CBSE Senior Secondary Syllabus 2027 Economics

FOR CBSE SENIOR SECONDARY SYLLABUS EXAM PREPARATION

CBSE Senior Secondary
Syllabus 2027
Question Paper ·
Economics
EXAM YEAR TYPE SUBJECT

CBSE Senior Secondary Syllabus 2027 Question Paper Economics

Notes · Sample Papers · Previous Year Papers · Mock Tests

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ECONOMICS (Subject Code 030)
Class XI-XII (2025-26)
Class XI-XII (2026-27)
Rationale
Economics is one of the social sciences, which has great influence on every human being. As

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economic life and the economy go through changes, the need to ground education in

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children’s own experience becomes essential. While doing so, it is imperative to provide them
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opportunities to acquire

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At senior secondary
exercise g
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a the power of thinking and to develop their own perception. It is at this stage, the
learners are exposed to the rigour of the discipline of economics in a systematic way.

The economics courses are introduced in such a way that in the initial stage, the learners are
introduced to the economic realities that the nation is facing today along with some basic
statistical tools to understand these broader economic realities. In the later stage, the learners
are introduced to economics as a theory of abstraction.
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The economics courses also contain many projects
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e economic issues both from their day-to-day life
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opportunities for the learners to explore various
land invisible in nature. The academic skills that they
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and also from issues, which are broader g
learn in these courses would help to develop the projects and activities. The syllabus is also
expected to provide opportunities to use information and communication technologies to
facilitate their learning process.

Objectives:
• Understanding of some basic economic concepts and development of economic
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reasoning which the learners can apply in their day-to-day life as citizens, workers and

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Realisation of learners’ role in nation building and sensitivity to the economic issues

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a • Equipment with basic tools of economics and statistics to analyse economic issues.
This is pertinent for even those who may not pursue this course beyond senior
secondary stage.
• Development of understanding that there can be more than one view on any economic
issue and necessary skills to argue logically with reasoning.

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ECONOMICS (Subject Code 030)
Class - –
CLASS XIXI (2025-26)
(2026-27)
Theory: 80 Marks 3 Hours
Project: 20 Marks
Units Marks
Part A Statistics for Economics
Introduction
15
Collection, Organisation and Presentation of Data
Statistical Tools and Interpretation 25
40

Part B Introductory Microeconomics
Introduction 04
Consumer's Equilibrium and Demand 14
Producer Behaviour and Supply 14
Forms of Market and Price Determination under perfect 08
competition with simple applications
40

Part C Project Work 20

Part A: Statistics for Economics
In this course, the learners are expected to acquire skills in collection, organisation and
presentation of quantitative and qualitative information pertaining to various simple
economic aspects systematically. It also intends to provide some basic statistical tools
to analyse, and interpret any economic information and draw appropriate inferences. In
this process, the learners are also expected to understand the behaviour of various
economic data.

Unit 1: Introduction
What is Economics?
Meaning, scope, functions and importance of statistics in Economics

Unit 2: Collection, Organisation and Presentation of data
Collection of data - sources of data - primary and secondary; how basic data is
collected with concepts of Sampling; methods of collecting data; some important
sources of secondary data: Census of India and National Sample Survey Organisation.

Organisation of Data: Meaning and types of variables; Frequency Distribution.

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Presentation of Data: Tabular Presentation and Diagrammatic Presentation of Data:
(i) Geometric forms (bar diagrams and pie diagrams), (ii) Frequency diagrams
(histogram, polygon and Ogive) and (iii) Arithmetic line graphs (time series graph).

Unit 3: Statistical Tools and Interpretation
For all the numerical problems and solutions, the appropriate economic interpretation may be
attempted. This means, the students need to solve the problems and provide interpretation for
the results derived.

Measures of Central Tendency- Arithmetic mean, Median and Mode

Correlation – meaning and properties, scatter diagram; measures of correlation - Karl
Pearson's method (two variables ungrouped data) Spearman's rank correlation
(Non-Repeated Ranks and Repeated Ranks).

Introduction to Index Numbers - meaning, types - Wholesale Price Index, Consumer Price
Index and index of industrial production, uses of index numbers; Inflation and Index Numbers,
Simple Aggregative Method.

Part B: Introductory Microeconomics
Unit 4: Introduction
Meaning of microeconomics and macroeconomics; positive and normative economics

What is an economy? Central problems of an economy: what, how and for whom to
produce; concepts of Production Possibility Frontier and Opportunity Cost.

Unit 5: Consumer's Equilibrium and Demand
Consumer's equilibrium - meaning of Utility, Marginal Utility, Law of Diminishing
Marginal Utility, conditions of consumer's equilibrium using marginal utility analysis.

Indifference curve analysis of consumer's equilibrium-the consumer's budget (budget
set and budget line), preferences of the consumer (indifference curve, indifference
map) and conditions of consumer's equilibrium.

Demand, market demand, determinants of demand, demand schedule, demand curve
and its slope, movement along and shifts in the demand curve; price elasticity of
demand - factors affecting price elasticity of demand; measurement of price elasticity of
demand – percentage-change method and total expenditure method.
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Unit 6: Producer Behaviour and Supply
Meaning of Production Function – Short-Run and Long-Run
Total Product, Average Product and Marginal Product.
Returns to a Factor
Cost – Short run costs - Total Cost, Total Fixed Cost, Total Variable Cost; Average
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Cost; Average Fixed Cost, Average Variable Cost and Marginal Cost - meaning and
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their relationships.
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Revenue – Total Revenue, Average Revenue and Marginal Revenue - meaning and
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Producer's Equilibrium - meaning and its conditions in terms of Marginal Revenue-
Marginal Cost.
Supply, market supply, determinants of supply, supply schedule, supply curve and its
slope, movements along and shifts in supply curve, price elasticity of supply;
measurement of price elasticity of supply - percentage-change method.

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Unit 7: Perfect Competition - Price Determination and simple applications.

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Perfect competition - Features; Determination of market equilibrium and effects of
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(Short

Simple Applications of Demand and Supply: Price ceiling, Price floor.

Part C: Project in Economics
Guidelines as given in Class XII curriculum

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Suggested Question Paper Design
Economics (Subject Code 030)
Class XI
Class XI (2026-27)
(2025-26)
March 2026 Examination

Marks: 80 Duration: 3 hrs.

SN Typology of Questions Marks Percentage
Remembering and Understanding:
Exhibit memory of previously learned material by recalling
facts, terms, basic concepts, and answers.
1 32 40%
Demonstrate understanding of facts and ideas by
organizing, comparing, translating, interpreting, giving
descriptions, and stating main ideas
Applying: Solve problems to new situations by applying
2 acquired knowledge, facts, techniques and rules in a 24 30%
different way.
Analysing, Evaluating and Creating:
Examine and break information into parts by identifying
motives or causes. Make inferences and find evidence to
support generalizations.
Present and defend opinions by making judgments about
3 information, validity of ideas, or quality of work based on a 24 30%
set of criteria.
Compile information together in a different way by
combining elements in a new pattern or proposing
alternative solutions.

Total 80 100%

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ECONOMICS (Subject Code 030)
CLASS
Class - -XII
XII(2026-27)
(2025-26)
Theory: 80 Marks 3 Hours
Project: 20 Marks
Units Marks
Part A Introductory Macroeconomics
National Income and Related Aggregates 10
Money and Banking 06
Determination of Income and Employment 12
Government Budget and the Economy 06
Balance of Payments 06
40

Part B Indian Economic Development
Development Experience (1947-90)
12
and Economic Reforms since 1991
Current Challenges facing Indian Economy 20
Development Experience of India – A Comparison with
08
Neighbours
Theory Paper (40+40 = 80 Marks) 40

Part C Project Work 20

Part A: Introductory Macroeconomics
Unit 1: National Income and Related Aggregates
What is Macroeconomics?
Basic concepts in macroeconomics: consumption goods, capital goods, final goods,
intermediate goods; stocks and flows; gross investment and depreciation.

Circular flow of income (two sector model); Methods of calculating National Income -
Value Added or Product method, Expenditure method, Income method.

Aggregates related to National Income:
Gross National Product (GNP), Net National Product (NNP), Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) and Net Domestic Product (NDP) - at market price, at factor cost; Real and
Nominal GDP
GDP Deflator, GDP and Welfare

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Unit 2: Money and Banking
Money – meaning and functions, supply of money - Currency held by the public and
net demand deposits held by commercial banks.

Money creation by the commercial banking system.

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Central bank and its functions (example of the Reserve Bank of India): Bank of issue,
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Govt. Bank, Banker's
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(CRR), Statutory
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Unit 3: Determination of Income and Employment
Aggregate demand and its components.
Propensity to consume and propensity to save (average and marginal).
Short-run equilibrium output; investment multiplier and its mechanism.
Meaning of full employment and involuntary unemployment.

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Problems of excess demand and deficient demand; measures to correct them -

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changes in government spending, taxes and money supply.
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Unit 4: Government Budget and the

Government budget - meaning, objectives and components.

Classification of receipts - revenue receipts and capital receipts;
Classification of expenditure – revenue expenditure and capital expenditure.
Balanced, Surplus and Deficit Budget – measures of government deficit.
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a Foreign exchange rate - meaning of fixed and flexible rates and managed floating.
Determination of exchange rate in a free market, Merits and demerits of flexible and
fixed exchange rate.
Managed Floating exchange rate system

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Part B: Indian Economic Development
Unit 6: Development Experience (1947-90) and Economic Reforms since 1991:

A brief introduction of the state of Indian economy on the eve of independence.
Indian economic system and common goals of Five Year Plans.

Main features, problems and policies of agriculture (institutional aspects and new
agricultural strategy), industry (IPR 1956; SSI – role & importance) and foreign trade.

Economic Reforms since 1991:
Features and appraisals of liberalisation, globalisation and privatisation (LPG policy);
Concepts of demonetization and GST

Unit 7: Current challenges facing Indian Economy
Human Capital Formation: How people become resource; Role of human capital in
economic development; Growth of Education Sector in India
Rural development: Key issues - credit and marketing - role of cooperatives;
agricultural diversification; alternative farming - organic farming
Employment: Growth and changes in work force participation rate in formal and
informal sectors; problems and policies
Sustainable Economic Development: Meaning, Effects of Economic Development on
Resources and Environment, including global warming

Unit 8: Development Experience of India:
A comparison with neighbours
India and Pakistan
India and China
Issues: economic growth, population, sectoral development and other Human
Development Indicators
Part C: Project in Economics

Prescribed Books:
1. Statistics for Economics, NCERT
2. Indian Economic Development, NCERT
3. Introductory Microeconomics, NCERT
4. Macroeconomics, NCERT
5. Supplementary Reading Material in Economics, CBSE
Note: The above publications are also available in Hindi Medium.

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Suggested Question Paper Design
Economics (Subject Code 030)
Class XII (2026-27)
Class (2025-26)
March 2026 Examination

Marks: 80 Duration: 3 hrs.

SN Typology of Questions Marks Percentage
Remembering and Understanding:
Exhibit memory of previously learned material by recalling
facts, terms, basic concepts, and answers.
1 32 40%
Demonstrate understanding of facts and ideas by
organizing, comparing, translating, interpreting, giving
descriptions, and stating main ideas
Applying: Solve problems to new situations by applying
2 acquired knowledge, facts, techniques and rules in a 24 30%
different way.
Analysing, Evaluating and Creating:
Examine and break information into parts by identifying
motives or causes. Make inferences and find evidence to
support generalizations.
Present and defend opinions by making judgments about
3 information, validity of ideas, or quality of work based on a 24 30%
set of criteria.
Compile information together in a different way by
combining elements in a new pattern or proposing
alternative solutions.

Total 80 100%

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Guidelines for Project Work in Economics (Class XI and XII)
The objectives of the project work are to enable learners to:
• probe deeper into theoretical concepts learnt in classes XI and XII
• analyse and evaluate real world economic scenarios using theoretical constructs and
arguments
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demonstrate the learning of economic theory
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• follow up aspects
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• develop the mcommunication skills to argue logically l a
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The expectations
a will complete only ONE project in each academic session
• learners
• project should be of 3,500-4,000 words (excluding diagrams & graphs), preferably
hand-written
• it will be an independent, self-directed piece of study
Role of the teacher:
The teacher plays a critical role in developing thinking skills of the learners. A teacher should:
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help each learner select the topic based on recently published extracts from the news
media, government policies, RBI bulletin, NITI.Aayog reports, IMF/World Bank reports etc.,
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after detailed discussions and deliberations
• play the role of a facilitator and g
through periodic discussions
a supervisor to monitor the project work of the learner

• guide the research work in terms of sources for the relevant data
• educate learner about plagiarism and the importance of quoting the source of the
information to ensure authenticity of research work
• prepare the learner for the presentation of the project work
• arrange a presentation of the project file
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Scope of the project:
Learners may work upon the following lines as a suggested flow chart:
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Collection of the research material/data
a Organization of material/data

Present material/data

Analysing the material/data for conclusion

Draw the relevant conclusion

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Presentation of the Project Work
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Expected Checklist:
• Introduction of topic/title
• Identifying the causes, consequences and/or remedies
• Various stakeholders and effect on each of them
• Advantages and disadvantages of situations or issues identified
• Short-term and long-term implications of economic strategies suggested in the course of
research
• Validity, reliability, appropriateness and relevance of data used for research work and
for presentation in the project file
• Presentation and writing that is succinct and coherent in project file
• Citation of the materials referred to, in the file in footnotes, resources section,
bibliography etc.

Mode of presentation/submission of the Project:
At the end of the stipulated term, each learner will present the research work in the Project File
to the External and Internal examiner. The questions should be asked from the Research
Work/ Project File of the learner. The Internal Examiner should ensure that the study
submitted by the learner is his/her own original work. In case of any doubt, authenticity
should be checked and verified.

Marking Scheme:
Marks are suggested to be given as –
S. No. Heading Marks Allotted
1. Relevance of the topic 3
2. Knowledge Content/Research Work 6
3. Presentation Technique 3
4. Viva-voce 8
Total 20 Marks
Suggestive List of Projects:
Class XI
• Effect on PPC due to various government • Invisible Hand (Adam Smith)
policies
• Opportunity Cost as an Economic Tool • Effect of Price Change on a Substitute Good
(taking real life situations) (taking prices from real life visiting local
market)
• Effect on Equilibrium Prices in Local Market • Effect of Price Change on a Complementary
(taking real life situation or recent news) Good (taking prices from real life visiting
local market)
• Solar Energy, a Cost-Effective Comparison • Bumper Production- Boon or Bane for the
with Conventional Energy Sources Farmer
• Any other newspaper article and its • Any other topic
evaluation on basis of economic principles

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Class XII
• Micro and Small Scale Industries • Food Supply Channel in India
• Contemporary Employment situation in India • Disinvestment policy of the government
• Goods and Services Tax Act and its Impact • Health Expenditure (of any state)
on GDP
• Human Development Index • Inclusive Growth Strategy
• Self-help group • Trends in Credit availability in India
• Monetary Policy Committee and its functions • Role of RBI in Control of Credit
• Government Budget & its Components • Trends in budgetary condition of India
• Exchange Rate determination – Methods and • Currency War – reasons and repercussions
Techniques
• Livestock – Backbone of Rural India • Alternate fuel – types and importance
• Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan – Cost Ratio Benefits • Golden Quadrilateral- Cost ratio benefit
• Minimum Support Prices • Relation between Stock Price Index and
Economic Health of a Nation
• Waste Management in India – Need of the • Minimum Wage Rate – Approach and
hour Application
• Digital India- Step towards the future • Rain Water Harvesting – A solution to water
crisis
• Vertical Farming – An alternate way • Silk Route- Revival of the past
• Make in India – The way ahead • Bumper Production- Boon or Bane for the
farmer
• Rise of Concrete Jungle- Trend Analysis • Organic Farming – Back to the Nature
• Aatmanirbhar Bharat • e-Rupee (e- ₹)
• Sri Lanka’s Economic Crisis • Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s)
• Environmental Crisis • Comparative Study of Economies
(Maximum three economies)
• New Education Policy (NEP) 2020: A • G-20: Inclusive and Action Oriented
Promise for a New Education System
• Amrit Kaal: Empowered and Inclusive • Cashless Economy
Economy
• Any other newspaper article and its • Any other topic
evaluation on basis of economic principles

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