NCERT Book Class 11 English (Hornbill) Writing Skills Ch 3 Sub-titling

3. S ub- t it ling
The purpose of sub-titling is to convey the main idea or theme of each
section of a long piece of writing. It helps the reader know at a glance
the sub-topics that are being addressed. Giving suitable sub-titles
helps break the monotony of reading long passages.

Read the newspaper article given below and do the tasks that follow.

A new deal for old cities
The example of Curitiba in Brazil, which has attracted global
attention for innovative urban plans using low-cost technologies,
shows that inclusive development models for urban renewal are
workable.

M any cities in India accurately mirror reform in waste management, though
Friedrich Engels’ description of civic conditions in Surat itself underwent
urban centres in nineteenth century change in the plague aftermath. During
England even today. “Streets that are the past decade, many cities pursued
generally unpaved, rough, dirty, filled development agendas—often with the
with vegetable and animal refuse, help of massive international loans—to
without sewers or gutters but supplied project ‘modernisation’ at the cost of basic
with foul, stagnant pools instead,” civic reform.
wrote Engels on the living conditions There is thus a continuing challenge
of the working class in that country. before the current mission to enable and
also compel local governments to abide
Urban Decay
by the provisions of the Municipal Solid
The depths of urban decay in India came to Waste Management Rules by which they
global notice during the pneumonic plague are legally bound.
of 1994 in Surat; it epitomised the failure Post-liberalisation policies have
of governments in the post-Independence tended to largely disregard other key
era and exposed development policies that factors that affect the quality of life
ignored fundamental public health issues in cities and towns: poverty, lack of
inherited from colonial rule. There is sanitation, water shortages, gross
little evidence to show that policymakers undersupply of affordable housing, and
assimilated the lessons from the Surat traffic chaos generated by automobile
public health disaster. State and dependence, in turn created by neglect
municipal governments did not pursue of public transport.