Maharashtra HSC Syllabus 2022 Geology

92

Geology (41)

Introduction Objectives
The subject of Geology is introduced at To enable the students to
the Junior college level. It is the branch of 1. understand basic concepts, terminology and
Science and it considers various aspects of the processes in Geology.
earth. It deals therefore with the origin, interior 2. acquire knowledge about the Earth.
and composition of the earth. It is not only the 3. help to understand the problems of the
study of surface processes and surface geology physical environment and identify
but also studies various processes that operate measures to overcome them.
in the interior of the earth in detail, taking the 4. get acquainted with fundamentals of
cognizance of their surface manifestations. Mineralogy, Petrology, Structural geology,
Geology primarily studies the rock, their Paleontology, Stratigraphy, Economic
constituents as minerals, their structures and geology, Remote Sensing, Ground water
the way of their distribution has taken place on geology.
the continents and also on the ocean floor. 5. develop scientific temper by promoting
Consideration to economical aspects of rock the spirit of enquiry by observing the
and minerals is one of the major branches of nature and its processes at work.
the subject. The structure of rocks has also 6. develop geological skills, related to
significance as it plays an important role in collection, processive and analysis of data/
various civil engineering structures. Hosting information and preparation of report and
of petroleum and natural gas, as energy source, use of computers wherever possible.
is also related to the structure of rocks. Though 7. link geology with different fields in
the subject deals with pure and fundamental national development.
scientific aspects of rocks and minerals, it has 8. apply the knowledge of Geology in finding
much wider application in industries like natural resources and sustainable
refractory, abrasive and medicine, etc. developments.
Major problem now being faced by 9. understand the Geology of India and
mankind is of ground water. The subject of Maharashtra.
geology covers, all the aspects, like its surface
and subsurface distribution, conservation and Std.XI - Paper – I
management of watershed and modelling to
ground water basin constituents which is the 1. Introduction to Geology
major aspect of study. 1.1 Definition, importance and
In brief, Geology plays an important Interdisciplinary nature
role in industrial and economic development 1.2 Branches of Geology
of the country. 1.3 The earth as a planet, Origin of the
earth. Distribution and evolution of

93

continents and oceans, Major internal Muscovite
structure of the earth-crust, mantle (6) Olivine group -
and core. Olivine
2. External processes affecting the Earth’s (7) Other minerals -
crust Calcite, Stilbite, Apophyllite
2.1 Weathering – types, erosion, 5. Petrology
denudation and deposition 5.1 Definition of rock, Three fold
2.2 Soil : formation and classification classification of rocks as – igneous,
2.3 Geological action : Running water, sedimentary and metamorphic.
Glaciers, Wind, Sea waves, Ground 5.2 Igneous rocks – Definition,
water classification plutonic, hypabyssal and
3. Organization volcanic. Study of Granite, Gabbro,
3.1 Organizations with reference to Dunite, Pegmatite, Dolerite, Rhyolite
location and functions – and Basalt.
DGM, GSDA, GSI, ONGC, NIO, 5.3 Sedimentary rocks – Processes of
ISRO, CGWB, IBM, AMD formation of sedimentary rocks, Study
of Laterite and Bauxite, Conglomerate,
Paper – II Breceia, Sandstone, Shale, Limestone.
5.4 Metamorphic rocks – Definition of
4. Minerology metamorphism; Agents and types of
4.1 Definition of Mineral, Crystal, metamorphism. Study of Slate,
Chemical – composition and Physical Marble, Chlorite schist, Granite gneiss
properties of minerals, - such as 5.5 Study of rocks used as Building
Colour, Streak, Lustre, Cleavage, material with reference to Strength,
Fracture, Hardness, Form, Specific– Durability, Colour, Study of Granite,
Gravity, Radioactivity, Electricity, Basalt, Sandstone, Limestone, Marble.
Magnetism. 6. Maharashtra
4.2 Study of rock forming mineral groups 6.1 Location – its relation with India
as – 6.2 Physiography – Physiographic
(1) Feldspar group - divisions, relief features, Geological
Orthoclase structure.
(2) Silica group - 6.3 Distribution of major rock types and
Rock crystal,, Amethyst, their economic significance.
Agate,Opal 6.4 Distribution of economically
(3) Amphibole group - important minerals – varieties of
Hornblende Silica, Zeolites, Kyanite,Bauxite,Iron
(4) Pyroxene group - and Manganese ores, Coal, Oil and
Hypersthene Natural gas.
(5) Mica group -

94

Practicals 3 Topographical Map
1. Mineralogy Acquaintance with topographical maps.
1.1 Identification and Description of Map making agency – Survey of India,
minerals – Physical properties – Reading of Topsheets of Maharashtra. Use
Colour, Streak, Lustre, Cleavage, of conventional signs and symbols.
Fracture, Hardness and Chemical Identification of landforms.
composition of following mineral 4 Field work and it’s brief report
groups – 5 Certified Practical Journal
(1) Feldspar group -
Orthoclase Std. XII : Paper – I
(2) Silica group -
Rock crystal, Amethyst, 1. Dynamic Geology
Agate, Opal 1.1 Earthquakes – Definition, Causes,
(3) Amphibole group - Seismic waves, Magnitude and
Hornblende Intensity
(4) Pyroxene group - 1.2 Volcanoes – Types, Products,
Hypersthene Associated features
(5) Mica group - 1.3 Mountains – Types
Muscovite 1.4 Natural Hazards and Disasters –
(6) Olivine group - Classification
Olivine i) Tectonic – Earthquakes – Effects,
(7) Other minerals - Precautions, Seismic Zones of India
Calcite, Stilbite, Apophyllite ii) Topographic – Landslides – Causes,
1.2 Determination of specific gravity of Forms and Effects. Disaster
Quartz, Orthoclase, Hornblende, Management.
Calcite, Baryte.
2. Petrology 2. Structural Geology
Identification and Description of rocks : 2.1 Outcrop, Dip and Strike of bed
(1) Igneous rocks – Granite, Gabbro, 2.2 Fold
Dunite, Pegmatite, Dolerite, Definition, Elements of fold,
Rhyolite and Basalt. Anticline, Syncline, Symmetrical and
(2) Sedimentary rocks – Laterite and Asymmetrical
Bauxite, Conglomerate, Breccia, 2.3 Fault
Sandstone, Shale, Limestone. Definition, Elements of fault, Normal,
(3) Metamorphic rocks – Slate, Marble, Reverse, Horst and Graben
Chlorite Schist, Granite Gneiss 2.4 Joint
(4) Building stones, Granite, Basalt, Definition, Geometrical and Genetical
Limestone, Marble, Sandstone classification

95

2.5 Unconformity 4.2 Petrology
Definition, formation of Unconformity Definition of rock, rock cycle
Disconformity, Nonconformity and A) Igneous -
Angular unconformity. Definition, classification based on
3. Palaeontology and Stratigraphy silica percentage, mode of occurrence,
3.1 Fossils colour, Texture-Crystallinity,
Conditions and Modes of preservation Granularity, Mutual relationship,
and Uses. Granitic, Porphyritic.
3.2 Stratigraphy of Peninsulor India Structure – Vesicular and
Principles, Correlation and its Amygdaloidal. Forms – Extrusive and
methods. Standard Geological Time Intrusive
Scale. B) Secondary / Sedimentary
3.3 Stratigraphy of Peninsular India. Definition, classification – based on
Physiographic Divisions of products of weathering.
Peninsular India, Brief outline of Texture – Size, Shape, Form. Structure
stratigraphy of Peninsular India. – Stratification, Lamination, Graded
bedding, Cross bedding, Ripple marks.
Paper – II C) Metamorphic Definition,
4. Materials of the Crust Agents, Types and Zones
4.1 Mineralogy – Definition : Structure – Slaty, Granulose, Schistose
Rock forming mineral groups and Gneissose.
1. Feldspar Group – 5. Economic Geology
Microcline, Plagioclase. 5.1 Definition of
2. Silica group – Ore, Ore mineral, Industrial mineral,
Quartz, Amethyst, Gangue, Tenor of ore
Chalcedony, Flint, 5.2 Ores
Jasper, Opal. 1. Iron Ore –
3. Amphibole group – Hematite, Magnetite
Hornblende, Asbestos 2. Manganese Ore –
4. Pyroxene group – Pyrolusite, Psilomelane
Augite 3. Copper Ore –
5. Mica group – Chalcopyrite
Biotite, Phlogopite. 4. Lead Ore –
6. Olivine group – Galena
Olivine. 5. Aluminium Ore –
7. Other minerals – Bauxite
Kyanite, Corundum, Gypsum, 5.3 Mineral/Rock Based Industries –
Calcite, Garnet Fuel –

96

Coal, Petroleum Practicals
Cement –
Limestone, Gypsum 1. Mineralogy
Fertilizers – (A) Identification and Description of
Gypsum minerals
Refractories – With reference to Chemical Composition.
Bauxite, Kyanite Colour, Streak, Lustre, Fracture, Cleavage,
Abrasives – Hardness and Form of following mineral
Diamond, Corundum groups :
Electric and Electronics 1) Feldspar group –
Mica and Quartz Microcline, Plagioclase
Medicines – 2) Silica group –
Mica, Iron ore, Copper ore Quartz, Amethyst, Chalcedony, Flint,
6. Applied Geology Jasper, Opal
6.1 Ground Water – 3) Amphibole group –
Source and Zones of ground water, Hornblende, Asbestos
Water table and Aquifer and their 4) Pyroxene group
types. Augite
Conservation and Management of 5) Mica group –
ground water. Biotite, Phlogopite
6.2 Remote Sensing – 6) Olivine group
Definition, Elements of photo Olivine.
recognition Tone, Texture, Size, 7) Other minerals –
Shape, Association, Recognition of Kyanite, Corundum, Gypsum, Calcite,
terrain features – Relief (Plain, Hills Garnet.
and Ranges), Drainage (Streams, (B) Identification and Description of ore
River), Exposures- (Vegetation, Soil minerals
and Rocks, Lineaments) With reference to Chemical composition,
Manmade features – (Road, Town/ Colour, Streak, Lustre, Fracture, Cleavage,
village, Agriculture field) Hardness, Form and Uses of following ore
6.3 GIS – minerals.
Components of Geographical 1) Iron Ore –
Information System. Importance and Hematite, Magnetite
significance of G.I.S. 2) Manganese Ore –
Pyrolusite, Psilomelane
3) Copper Ore –
Chalcopyrite

97

4) Lead Ore – Joint -
Galena Strike, Dip, Bedding, Oblique,
5) Aluminium Ore – Columnar
Bauxite Unconformity –
2. Petrology Disconformity, Nonconformity,
Identification and description of rocks with Angular
reference to Colour, Texture/Structure, Igneous forms –
Mineral Composition and Classification. Sill, Dyke, Laccolith, Lopolith,
1) Igneous – Batholith, Phacolith
Granite, Syenite, Gabbro, Dunite, 4. The Geological Map of India
Pegmatite Dolerite, Rhyolite, Basalt. Outline map of India the with outline of
2) Sedimentary – Laterite and geological formations of peninsular India
Bauxite, Breccia, Boulder bed, Grit, are to be supplied to the student and a
Sandstone, Shale, Siltstone, student has to fill the appropriate colours/
Limestone. signs and prepare the index of the
3) Metamorphic – Phyllite, Marble, following geological formations –
Quartzite, Mica schist, Hornblende Dharwar, Cuddapah, Vindhyan, Gondwana,
gneiss Deccan traps and Tertiary Super groups.
3. Structural Geology 5. Topographical Maps
Drawing and study of sketch diagrams of Reading of topographical maps with
the following reference to prominent physical features
Dip and Strike of bed, and drawing of cross section with reference
Fold- to horizontal series of beds.
Anticline, Syncline, Symmetrical, 6. Field Work
Asymmetrical Visit to near by geologically interesting
Fault - and important places and their brief report.
Normal, Reverse, Horst, Graben 7. Record
Certified Practical Journal.