NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science (History) Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation

NCERT
SOLUTIONS
CLASS - 10th

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Class : 10th
Subject : Social-Science-History
Chapter : 4
Chapter Name : The Age Of Industrialisation

Q1 Explain the following:
(a) Women workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny.
(b) In the seventeenth century merchants from towns in Europe began employing peasants
and artisans within the villages.
(c) The port of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century.
(d) The East India Company appointed gomasthas to supervise weavers in India.

Answer. (a) Women workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny because it speeded up the
spinning process, and consequently, reduced labour demand. This caused a valid fear of
unemployment among women working in the woollen industry. Till date, they had survived on
hand spinning, but this was placed in peril by the new machine.

(b) In the seventeenth century, merchants from towns in Europe began employing peasants
and artisans within the villages because production in urban areas could not be increased due
to the presence of powerful trade guilds. These maintained control over production, regulated
prices and competition, and restricted the entry of new people in the trade. Monopolisation
was also a common tactic. In the countryside, there were no such rules, and impoverished
peasants
welcomed these merchants.

(c) The port of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century on account of the growing
power of European companies in trade with India. They secured many concessions from local
courts as well as the monopoly rights to trade. This led to a decline of the old ports of Surat
and Hooghly from where local merchants had operated. Exports slowed and local banks here
went bankrupt.

(d) The East India Company appointed gomasthas to supervise weavers in India to establish a
more direct control over the weavers, free of the existing traders and brokers in the cloth
trade. The gomasthas were the paid servants who supervised the weavers, collected supplies
and examined the quality of cloth. The gomasthas ensured that all management and control of
the cloth industry came under the British. This helped in eliminating competition, controlling
costs and ensuring regular supplies of cotton and silk products.

Page : 102 , Block Name : Write in brief

Q2 Write True or False against each statement:

a) At the end of the nineteenth century, 80 percent of the total workforce in Europe was
employed in the technologically advanced industrial sector.
b) The international market for ne textiles was dominated by India till the eighteenth
century.
c) The American Civil War resulted in the reduction of cotton exports from India.
d) The introduction of the y shuttle enabled handloom workers to improve their productivity.

Answer. (a) False
(b) True
(c) False
(d) True

Page : 102 , Block Name : Write in brief

Q3 Explain what is meant by proto-industrialisation.

Answer. Proto-industrialisation is the phase of industrialisation that was not based on the
factory system. Before the coming of factories, there was large-scale industrial production for
an international market. This part of industrial history is known as proto-industrialisation.

Page : 102 , Block Name : Write in brief

Q1 Why did some industrialists in nineteenth-century Europe prefer hand labour over
machines?

Answer. Some industrialists in nineteenth-century England preferred hand labour over
machines because there was no labour shortage in the market, and as a result, there was no
problem of high wage costs either. Industrialists did not wish to replace hand labour with
machines that would require large capital investment. Also, in industries where the
production and amount of labour required were dependent on the seasons, hand labour was
preferred for its lower costs. Apart from this, many goods could only be a manufactured by
hand. Machines could provide mass quantities of a uniform product. But the demand was for
intricate designs and shapes; this required human skill, and not mechanical technology.
Handmade products also stood for re nement and class status. It was commonly believed that
machine-made goods were for export to the colonies.

Q2 How did the East India Company procure regular supplies of cotton and silk textiles from
Indian weavers?

Answer. After establishing political power, the East India Company successfully procured
regular supplies of cotton and silk textiles from Indian weavers via a series of actions. These
actions were aimed at eliminating competition from other colonial powers, controlling costs
and ensuring regular supplies of cotton and silk goods for Britain. Firstly, it appointed

gomasthas or paid servants to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine textile quality.
Secondly, it disallowed Company weavers from dealing with other buyers. This was ascertained
by a system of giving advances to the weavers for procuring raw materials. Those who took
these loans could not sell their cloth to anyone but the gomasthas.

Q3 Imagine that you have been asked to write an article for an encyclopaedia on Britain and
the history of cotton. Write your piece using information from the entire chapter.

Answer. Britain and the History of Cotton
During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, merchants would trade with rural people in
textile production. A clothier would buy wool from a wool stapler, carry it to the spinners, and
then, take the yarn to the weavers, fuller and dyers for further levels of production. London
was the nishing centre for these goods. This phase in British manufacturing history is known
as proto-industrialisation. In this phase, factories were not an essential part of industry.What
was present instead was a network of commercial exchanges. The rst symbol of the new era
of factories was cotton. Its production increased rapidly in the late nineteenth century.
Imports of raw cotton skyrocketed from 2.5 million pounds in 1760 to 22 million pounds in
1787. This happened because of the invention of the cotton mill and new machines, and better
management under one roof. Till 1840, cotton was the leading sector in the rst stage of
industrialisation.
Most inventions in the textile production sector were met with disregard and hatred by the
workers because machines implied less hand labour and lower employment needs. The
Spinning Jenny was one such invention. Women in the woollen industry opposed and sought
to destroy it because it was taking over their place in the labour market. Before such
technological advancements, Britain imported silk and cotton goods from India in vast
numbers. Fine textiles from India were in high demand in England. When the East India
Company attained political power, they exploited the weavers and textile industry in India to
its full potential, often by force, for the bene t of Britain. Later, Manchester became the hub
of cotton production. Subsequently, India was turned into the major buyer of British cotton
goods.
During the First World War, British factories were too busy providing for war needs. Hence,
demand for Indian textiles rose once again. The history of cotton in Britain is replete with
such uctuations of demand and supply.

Q4 Why did industrial production in India increase during the First World War?

Answer. Industrial production in India increased during the First World War because British
mills became busy with tending to war needs. Manchester imports decreased, and Indian mills
suddenly had a huge home market to supply. Later, they were also asked to supply war needs
such as jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents, leather boots, saddles and other items. There
was so much demand that new factories had to be set up even when old ones ran on multiple

shifts. Industrial production boomed with the employment of new workers and longer working
hours.