedom, equality, and self-rule among

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express their ideas. people.

c. o e m
iii. Women writers such as Jane Austen, ii. Created political awareness: Print

em
the Bronte Sisters, and George Eliot
l a s
informed people about British policies,

las presented educated and independent
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social issues, and the need for national

ag women in their works.
iv. Lending libraries enabled workers,
unity.
iii. Inspired the freedom movement: Writings
artisans, and lower middle-class and speeches of nationalist leaders
people to borrow books and improve motivated people to join protests and
their knowledge at an affordable cost. movements.
v. Thus, print culture promoted equal iv. Promoted unity: Newspapers published in
access to education, encouraged social different Indian languages connected
people from different regions and
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awareness, and empowered different

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communities.
.
sections of society.

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v. Encouraged public opinion: Print became a (kankar) forms in the lower part of the
platform to criticize British rule and soil, restricting water movement.
mobilize support for the nationalist cause. The main challenges are low
fertility, poor moisture retention, scarce
11. Statement: Social and religious reformers rainfall, and the hard kankar layer, which
used print media to work together with the limits root growth. The soil is also prone to
public in spreading new ideas and wind erosion. However, with proper
promoting social change. irrigation, organic manure, fertilisers, and
Based on the above statement, soil conservation measures, arid soil can
explain how print culture promoted be made suitable for agriculture.
collaboration between reformers and the
13. Explain how different human activities
public in bringing social and religious lead to land degradation in India.
reforms in nineteenth-century India. Suggest appropriate conservation
Answer: measures to overcome these problems.
i. Print media such as books, Answer:
newspapers, journals, and magazines The different human activities lead to
land degradation in India.
enabled reformers to spread their ideas
i. Deforestation removes vegetation
to a large number of people. cover, causing soil erosion.
ii. Reformers raised important issues like ii. Overgrazing exposes the soil, making
widow immolation, caste it prone to erosion.
discrimination, idolatry, priesthood, iii. Mining and quarrying leave deep
and monotheism, encouraging people pits and damage the land.
to think and participate in reforms. iv. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers
and pesticides reduces soil fertility.
iii. Muslim scholars published fatwas and v. Improper irrigation causes water
religious writings to guide people in logging and salinity.
their daily lives and explain Islamic These problems can be addressed
teachings. through afforestation, watershed
iv. People from different communities management, controlled grazing,
read these publications, shared reclamation of mined land, and
sustainable farming practices,
opinions, and participated in
ensuring long-term environmental
discussions and debates. conservation and economic
v. This collaboration between reformers development.
and the public helped create awareness,
encouraged social and religious 14. Water scarcity in India is caused more by
reforms, and strengthened public poor management of water resources than
participation. by the lack of rainfall."
Evaluate this statement.
12. Explain the characteristics of arid soil Answer:
and the challenges in its use. The statement is largely correct
Answer: because many parts of India receive
Arid soil is found mainly in the dry sufficient rainfall, but water is not
and desert regions of western India, managed efficiently.
especially Rajasthan and Gujarat. It is red i. Rainwater is often not harvested or
to brown, sandy, and coarse in texture. stored properly.
The soil is porous, so it has low moisture- ii. Excessive groundwater extraction has
lowered the water table.
retaining capacity. It contains very little
iii. Rivers, lakes, and ponds are polluted
humus and nitrogen but is rich in mineral or neglected.
salts. A layer of calcium carbonate

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c. o iv. Water is wasted in agriculture and

s em
s em g la thatbecome
amonth in your area.unavailable for one
urban areas due to inefficient 16. Imagine all conventional energy
practices. resources
v. Better planning, conservation, and
public awareness can reduce water Prepare an Action plan to reduce
scarcity. the use of conventional energy and
Therefore, while irregular rainfall promote sustainable development.
contributes to the problem, poor water Answer: Action plan
management is a major reason for i. Install solar panels on homes, schools,
water scarcity in post-independence and public buildings.

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India. ii. Promote biogas plants in rural areas.

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co
A state government observes that iii. Encourage the use of wind and small

.
despite providing high-yielding seeds hydel power where suitable.
e m
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and fertilisers, food grain production
las
iv. Replace conventional streetlights with

a s
has not increased significantly.
l
solar-powered LED lights.
a g
ag
v. Create awareness about energy
15. Examine the factors responsible for the conservation.
stagnation of food grain production in vi. Encourage public transport, cycling,
India. and electric vehicles powered by
Answer: renewable energy.
i. Declining soil fertility: Continuous This plan reduces
cultivation of the same crops and the dependence on fossil fuels, lowers
excessive use of chemical fertilisers pollution, conserves natural resources,
and pesticides have reduced soil and ensures a clean and sustainable

m
fertility, leading to lower crop yields future for coming generations.

. co
over time.

em
ii. Shift to commercial crops: Many

a s
farmers have shifted from growing
food grains to commercial and
g l
horticultural crops such as cotton,
sugarcane, fruits, and vegetables a 17. Describe the different modes of occurrence
because these crops provide higher of minerals.
profits and better market demand. Answer:
iii. Reduction in agricultural land: Minerals occur in different forms in nature:
Agricultural land is gradually i. In igneous and metamorphic rocks:
decreasing due to rapid urbanisation, Minerals fill cracks, crevices, faults,
industrialisation, and the construction and joints. Smaller deposits are called

m
of roads, housing, and other veins, while larger ones are called

m c. o
infrastructure, leaving less land lodes.

c. o m
available for food grain cultivation. ii. In sedimentary rocks: Minerals

s e
em
iv. Dependence on monsoon rainfall: In occur in beds or layers formed by

s l a
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many parts of India, irrigation deposition, accumulation, and

la
facilities are still inadequate. As a concentration over millions of years.

ag result, farmers depend heavily on
uncertain monsoon rains, which affect
Coal and some iron ore are examples.
iii. By evaporation: Minerals such as
food grain production during years of gypsum, potash, and salt are formed
poor rainfall. when water evaporates in arid regions.
v. Small landholdings and limited iv. As alluvial deposits (placer
technology: Most farmers own small deposits): Minerals like gold, silver,
and fragmented landholdings, making tin, and platinum are found in sands of
it difficult to use modern farming river valleys and at the base of hills.
techniques and machinery efficiently. v. In ocean water: The oceans contain
m .
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This limits productivity and dissolved minerals, especially

m .
contributes to the stagnation of food- common salt, magnesium, and
se
grain production.
se
bromine.
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iv. Ensure balanced regional
18. Suppose you are a farmer who wants to development: Industrial development
cultivate or plant one beverage crop. in economically underdeveloped and
What is the geographical tribal areas helps reduce regional
condition which will be suitable for the disparities by spreading economic
crop to be grown? activities more evenly across the
Mention any two states where that country.
crop is produced in India, which you like v. Encourage the use of local
to visit once to understand better before resources: Industries should make use
growing your favorite beverage crop. of locally available raw materials and
(The following answer is only a sample. human resources, leading to the
Students may choose anyone suitable overall development of these regions
beverage crop and answer accordingly) and improving the economy.
Answer:
If I wanted to cultivate my favorite 20. Distinguish between an Integrated Steel
beverage crop, I would choose TEA. Plant and a Mini Steel Plant.
Tea grows best in a warm and Answer:
humid climate with temperatures between Integrated Steel Plant Mini Steel Plant
20°C and 30°C.
It requires well-distributed rainfall Mainly uses scrap
Uses iron ore as the
(150–300 cm) throughout the year and steel and sponge
well-drained, fertile, acidic soil on hill main raw material to
iron to manufacture
slopes. produce steel.
steel.
These conditions help the tea plants
grow healthy and produce good-quality Requires large capital Requires less
leaves. investment and investment and can
Assam and West Bengal extensive infrastructure. be set up on a
(Darjeeling) are the two leading tea- smaller scale.
producing states in India. Produces steel on a
Produces steel on a
small scale to meet
19. Evaluate the importance of promoting large scale with high
local or regional
manufacturing in economically production capacity.
demand.
underdeveloped and tribal areas for
reducing poverty, generating employment, Depends on the
and ensuring balanced regional Depends mainly on
availability of iron ore,
development. electric furnaces and
coal, limestone, power,
Suggest five measures. recycled scrap.
and transport.
Answer:
i. Provide financial incentives: The Examples: Bhilai, Examples: Salem
government should offer subsidies, tax Bokaro, Rourkela, Steel Plant and
concessions, and other incentives to Durgapur, and Visvesvaraya Iron
encourage industries to be established Jamshedpur. and Steel Plant.
in economically underdeveloped and
tribal areas.
ii. Develop infrastructure: Adequate 21. Shillong, the capital of Meghalaya, is
facilities such as roads, electricity, located in a hilly region with steep slopes,
water supply, transport, and deep valleys, and heavy rainfall, unlike the
communication should be provided to Northern Plains.
attract industries to these regions. Examine why railway development
iii. Promote employment opportunities: in Shillong and other parts of Meghalaya is
Setting up industries in these areas more difficult than in the Northern Plains.
will create jobs for local people, Answer:
reduce poverty, and improve their i. The Northern Plains have flat and
standard of living. level land, making railway
construction easier, whereas Shillong

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has rugged hills and steep slopes that
l a s
v. Single Citizenship and Integrated
s make laying railway tracks difficult.
ii. The plains have a dense railway ag
Administration: India has single
citizenship and All India Services,
network because construction is which promote national unity and
economical, while Meghalaya has strengthen the unitary character of the
limited railway connectivity due to country.
difficult terrain.
iii. Heavy rainfall in Meghalaya often 23. A political party has been criticised for
causes landslides and soil erosion, lack of internal democracy, criminalisation
disrupting railway construction and

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of politics, and poor representation of

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maintenance, whereas such problems

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women.

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are less common in the Northern

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Plains. As a responsible citizen, suggest

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iv. Railway construction in Shillong reforms that can strengthen political
las
a s
requires tunnels, bridges, and cutting
l
parties in India.
a g
ag
through hills, making it more Answer:
expensive than in the plains. i. Promote internal democracy by
v. The Northern Plains have a high
population density and intensive holding regular organisational
agriculture, which support railway elections and involving party
development, while the difficult members in decision-making.
terrain and scattered settlements in ii. Ensure transparency in political
Meghalaya reduce the expansion of funding by maintaining proper
rail. accounts and disclosing the sources

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of party income.

.
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iii. Prevent criminalisation of politics by

s
refusing to give party tickets to

g l a candidates with serious criminal

a backgrounds.
iv. Increase women's representation by
22. "India is a federal country with unitary
reserving more seats and
features." Justify the statement.
Answer. encouraging greater participation of
i. Division of Powers: The Constitution women in political parties.
clearly divides powers between the v. Strengthen the role of party members
Union and the State Governments by following clear rules in candidate

m
through the Union List, State List, and

c. o
selection and reducing the

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Concurrent List, which is a key feature

c. o
concentration of power in the hands

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of federalism.
of a few leaders.

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ii. Written and Supreme Constitution:

s g la that are necessary to
India has a written Constitution that

la ensure theaprotection and promotion of
defines the powers of both the Union 24. Analyse the measures

ag and the States, and it is the supreme
law of the country. women's rights in India.
iii. Independent Judiciary: The Supreme Answer:
Court safeguards the Constitution and
i. Ensure equal access to education so
settles disputes between the Union and
the States. that women become aware of their
iv. Strong Central Government: India has rights, gain knowledge, and improve
unitary features because the Union their social and economic status.
Government has greater powers than
m .
ii. Provide equal employment

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the States, especially during a national
. e
opportunities and equal pay for equal

m s
emergency when it can exercise

e a
work to promote economic

s l
control over the States.

l a a g
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independence and eliminate gender discrimination, and ensuring equal
discrimination. access to healthcare, education, and
iii. Strictly implement laws protecting public services.
women's rights and take effective v. Spread awareness and monitor
action against practices such as implementation by conducting
domestic violence, dowry, child awareness programmes, encouraging
marriage, and workplace harassment. social inclusion, and ensuring that
iv. Increase women's participation in government departments properly
decision-making and politics by enforce the provisions of the Act.
encouraging their representation in
public life and leadership positions. 26. Examine how the Indian federal system
v. Spread awareness about gender promotes both unity and diversity.
equality through education, media, Answer.
and community programmes to i. The Constitution divides powers
remove stereotypes and promote between the Union Government and
equal respect for women. the State Governments through the
Union, State and Concurrent Lists,
allowing States to manage regional
affairs.
ii. The Union List gives the Central
Government authority over matters of
national importance such as defence,
foreign affairs and banking, helping
maintain national unity.
iii. The Concurrent List allows both the
Centre and the States to make laws on
25. Evaluate the role of the Government in common subjects, promoting
implementing the Rights of Persons with cooperation in governance.
Disabilities Act, 2016 and ensuring an iv. India has single citizenship and
inclusive society. emergency provisions, which
Answer. strengthen the Centre and help
i. Ensure inclusive education by providing preserve the unity and integrity of the
barrier-free schools, trained teachers, nation.
assistive devices, and suitable learning v. Thus, by combining a strong Central
materials for students with disabilities. Government with autonomous State
ii. Promote equal employment Governments, the Indian federal
opportunities by implementing system promotes both national unity
reservation policies, skill development and regional diversity.
programmes, and preventing
discrimination in recruitment and the 27. How do pressure groups contribute to the
workplace. effective functioning of democracy?
iii. Create a barrier-free environment by Examine with suitable points.
making public buildings, roads, Answer:
transport, and communication systems i. Pressure groups permit citizens to
accessible to persons with disabilities. express their interests and desires,
iv. Implement the provisions of the Act ensuring that different sections of
effectively by protecting the rights of society are represented.
persons with disabilities, preventing

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c. o ii. They supplement the party system and

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also receive lower wages than men for
s the formal institutions of government
by providing information and support ag
doing similar work.
ii. Limited access to education and
between elections. leadership: In some areas, girls do not
iii. Different pressure groups balance one receive equal educational
another and help accommodate opportunities, and women remain
conflicting interests, promoting underrepresented in political and
democratic decision-making. decision-making positions.
iv. Pressure groups and movements iii. Violence and harassment: Many
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deepen democracy by encouraging women face domestic violence, sexual
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citizens to participate actively in harassment, trafficking and other

m . s e
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public affairs. forms of abuse, which affect their

s e g
a
v. They remind the government of the safety, dignity and freedom.

l a
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needs and concerns of common iv. Social customs and stereotypes:
people, making governance more Traditional beliefs and gender
responsive and accountable. stereotypes restrict women's rights,
independence and participation in
28. Analyse the major reforms suggested for social and economic activities.
improving the functions of political parties. v. Measures to overcome these
Answer. challenges: Gender equality should be
i. The Anti-Defection Law was promoted through education and

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introduced to discourage elected awareness, laws must be strictly
representatives from changing
. implemented, equal opportunities in
political parties.
s em education and employment should be
ii. Candidates are required to declare
g l a ensured, and women should be

a
their criminal cases, assets and encouraged to participate in leadership
educational qualifications before and decision-making roles.
elections. 30. Examine the measures that can promote an
iii. Political parties should conduct inclusive society for persons with
regular internal elections and maintain disabilities.
internal democracy. Answer:
iv. Greater transparency should be i. Ensure inclusive education by

m
ensured in party funding and financial admitting children with disabilities

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management. without discrimination, making

c. o e m
v. Citizens, the media and pressure schools accessible, and providing

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groups should create public awareness
l a s
reasonable accommodation and

las and demand reforms in political
ag
necessary support.

ag parties. ii. Promote accessibility by making
public buildings, transport, campuses,
29. Analyze the challenges faced by women in polling stations, courts, and other
achieving equality and suggest measures public facilities easily accessible to
to overcome them. persons with disabilities.
Answer:
i. Gender discrimination and unequal iii. Provide equal opportunities in
opportunities: Women are often employment and skill development
m .
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treated unequally in families, through vocational training, self-

m . s e
a
workplaces and society. They may employment schemes, and by

se g l
l a a
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prohibiting discrimination in between the Union and the States,
recruitment and employment. ensuring the smooth functioning of the
iv. Create awareness and encourage federal system.
participation by mobilising the Indian federalism combines a
community, promoting social strong Union with autonomous State
awareness, and ensuring persons with governments. Its unique features help
disabilities can participate fully in maintain national unity while
social, cultural, and sporting activities. accommodating the country's vast
v. Implement welfare and rehabilitation regional, linguistic, and cultural
measures by providing healthcare, diversity
rehabilitation services, social security,
scholarships, assistive support, and 32. Statement: A district is facing high
Government schemes for independent unemployment and underemployment.
living. The local administration plans to improve
irrigation, promote small industries,
31. "Indian federalism is unique in its structure provide concessional loans, and expand
and functioning." skill-based employment opportunities.
Justify this statement with suitable Explain the process by which the
arguments. above measures can reduce
Answer: unemployment and improve the
Indian federalism has certain unique economic condition of the people.
features that distinguish it from many Support your answer with suitable
other federal systems: reasons.
i. Holding Together Federation: India is Answer:
a holding together federation, where i. Better irrigation facilities enable
powers are divided between the Union farmers to grow two or three crops a
and the States by the Constitution. year, creating more employment
Unlike countries such as the USA, the opportunities in agriculture.
states did not come together to form ii. Concessional loans help farmers
the federation. invest in irrigation facilities and
ii. Strong Central Government: The modern farming, leading to higher
Constitution gives greater powers to production and increased demand for
the Union Government, especially labour.
during emergencies, to maintain iii. Promoting small-scale industries and
national unity and integrity. service sectors in semi-rural areas
iii. Single Citizenship: India has single provides alternative employment for
citizenship, meaning every citizen is people who cannot depend only on
only a citizen of India, unlike some agriculture.
federal countries that have dual iv. Improving education, healthcare, and
citizenship. skill development creates jobs for
iv. Flexible Formation of States: teachers, doctors, nurses, and skilled
Parliament has the power to create workers while enhancing human
new states or alter the boundaries and capital.
names of existing states, which is not v. Government schemes such as
common in many federations. MGNREGA provide guaranteed
v. Independent Judiciary: The Supreme wage employment, ensuring income
Court acts as the guardian of the security and reducing seasonal
Constitution and settles disputes unemployment in rural areas.

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c. o

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em 33. Statement: Two students are discussing the l a s
by the United Nations Development
s development of a country. One believes that ag
Programme (UNDP) to measure human
development.
a rise in National Income alone indicates Answer:
development, while the other argues that (a) Per capita income alone is not an adequate
Real National Income and investment are indicator because:
also important for sustainable development. i. It measures only income and ignores
Based on the above statement, people's health and education.
explain why it is important to consider ii. It does not reflect the overall quality
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different viewpoints while measuring the of life or human well-being.
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development of a country. iii. A country may have high income but

m . s e
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Justify why Real National Income poor health and low literacy.

s e g
a
and investment provide a better (b) The three dimensions of HDI are:

l a
ag
understanding of development than i. A long and healthy life – measured
National Income alone. by life expectancy at birth.
Answer: ii. Knowledge – measured by adult
i. National Income measures the total literacy rate (and educational
value of final goods and services attainment).
produced in a country, but it may iii. A decent standard of living –
increase due to rising prices rather measured by per capita GDP (PPP).
than higher production.

m
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ii. Real National Income removes the
effect of price changes and reflects the
.
actual increase in the production of
s em
goods and services.
g l a
iii. Considering different viewpoints helps
us understand that economic a 35. Do you think IMR is an important indicator of
the economic development of a country? Justify
development should be measured by your answer.
real growth, not only by money value. Answer:
iv. Investment in maintaining and Yes, Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is an
improving capital equipment ensures important indicator of the economic
continuous production and sustainable development of a country because:

m
economic growth in the future. i. A low IMR reflects better

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Therefore, an open-minded healthcare facilities and medical

c. o e m
approach helps us use better services.

em
indicators, such as Real National
l a s
ii. It indicates good nutrition and

las Income and investment, to assess a
ag
proper maternal and child care.

ag country's true economic development iii. It shows that people have better
living conditions, including safe
34. A country has achieved rapid economic drinking water and sanitation.
growth, but many people still suffer from iv. A low IMR reflects a higher
poor health, low literacy, and lack of access standard of living and improved
to basic services. quality of life.
(a) Explain why per capita income alone is v. Healthy children grow into
not an adequate indicator of productive adults, contributing to
m .
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development. the country's human capital and

m . se
a
(b) Describe the three dimensions of economic growth.

se g l
a
Human Development Index (HDI) used Conclusion:

l a
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Therefore, IMR is an important How do these methods help in
indicator of economic development linking production across different regions
because it reflects the overall health, of the world?
well-being, and quality of life of a Answer:
country's population. Multinational Corporations (MNCs) invest
in developing countries in several ways.
36. “Money has eliminated many of the They set up production jointly with local
problems of the barter system and has companies by providing additional
become an essential medium of exchange in investment and modern technology. They
modern economies.” also buy existing local companies to
Explain how money overcomes the expand production and make use of their
limitations of the barter system. Also established markets and distribution
describe any two important functions of networks. Another common method is
money that make economic transactions placing orders with small producers, who
easier. manufacture goods according to the
Answer quality, price and delivery standards fixed
Money overcomes the major limitation of by the MNCs.
the barter system by eliminating the need These methods create strong links
for the double coincidence of wants. Under between producers in different countries
the barter system, a person had to find and make production more efficient.
someone who not only possessed the Goods produced by local companies and
desired goods but also wanted what they small producers are sold under the MNCs'
offered in exchange. Money acts as a brand names in global markets. As a result,
medium of exchange, allowing people to production activities across different
sell their goods or services for money and regions of the world become
use that money to buy whatever they need. interconnected, promoting foreign
This makes buying and selling faster, investment, technology transfer and
simpler, and more convenient. globalisation.
Money also performs other
important functions in the economy. It 38. Suggest any four measures that the
serves as a unit of account, enabling the Government can adopt to make
value of different goods and services to be globalisation fair for all sections of society.
measured in a common unit. It also acts as Explain how these measures can
a standard of deferred payment, making benefit workers, small producers and
borrowing and lending possible because developing countries.
payments can be made in the future. These Answer:
functions make trade efficient, encourage The Government can make
economic activities, and support the globalisation fair by ensuring that labour
smooth functioning of the modern laws are properly implemented so that
economy. workers receive fair wages, safe working
conditions and other legal rights. It can
37. Multinational Corporations (MNCs) have also protect and support small producers
become an important force in the by providing financial assistance, modern
globalisation process. technology and training, enabling them to
Explain any three ways in which compete successfully with large
MNCs invest in developing countries. multinational companies. If necessary, the
Government may introduce suitable trade

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c. o and investment barriers to safeguard

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services, and works in the larger
s domestic industries.
The Government can also work ag
public interest, contributing to the
country's overall progress.
with other developing countries to
negotiate fairer trade rules at the World 40. Analyse the importance of per capita
Trade Organization (WTO). These income for comparing countries.
measures ensure that the benefits of Answer:
globalisation are shared more equally, Per capita income is the average income
protect the interests of workers and small earned per person in a country. It is
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producers, promote fair competition, and calculated by dividing the total national
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c. o m
contribute to sustainable economic growth. income by the total population.

39. Why is the publicm s e
la
Importance of per capita income:

s e
developmentaof a country? Explain with
sector important for the
g
i. It provides a fair basis for comparing

examples.g
l a
countries with different population

Answer:
a sizes.
ii. It indicates the average standard of
The public sector plays a vital role in the living of the people.
economic and social development of a iii. It helps governments and
country because it works for public organisations classify countries as
welfare rather than profit. developed or developing.
i. It provides essential services such as iv. It assists in planning economic

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education, healthcare, electricity, policies and allocating resources for
water supply, transport, and postal
. development.
services that are necessary for
s em v. It enables comparisons of economic
people's well-being.
g l a progress over time and between

a
ii. It develops basic infrastructure like different countries.
roads, railways, dams, and power Although per capita income is an
projects, which support overall important indicator of development,
economic growth. it should be considered along with
iii. It undertakes activities requiring other factors such as health,
large investments and long gestation education, equality, and
periods, where private companies are environmental quality for a complete

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reluctant to invest, such as steel picture of development.

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plants and railways.
co
. levels, but
c. o m
e or hospitals nearby.
iv. It creates employment opportunities 41. A village has good income

em
and helps reduce regional imbalances
s
a to improve the situation.
there are no schools
l
las by promoting development in
Answer:a g
Suggest measures

ag backward areas.
v. It ensures social justice by providing To improve the situation in the village,
affordable services and safeguarding the following measures should be taken:
resources that are important for the i. Establish schools to provide quality
public. education and improve literacy
Examples: Indian Railways, Bharat among children.
Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), ii. Set up hospitals or primary health
and public hospitals. centres to ensure timely and
m .
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The public sector is essential affordable healthcare.

m . s e
a
because it promotes balanced iii. Improve infrastructure by

se g l
a
development, provides basic constructing better roads and

l a
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providing transport facilities for easy widely accepted as the most efficient
access to essential services. medium of exchange.
iv. Increase government investment in
education, healthcare, drinking
water, sanitation, and other basic
amenities.
v. Encourage community participation
and create awareness about the
importance of education, health, and
hygiene.
A village is truly developed only
when people have access to quality
education, healthcare, and basic
facilities, along with a good
income.

42. In an economy people accept money in
exchange for goods and services without Section-D
hesitation. Case-Based Question – 4 Marks
Explain why money is accepted as (Opened-ended questions)
a medium of exchange. Civics:
Answer:
Money is accepted as a medium of 1. Case 1. A state Government launched a
exchange because it is authorised by the health programme with financial assistance
government and trusted by everyone. from the union Government. The district
i. It is accepted by all in exchange for
goods and services. administration supervised its
ii. It eliminates the problems of the implementation, while the Gram Panchayat
barter system, especially the need identified beneficiaries and created
for double coincidence of wants. awareness among the villagers.
iii. It acts as a common measure of Questions:
value, making it easy to compare a. Which features of Indian
prices.
federalism is reflected in the
iv. It enables buying and selling of
goods and services conveniently. passage? (1 mark)
v. It facilitates saving, borrowing, and b. Explain why the participation of
making digital or bank payments, different levels of government was
thereby promoting economic necessary. (1 mark)
activities. c. How does such cooperation benefit
Conclusion: citizens? (1 mark)
Thus, money simplifies trade,
promotes economic growth, and is

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c. o

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d. Suggest one more area where
l a s
d. Suggest one more step that the
s similar cooperation is required. (1
mark) ag
authorities should take to solve the
problem. (1 mark)

2. Case 2. For the past several months, 4. Case 4. A Political party launched a
residents of a locality have been programme to encourage young people to
experiencing frequent power cuts, participate actively in politics. The
affecting students’ studies, business programme included leadership training,
activities, healthcare services, and daily public discussion, and voter awareness
m
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household work. Although many people campaign and community service
m
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have complained individually, the problem activities. Young people were encouraged

m . s e
la
remains unresolved. The resident now to express their views, understand public

s e g
a
decides to work together to draw the issues and contribute ideas for the party’s

l a
ag
attention of the concerned authority and policies. The initiative also aimed to
seek a lasting solution. ensure the participation of youth from
Questions: different social and regional backgrounds.
a. Explain how the residents can Questions:
collectively raise this issue in a a. Analyse how youth participation
democratic manner. (1 mark) can strengthen democracy. (1
b. Which democratic methods can mark)
they adopt to communicate their b. Evaluate the importance of

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co
concerns effectively? (1 mark) involving young people in political
c. Why is cooperation among citizens
. parties. (1 mark)
important for resolving such public
s em c. Why political parties should
issues? (1 mark)
g l a encourage the participation of

a
d. Suggest one additional step the people from diverse backgrounds.
authorities should take to address (1 mark)
the residents’ concerns promptly. (1 d. Suggest one additional initiative
that could increase youth
mark)
participation in politics. (1 mark)
3. Case 3: People living near a river found
that factory waste was polluting the water. 5. Case 5. Imagine you have been elected as
Concerned citizens formed an the School leader. While forming different

m
environmental group and organized

c. o
committees, you ensure equal

m
peaceful protests, public meetings, and

c. o
opportunities for boys and girls and
cleanliness drives. They also submitted a
e m
s
include student from different classes and

em l a
petition to the government and requested
s ag
backgrounds. You also organize regular

la
strict action against the industries

g
meetings to listen to students’ suggestions

a
responsible for the pollution.
before making important decisions.
Questions
Questions:
a. Which democratic methods are a. Which democratic principles are
used by the citizens in the passage? reflected in your leadership? (1
(1 mark) mark)
b. Why is peaceful protest important b. Why is it important to include
in a democracy? (1 mark)
students from different
c. How can pressure groups influence
m .
backgrounds? (1 mark)

co m
government action in such
. e
c. How would regular meetings

m a s
situations? (1 mark)
e l
improve decision-making? (1 mark)

l a s a g
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d. Explain how your leadership would d. Why is accessibility important for
strengthen democracy in the school. creating an inclusive society? (1
(1 mark) mark)

6. Case 6. Sengname and her brother Sanja 8. Case 8. In a city of Bolivia, the
both completed Class 10 with excellent government handed over the water supply
marks. While Sanja was encouraged to to a private company. The company
continue his education in a reputed college, immediately increased the prices of water,
Sengname was asked to stay at home to making it unaffordable for many people.
help with household work. Her parents This led to widespread protests by citizens,
workers, and local organisations. People
believed that investing in a boy's education
demanded the cancellation of the contract
was more beneficial because he would
and restoration of public control over
become the family's main breadwinner.
water. The movement became powerful
Questions: due to mass participation and unity among
a. Identify the social issue highlighted different groups.
in the passage. (1 mark) Questions:
b. Examine how such attitudes affect a. Why did people protest against
the status and development of water privatization? (1 mark)
women in society. (1 mark) b. How did mass participation
c. Suggest two measures that can contribute to the success of the
promote equal educational movement? (1 mark)
opportunities for girls. (1 mark) c. What lesson can other countries
d. How does providing equal learn from this struggle? (1 mark)
education to girls contribute to a d. Do you think privatization of
essential resources should be
stronger democracy? (1 mark)
allowed? Give a reason. (1 mark)
7. Case 7.The local municipal office recently
opened a new public service centre. 9. Case 9.The Women's Justice Initiative
Although the building is modern, it has no collaborated with schools, colleges and
ramps, lifts or accessible washrooms. community organisations to organise
Persons using wheelchairs and those with workshops on gender equality and
visual impairments face great difficulty in women's legal rights. These programmes
entering the building and accessing encouraged young people to respect
government services. Many citizens have women's rights and report incidents of
complained that this prevents equal discrimination and violence.
participation in public life. Question:
Questions: a. Evaluate the importance of
a. Evaluate whether the municipal educational programmes organised
office has fulfilled its by WJI. (1 mark)
responsibilities under the Rights of b. How can such programmes change
Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016. people's attitudes towards women?
(1 mark) (1 mark)
b. Which right of persons with c. Mention two objectives achieved
disabilities has been affected? (1 through these workshops. (1 mark)
mark) d. Do you think awareness campaigns
c. Suggest two steps the Government are as important as legal action?
should take to improve Give reasons. (1 mark)
accessibility. (1 mark)

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c. o 10. Case. 10. During a general election,

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Which job would you choose? Give
s several political parties campaigned with
different promises and programmes. No ag
one reason for your answer. ( 1
mark)
single party won a clear majority. Two c. Explain how both material and non-
parties decided to work together to form material goals together contribute
the government. At the same time, many to the overall development of an
citizens demanded greater transparency in individual. (2 marks)
party funding, more internal democracy,
and increased participation of women in 12. CASE: 2. Development is not measured
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politics. only by national income or per capita
m
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Questions income. A truly developed society also

m . s e
la
a. Why political parties are focuses on people's well-being, quality

s e g
a
considered essential in a education, good health, equality, cultural

l a
ag
democracy? (1 mark) values and environmental protection.
b. What type of government is formed Therefore, development includes both
when no political party wins a clear economic progress and improvements in
majority? (1 mark) the quality of life.
c. Analyse one reform that can Questions
strengthen political parties in India. a. Why is per capita income alone not
(1 mark) sufficient to measure the
d. Evaluate why greater participation development of a nation? (2 marks)

m
co
of women in political parties is b. Explain any two supplementary
important for democracy. (1 mark)
. indicators of development and how

s em they contribute to the overall

g l a development of a nation. (2 marks)

Economics: a 13. CASE: 3. Globalisation is the increasing
11. CASE: 1. People have different goals in integration of countries through trade,
life. Besides earning a higher income, they investment and technology. Multinational
also value equal treatment, freedom, Corporations (MNCs) play a key role in
security, respect and a healthy working this process by investing in different
environment. Sometimes these non- countries and expanding international

m
material goals are even more important trade. As a result, goods, services,

m c. o
than money. For example, a person may technology and capital move more freely

c. o e m
choose a job with lower pay but better job across national borders, linking the

em
security, or reject a high-paying job that
l a s
economies of different countries.

las offers no time for family. Therefore, Questions
ag
ag development is not only about increasing
income but also about improving the
a. Explain any two ways in which
MNCs promote globalisation. (2
overall quality of life. marks)
Questions b. How does the movement of goods,
a. Why is development not measured services, technology and
only by a person's income? (1 investment across countries
mark) strengthen global economic
b. A person is offering you two jobs: integration? (2 marks)
m .
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one with high salary but no job

m . se
a
security, and another with lower 14. Case: 4. In ancient times, people

se g l
a
salary but regular employment. exchanged goods through the barter

l a
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system. A farmer exchanged rice for a. Explain any two ways in which
clothes, while a potter exchanged pots for MNCs invest and expand
grain. However, barter often failed because production in developing
people could not always find someone who countries. (2 marks)
wanted exactly what they offered. To b. How do the activities of MNCs
overcome these difficulties, money was help in linking production across
introduced as a common medium of different countries? Explain with
exchange, making trade easier and more reference to the case. (2 marks)
efficient.
Questions 17. Case 7: In 2023–24, a district recorded
a. Why did people shift from the an increase in the production of rice, the
barter system to the use of money? establishment of a new textile factory and
Explain any two reasons. (2 marks) the expansion of transport and banking
b. How did the introduction of money services. These economic activities
improve trade and economic increased the total value of goods and
activities? (2 marks) services produced within the district
during the year, contributing to the
15. CASE: 5. Kyrmen wanted to expand his country's Gross Domestic Product
tailoring business but did not have enough (GDP).
savings to buy new sewing machines. He Questions
obtained a loan from a bank and agreed to a. What is Gross Domestic Product
repay it with interest in monthly (GDP)? Identify any two
instalments. With the loan, he increased economic activities from the case
production, earned higher income and that contribute to GDP. (2 marks)
repaid the loan on time. b. Explain why GDP is considered
an important indicator of a
Questions country's economic performance.
a. What is credit? Explain how it (2 marks)
helped Kyrmen in the given case.
(2 marks) 18. Case 8: A Government hospital provides
b. Explain how credit can support free or low-cost treatment to people,
especially those from economically weaker
economic development when used
sections. In the same town, a private
for productive purposes. (2 marks) hospital offers advanced medical facilities
but charges high fees for its services.
16. Case 6: A multinational company (MNC) While the government hospital focuses on
entered India and established a public welfare, the private hospital aims to
manufacturing unit in partnership with a earn profits.
Questions
local company. It introduced modern
a. State two differences between the
technology and invested additional public sector and the private sector
capital to increase production. The based on the case. (2 marks)
company also placed orders with small b. Why is the public sector essential
producers and sold the finished products even when private hospitals
under its own brand name in international provide better facilities? Explain
markets. As a result, production activities with reference to the case. (2
marks)
in different countries became closely
connected.
19. Case 9: A village has good income from
Questions
farming, but there are no proper schools or

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c. o hospitals. Many children do not go to

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5. The place where the violent incident took
s school, and people travel far for treatment.
Questions: ag
place that forced Gandhiji to call off the
Non-cooperation movement in 1922.
Answer:Chauri-chaura
a. What does development mean in
this situation? (1 Mark) 6. The place where widespread printing of
b. Why this village is not fully literature experienced from the early 20th
developed despite good income? (1 century.
Mark) Answer: Punjab
c. What facilities are lacking in the
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village? (1 Mark) 7. The place where Ramcharitmanas of

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Tulsidas was published in the year 1810.

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d. Suggest any two steps to improve
. e
Answer: Calcutta.

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8. The first cotton industry was set upahere
the situation. (1 Mark)

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ag
20. Case 10: Chinese toy manufacturers in 1853.
started exporting plastic toys to India. Answer: Bombay.
Their toys were cheaper and better
9. The region from where 50% of the
designed, so Indian buyers preferred them.
workers migrated to Bombay cotton
As a result, local toy maker Raju suffered industries.
losses. Answer: Ratnagiri.
Questions:
a. Which processes increased the 10. A place where Naval Kishore Press was

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located.

c. o
availability of Chinese toys in
Answer: Lucknow.
India? (1 Mark)
b. How did Chinese toys affect local
s em 11. Shade the region where Late rite soil is
producers? (1 Mark)
g l a found in India.

a
c. Which organisation regulates Answer: Western Ghats and parts of
international trade? (1 Mark) Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Odisha,
d. How can the government make and Assam.
globalisation fairer? (1 Mark)
12. Shade the soil region suitable for rice and
wheat cultivation.
Section-D Answer: Alluvial Soil Region (Northern
Map skill Based Question – 4 Marks Plains).

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1. The place associated with Jallianwalla
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13. The place where the Kaveri River flows

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Bagh Tragedy into the Bay of Bengal.

s e
Answer: Amritsar

em 2. The place where Gandhiji launched
Answer: Tamil Nadu.

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14. The place whereChilika Lake is located.

ag satyagraha for the indigo planters.
Answer: Champaran
Answer: Odisha.

15. The place where copper is found in
3. The Indian National Congress finally Madhya Pradesh.
adopted Non-cooperation programme Answer: Balaghat.
from here.
Answer: Nagpur 16. Locate one state where Tertiary coal
deposits are mainly found.
4. One area of North east India where the Answer: Meghalaya / Assam / Nagaland /
m .
co
Non-cooperation movement became
m
Arunachal Pradesh (Any one).
. s e
forceful.
Answer: Assam
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ag For more Question Papers, Sample Papers, Notes & Syllabus visit Page 53 of 54

17. Mark any one region of Gondwana coal
deposits on the map of India.
Answer:Damodar Valley / Godavari
Valley / Mahanadi Valley / Son Valley /
Wardha Valley (Any one).

18. Mark the state where the Konkan Railway
route passes.
Answer: Goa

19. Mark a pipeline route connecting Gujarat
up to Punjab.
Answer: Hazira–Vijaipur–Jagdishpur
(HVJ) Gas Pipeline.

20. One national park near Daribok located in
Garo hills.
Answer: Nokrek national park

21. The place known for living Root Bridge.
Answer: Nongriat

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