NCERT Book Class 11 English Sub-titling

SUB-TITLING 85

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THE purpose of sub-titling is to convey the main idea or theme of
each section of a long piece of writing. It helps the reader know at
a glance the sub-topics that are being addressed. Giving suitable
sub-titles helps break the monotony of reading long passages.

Read the newspaper article given below and do the tasks
that follow.

A new deal for old cities
The example of Curitiba in Brazil, which has attracted
global attention for innovative urban plans using low-cost
technologies, shows that inclusive development models
for urban renewal are workable.

M any cities in India accurately ignored fundamental public health
mirr or Friedrich Engels’ issues inherited from colonial rule.
description of urban centres in There is little evidence to show that
nineteenth century England even policymakers assimilated the lessons
today. “Streets that are generally fr om the Surat public health
unpaved, rough, dirty, filled with disaster. State and municipal
vegetable and animal refuse, without governments did not pursue reform
sewers or gutters but supplied with in waste management, though civic
foul, stagnant pools instead,” wrote conditions in Surat itself underwent
Engels on the living conditions of the change in the plague aftermath.
working class in that country. During the past decade, many cities
pursued development agendas—often
Urban Decay with the help of massive international
The depths of urban decay in India loans—to project ‘modernisation’ at
came to global notice during the the cost of basic civic reform.
pneumonic plague of 1994 in Surat; it Ther e is thus a continuing
epitomised the failure of governments challenge before the current mission
in the post-Independence era and to enable and also compel local
exposed development policies that gover nments to abide by the