PSEB 12th Class Syllabus 2023 Chemistry

CLASS-XII
CHEMISTRY
Time: 3 Hrs Theory:
70 Marks
Practical: 25 Marks

INA : 5 Marks
Total: 100 Marks
SYALLBUS (THEORY)
Unit I: Solid State

Classification of solids based on different binding forces: molecular,
ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline
solids (elementary idea). Unit cell in two dimensional and three
dimensional lattices, calculation of density of unit cell, packing in
solids, packing efficiency, voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a
cubic unit cell, point defects, electrical and magnetic properties.

Band theory of metals, conductors, semiconductors and insulators
and n and p type semiconductors.

Unit II: Solutions
Types of solutions, expression of concentration of
solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in liquids,
solid solutions, colligative properties - relative lowering of
vapour pressure, Raoults Law, elevation of B.P., depression of
freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular
masses using colligative properties, abnormal molecular
mass. Vant Hoff factor.
Unit III: Electrochemistry
Redox reactions; conductance in electrolytic
solutions, specific and molar conductivity, variations of
conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch's Law,
electrolysis and laws of electrolysis (elementary idea) dry cell-
electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells; lead accumulator, EMF of
a cell, standard electrode potential, Nernst equation and its
application to chemical cells, fuel cells; corrosion. Relation
between Gibbs Energy change and EMF of cell.

Unit IV: Chemical Kinetics

Rate of a reaction (average and instantaneous),
factors affecting rates of reaction; concentration, temperature,
catalyst; order and molecularity of a reaction: rate law and
specific rate constant, integrated rate equations and' half life
(only for zero and first order reactions); concept of collision
theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment).
Activation Energy, Arrhenious equation.
Unit V: Surface Chemistry
Absorption physiorption and chemisorption;
factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids; catalysis;
homogenous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity;
enzyme catalysis; colloidal state: distinction between true
solutions, colloids and suspensions; lyophillic, lyophobic,
multimolecular and macromolecular/colloids; properties of
colloids; Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis,
coagulation; emulsion-types of emulsions.
Unit VI: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
Principles and methods of extraction –
concentration, oxidation, reduction electrolytic method and
refining; occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminum,
copper, zinc and Iron.
Unit VII: p-Block Element

Group -15 Elements: General introduction, electronic
configuration, occurrence, oxidation states, trends in physical and
chemical properties; Nitrogen preparation properties and uses;
compounds of Nitrogen: preparation and properties of Ammonia
and Nitric Acid, Oxides of Nitrogen (Structure only); Phosphorus -
allotropic forms, compounds of Phosphorus: Preparation and
properties of Phosphine, Halides and Oxoacids (elementary idea
only).

Group16 elements: General introduction,
electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends
in physical and chemical properties; dioxygen; preparation,
properties and uses; classification of oxides; Ozone. Sulphur -
allotropic forms; compounds of sulphur preparation,
properties and uses of sulphur dioxide, sulphuric acid,
industrial process of manufacture, properties and uses,

oxoacids of sulphur (structures only).
Group 17 elements: (General introduction,
electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends
in physical and chemical properties; compounds of halogens;
preparation, properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric
acid, interhalogen compounds, oxoacids of halogens
(structures only).
Group 18 elements: General introduction,
electronic configuration. Occurrence, trends in physical and
chemical properties, uses.
Unit-VIII:d and f Block Elements
General introduction, electronic configuration,
occurrence and characteristics of transition metals, general
trends in properties of the first row transition metals-metallic
character, ionization, enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour,
electronic configuration, oxidation
states,
chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction and consequences.
Actenoids - Electronic configuration, oxidation states.
Unit-IX: Coordination Compounds
Coordination compounds - introduction, ligands,
coordination number, colour, magnetic properties and
shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination
compounds, bonding; Werner’s theory VBT, CFT, Isomerism
(structure and stereo) importance of coordination compounds
(in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological
systems).
Unit-X: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes.
Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond,
physical and chemical properties, mechanism of substitution
reactions, optical rotation.
Halearenes: Nature of C-X bond, substitution
reactions (directive influence of halogen for monosubstituted
compounds only)
Uses and environmental effects of - dichloromethane, tr

Unit –XI: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation,
physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only);
identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols;
mechanism of dehydration, uses, with special reference to -
methanol and ethanol.
Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation,
physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol,
electrophilic substitution reactions, uses of phenols.
Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation,
physical and chemical properties, uses.

Unit-XII: Aldehydes, Ketones aml Carboxylic Acids
Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature
of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and
chemical properties, and mechanism of nucleophilic addition,
reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes; uses.
Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature,
methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties;
uses.
Unit-XIII: Organic compounds containing Nitrogen
Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure,
methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties,
uses, identification of primary, secondary and tertiary
amines.
Cyanides and Isocyanides - will be mentioned
at relevant places in context.
Dizonium Salts: Preparation, chemical reactions
and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.
Unit-IV: Biomolecules
Carbohydrates - Classification (aldoses and
ketoses), monosaccaharides (glucose and fructose),
oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides
(starch, cellulose, glycogen); importance

Proteins - Elementary idea of amino acids,
peptide bond, polypeptides proteins, primary structure,
secondary structure, tertiary structure and quaternary
structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins;
enzymes.
Vitamins: Classification and
functions. Harmones:
Elementary idea (excluding
structure) Nucleic Acids: DNA
& RNA .
Unit-XV: Polymers
Classification - natural and synthetic, methods of
polymerization (addition and condensation), copolymerization.
Some important polymers; natural and synthetic like
polythene, nylon, polyesters, bakelite, rubber. Biodegradable
and Non- Biodegradable Polymers.
Unit-XVI: Chemistry in everyday life :
1. Chemicals in medicines analgesic,
transquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants,
antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics,
antacids, antihistamines.
2. Chemicals in food- preservatives,
artificial sweetening agents.
Elementary idea of antioxidents.
3. Cleansing agents- soaps and detergents, cleansing
action.
STRUCTURE OF QUESTION PAPER (PRACTICAL)
Marks: 25
Evaluation Scheme for Examination Marks
Volumetric Analysis 07
Salt Analysis 07
Content Based Experiment 05
Project Work 03
Class record and viva 03
Total 25
PRACTICAL SYLLABUS
A. Surface Chemistry

a. Preparation of one lyophilic and one lyophobic
sol. Lyophilic sol - starch, egg albumin and gum.
Lyophobic sol - aluminum hydroxide, ferric
hydroxide, arsenious sulphide.
b. Study of the role of emulsifying in stabilizing the
emulsions of different oils.
B. Chemical Kinetics
a. Effect of concentration and temperature on the rate
of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and
hydrochloric acid.
b. Study of reaction rates of any one of the following:-
i. Reaction of iodide ion with hydrogen
peroxide at room temperature using
different concentration of iodide ions.
ii. Reaction between potassium iodate, KIO3,
and sodium sulphite: (Na2 SO3) using
starch solution as indicator (clock
reaction).
C. Thermochemistry: Any one of the following experiments
a. Enthalphy of dissolution of copper sulphate or potassium
nitrate.
b. Enthalphy of neutralization of strong acid (HCl)
and strong base (NaOH)
c. Determination of enthalpy change during
interaction (Hydrogen bond formation) between
acetone and chloroform.
D. Electrochemistry: Variation of cell potential in
Zn/Zn+2IICu+2/Cu with change in concentration of
electrolytes (CuSO4 or ZnSO4 at room temperature.
E. Chromatography
a. Separation of pigments from extracts of leaves
and flowers by paper chromatography and
determination of Rf values.
b. Separation of constituents present in an inorganic mixture
containing two cations only (constituents having
wide difference in Rf, values to be provided).

F. Determination of concentration/morality of KMnO4,
solution by
titrating it against a standard Solution of:
a. Oxalic acid.
b. Ferrous ammonium sulphate.
(Students will be required to prepare standard
solutions by weighing themselves).
G. Preparation of Inorganic Compounds
a. Preparation of double salt of ferrous ammonium
sulphate or potash alum.
b. Preparation of potassium ferric oxalate.
H. Preparation of Organic Compounds: Preparation of
any two of the following compounds
a. Acetanilide
b. Di-benzal acetone
c. p-Nitroacetanilide,
d. Aniline yellow òr 2-Napthol aniline dye.
e. Lodoform
I. Test for the functional groups present in organic
compounds: Unsaturation, alcoholic, pheholic,
aldehydic, ketonic, carboxylic and amino (primary)
groups.

J. Study of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in pure
form and detection of their presence in given
food stuffs.
K. Qualitative analysis: Determination of one catiop
and one anion in a given salt.
Cations- Pb2+, Cu2+, As3+, Al3+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Zn2+,
Co2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, NH4+
2- 2- 2- - 2- - - - 3- 2-
Anions- : (CO3) , S , (SO3) , (NO2) , (SO4) , Cℓ , Br , I , PO , (C2O4) ,
CH3COO -
,NO -

(Note: Insoluble salts excluded)
PROJECT
Scientific investigations involving laboratory

Testing and collecting information from other sources.
A few suggested Projects
1. Study of presence of oxalate ions in guava fruit at
different stages of ripening.
2. Study of quantity of casein present in different samples of milk.
3. Preparation of soyabean milk and its comparison with
the natural milk with respect to curd formation, effect
of temperature etc.
4. Study of the effect of potassium bisulphate as food
preservative under various conditions (temperature,
concentration, time etc,)
5. Study of digestion of starch by salivary amylase and
effect of PH and temperature on it.
6. Comparative study of the rate of fermentation of
following material wheat flour. gram flour, Potato juice,
carrot juice etc.
7. Extraction of essential oils present in saunf (aniseed),
Ajwain (carum) illaichi (cardamom).
8. Study of common food adulterants in fat, oil, butter,
sugar, turmeric powder, chilli powder and pepper.
Note: Any investigatory project, which involves about 10 periods of
work, can be chosen with the approval of the teacher.