NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science (History) Chapter 3 The Making of a Global World

NCERT
SOLUTIONS
CLASS - 10th

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Class : 10th
Subject : Social-Science-History
Chapter : 3
Chapter Name : The Making Of A Global World

Q1 Explain what we mean when we say that the world ‘shrank’ in the 1500s.

Answer. The World 'Shrank' in the 1500s can be understood as follows
(i) Europeans discovered the sea route to Asia and so trade activities became increased
between Asia and Europe.
(ii) The American continent was discovered only when the sea-route through the Atlantic
Ocean to America was found.
(iii) Due to both of the above reasons, there was increased interaction among the people living
in various continents of the world, thus causing the world to 'Shrink' in metaphorical terms.

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Q1 Discuss the importance of language and popular traditions in the creation of national
identity.

Answer. Language played a very important role in the creation of national Identity. Grimm
brothers, namely Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, born in Hanau, a German ciby, wrote 'Fairy Tales'
which became popular among children and adults. They brought the folktales to the public
through their creations in German language which encouraged the feelings of the people to
achieve freedom of the press. The Grimm brothers tried to oppose French domination that was
a danger to German culture. They did a lot of work for the development of German language
and creation of German Nationality in reference to identity. They also published a 32 volume
dictionary of German language which was also a wider effort to oppose French domination.
Poems, music, stories. folk songs, folk dances, etc are means that create the idea of a nation.
Besides it they help to express and farm national feelings through the creation of shared
heritage and common culture. Collective identity among the French people was created by the
French revolutionaries by discouraging local dialects and encouraging French. use of
vernacular language in Poland became helpful in dissemination of modern nationalist feelings
among the large illiterate population. After Russian occupation, the Polish language was
forced out and the Russian language was imposed everywhere. Due to some reasons, Polish
came in use for church gathering and preaching and in due course, Polish came to be seen as a
symbol of the struggle against Russian domination.

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Q1 Who pro ts from jute cultivation according to the jute growers’ lament? Explain.

Answer. The jute growers lament was that only the traders and moneylenders pro ted from
jute cultivation, not the growers. Peasants of Bengal cultivated raw jute which was processed
in factories for export in the form of gunny bags. They grew raw jute hoping that a better time
would come and there would be increase in exports. dut this did not happen as gunny exports
collapsed due to the depression. Due to glut in the local market, the price of raw jute crashed
by more than 60% and so they fell into heavy debt. Thus, only the traders and moneylenders
pro ted from jute cultivation, not the farmers.

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Q1 Brie y summarise the two lessons learnt by economists and politicians from the inter-war
economic experience?

Answer. Two lessons learnt by economists and politicians from the inter-war economic
experience were
(i) An industrial society based on large production is unsustainable without consumption on a
large scale. For this high and permanent incomes through full employment are necessary.
(ii) Economic links of country should be maintained with the outside world or other countries.
To provide full employment, the governments must be well equipped with the power to
control the ow of capital, labour and goods.

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Q1 Give two examples of different types of global exchanges which took place before the
seventeenth century, choosing one example from Asia and one from the Americas.

Answer. Examples of the different types of global exchanges which took place before the
seventeenth century:
i) Textiles, spices and Chinese pottery were exchanged by China, India and Southeast Asia in
return for gold and silver from Europe.
ii) Gold and foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, tomatoes and chillies were rst
exported from the Americas to Europe.

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Q2 Explain how the global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the
colonisation of the Americas.

Answer. The global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the colonisation of
the Americas because the Native American Indians were not immune to the diseases that the
settlers and colonists brought with them. The Europeans were more or less immune to
smallpox, but the Native Americans, having been cut off from the rest of the world for millions
of years, had no defence against it. These germs killed and wiped out whole communities,
paving the way for foreign domination. Weapons and soldiers could be destroyed or captured,

but diseases could not be fought against.

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Q3 Write a note to explain the effects of the following:
a) The British government’s decision to abolish the Corn Laws.
b) The coming of rinderpest to Africa.
c) The death of men of working-age in Europe because of the World War.
d) The Great Depression on the Indian economy.
e) The decision of MNCs to relocate production to Asian countries.

Answer. (a) The British government's decision to abolish the Corn Laws resulted in losses for
the agricultural sector, but progress in the industrial sector. Food began to be imported more
cheaply into Britain, and thousands of workers involved in cultivation became unemployed.
However, consumption increased and the industrial sector grew, with more workers being
available in cities than in rural areas.
(b) The coming of rinderpest to Africa caused a loss of livelihood for countless Africans. Using
this situation to their advantage, colonising nations conquered and subdued Africa by
monopolising scarce cattle resources to force Africans into the labour market.
(c) The death of men of working age in Europe because of the World War reduced the able-
bodied workforce in Europe, leading to a steady decline in household incomes and a
consequent struggle to meet the living expenditure by families whose men were handicapped
or killed.

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Q4 Give two examples from history to show the impact of technology on food availability.

Answer. The impact of technology on food availability was manifold in the late nineteenth
century. Faster railways, lighter wagons and larger ships helped transport food more cheaply
and quickly from production units to even faraway markets. Also, refrigerated ships helped
transport perishable foods such as meat, butter and eggs over long distances.

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Q5 What is meant by the Bretton Woods Agreement?

Answer. The Bretton Woods Agreement was nalised in July 1944 at Bretton Woods in New
Hampshire, USA. It established the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank to
preserve global economic stability and full employment in the industrial world. These
institutions also dealt with external surpluses and de cits of member nations, and nanced
post-war reconstructions.

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Q6 Imagine that you are an indentured Indian labourer in the Caribbean. Drawing from the
details in this chapter, write a letter to your family describing your life and feelings.

Answer. Indentured Indian labourers in the Caribbean—facts—signed a contract stating that
they would return to India after working for ve years at a plantation; belonged to eastern
Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, central India and the dry districts of Tamil Nadu; migrants took up the
overseas jobs hoping to escape poverty and oppression in their home villages; migrants were
not even informed about the long sea voyages, and some unwilling ones were abducted as
well; also known as "the new system of slavery'; harsh living and working conditions; few legal
rights;many escaped into the wilds; some developed new art forms for expression; some
returned home after the contract period, while others stayed on

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Q7 Explain the three types of movements or ows within international economic exchange.
Find one example of each type of ow which involved India and Indians, and write a short
account of it.

Answer. The three types of movements or ows within the international economic exchange
are trade ows, human capital ows and capital ows or investments. These can be explained
as—the trade in agricultural products, migration of labour, and nancial loans to and from
other nations. India was a hub of trade in the pre-modern world, and it exported textiles and
spices in return for gold and silver from Europe. Many different foods such as potatoes, soya,
groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chillies and sweet potatoes came to India from the Americas
after Columbus discovered it. In the eld of labour, indentured labour was provided for mines,
plantations and factories abroad, in huge numbers, in the nineteenth century. This was an
instrument of colonial domination by the British.Lastly, Britain took generous loans from USA
to nance the World War. Since India was an English colony, the impact of these loan debts
was felt in India too. The British government increased taxes, interest rates, and lowered the
prices of products it bought from the colony. Indirectly, but strongly, this affected the Indian
economy and people.

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Q8 Explain the causes of the Great Depression.

Answer. The Great Depression was a result of many different factors. The post-war global
economy was weak. Also, agricultural overproduction proved to be a nuisance, which was
made worse by falling food grain prices. To counter this, farmers began to increase production
and bring even more produce to the markets to maintain their annual incomes. This led to
such a glut of food grains that prices plummeted further and farm produce was left to rot.
Most countries took loans from the US, but American overseas lenders were wary about the
same. When they decreased the amount of loans, the countries economically dependent on US
loans faced an acute crisis. In Europe, this led to the failure of major banks and currencies
such as the British pound sterling. In a bid to protect the American economy, USA doubled

import duties. This worsened the world trade scenario. All these factors contributed to the
Great Depression. It affected USA the worst on account of its being a global loan provider and
the biggest industrial nation.

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Q9 Explain what is referred to as the G-77 countries. In what ways can G-77 be seen as a
reaction to the activities of the Bretton Woods twins?

Answer. G-77 countries is an abbreviation for the group of 77 countries that demanded a new
international economic order (NIEO); a system that would give them real control over their
natural resources, without being victims of neo-colonialism, that is, a new form of colonialism
in trade practised by the former colonial powers.
The G-77 can be seen as a reaction to the activities of the Bretton Woods Wins (the
International Monetary Fund and the World Bank) because these two institutions were
designed to meet the nancial needs of industrial and developed countries, and did nothing
for the economic growth of former colonies and developing nations.

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