CBSE Senior Secondary Syllabus 2027 Geography

FOR CBSE SENIOR SECONDARY SYLLABUS EXAM PREPARATION

CBSE Senior
Secondary Syllabus
2027
Question Paper ·
Geography
EXAM YEAR TYPE SUBJECT

CBSE Senior Secondary Syllabus 2027 Question Paper Geography

Notes · Sample Papers · Previous Year Papers · Mock Tests

m
m .co

m .co s e m
se g l a
GEOGRAPHY
a
SUBJECT CODE: 029
CLASSES XI-XII (2026-27)

BACKGROUND/ RATIONALE

m
.co
Geography is introduced as an elective subject at the second phase of secondary
m
.co m
stage. After ten years of general education, students branch out at the beginning of

m
this stage and are exposed to the rigors of the discipline for the first time. Being an
s e
s e
entry point for the higher education, students choose Geography for pursuing their
l a
l a
academic interest and, therefore, need a broader and deeper understanding of the
g ag
a
subject. For others, geographical knowledge is useful in daily lives because it is a
valuable medium for the education of young people. Its contribution lies in the content,
cognitive processes, skills and values that Geography promotes and thus helps the
students explore, understand and evaluate the environmental and social dimensions
of the world in a better manner.

Since Geography explores the relationship between people and their environment, it
includes studies of physical and human environments and their interactions at different
m
scales-local, state/region, nation and the world. The fundamental principles

m .co
responsible for the varieties in the distributional pattern of physical and human features
and phenomena over the earth's surface need to be understood properly. Application
s e
of these principles would be taken up through selected case studies from the world

g la
and India. Thus, the physical and human environment of India and study of some
a
issues from a geographical point of view will be covered in greater detail. Students will
be exposed to different methods used in geographical investigations.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

The course in Geography will help learners to:
 Familiarise with key concepts, terminology and core principles of Geography.
 Describe locations and correlate with Geographical Perspectives.
m
.co
 List/describe what students might see, hear and smell at a place.
m
.co
 List/describe ways a place is linked with other places.
e m
e m
 Compare conditions and connections in one place to another.
l as
las  Analyse/ describe how conditions in one place can affect nearby places.
ag
ag  Identify regions as places that are similar or connected.
 Describe and interpret the spatial pattern features on a thematic map.
 Search for, recognize and understand the processes and patterns of the
spatial arrangement of the natural features as well as human aspects and
phenomena on the earth's surface.
 Understand and analyse the interrelationship between physical and human
environments and utilize such knowledge in reflecting on issues related to
community.
m .
.co s e m
s em 1
l a
g la ag
a For more Question Papers, Sample Papers, Notes & Syllabus visit Page 1 of 20

 Apply geographical knowledge and methods of inquiry to emerging
situations or problems at different levels-local, regional, national and
global.
 Develop geographical skills, relating to collection, processing and analysis
of spatial data/ information and preparation of report including maps and
graphs and use of computers wherever possible; and to be sensitive to
issues.
 The learner will develop the competency to analyse, evaluate, interpret and
apply the acquired knowledge to determine the environmental issues
effectively.

2

For more Question Papers, Sample Papers, Notes & Syllabus visit Page 2 of 20

CLASS XI
COURSE STRUCTURE

Book- Fundamentals of Physical Geography

Chapter Chapter name Weightage
No.

Unit-I Geography as a Discipline

1 Geography As a Discipline 3

Unit-II The Earth

2 The Origin and Evolution of the Earth 9

3 Interior of the Earth

4 Distribution of oceans and continents

Unit-III Landforms

5 Geomorphic Processes 6

6 Landform and their Evolution

Unit-IV Climate

7 Composition and Structure of Atmosphere 8

8 Solar Radiation, Heat balance and
Temperature

9 Atmospheric Circulations and Weather
Systems

10 Water in the Atmosphere

11 World Climate and Climate Change (To be
tested through internal assessments in the form
of project and presentation)

Unit-V Water (Oceans)

12 Water (Oceans) 4

13 Movements of Ocean Water

3

For more Question Papers, Sample Papers, Notes & Syllabus visit Page 3 of 20

m
m .co

m .co s em
se Unit-VI Life on the Earth
g la
14
a
Biodiversity and Conservation (To be tested through _
internal assessments in the form of project and
presentation)

Map Work 5

Total 35

m
.co
Book-India Physical Environment
o m m
c
. Name s e
Chapter
e m
Chapter Weightage
l a
No.
l as ag
a g
Unit-I Introduction

1 India- Location 5

Unit-II Physiography

2 Structure and Physiography 13

3 Drainage System
m
.co
Unit-III Climate Vegetation and Soil

e m
4 Climate
las 12

5 Natural Vegetation
ag
Unit-IV Natural Hazards and Disasters: Causes Consequences and Management

6 Natural Hazards and Disasters (To be tested through _
internal assessment in the form of Projects and
presentation)

Map 5

m
m
Total
c. o 35
c. oBook-Geography Practical Part I s em
s emChapter No. Chapter Name g la Weightage
g la 1 Introduction to Maps a 3
a 2 Map Scale 4
3 Latitude Longitude and Time 4
4 Map Projections 5
5 Topographical Maps 4
6 Introduction to Remote Sensing 5
Practical file and Viva 5
Total 30
m .
.co s e m
s em 4
l a
g la ag
a For more Question Papers, Sample Papers, Notes & Syllabus visit Page 4 of 20

COURSE CONTENT – XI

Book- Fundamentals of Physical Geography
Unit 1: Chapter 1 Geography as a Discipline
Geography
 Introduction to Geography as a discipline
as a
 Geography as an integrating discipline: Spatial and Temporal
Discipline
synthesis
 Approaches to study Geography: Systematic and Regional
 Branches of Geography: Physical Geography, Human
Geography and Bio Geography
 Physical Geography and its importance.
Unit 2: The Chapter 2 The Origin and Evolution of The Earth
Earth
 Origin and evolution of the earth
 Early theories: Origin of the Earth
 Modern Theories: Origin of the universe
● Formation of Stars and Planets
● Evolution of the Earth: Lithosphere, Atmosphere and
Hydrosphere
● Origin of Life
Chapter 3 Interior of the Earth
Sources of Information about the Interior of the Earth (Direct and
Indirect)
 Earthquakes: Earthquake Waves, Shadow zones, Types, Scales
to measure earthquake intensity, effects, frequency of
earthquake occurrences
 Structure of the Earth
 Volcanoes and Volcanic landforms
Chapter 4 Distribution of Oceans and Continents
Continental Drift Theory, and Evidence in support of Continental
Drift and Force for Drift
 Post- Drift Studies
 Ocean Floor Configuration
 Distribution of Earthquakes and Volcanoes
 Concept of Seafloor Spreading
 Plate Tectonics: Types of Plate boundaries, Rate and forces for
the Plate Movement
 Movement of the Indian Plate
Unit 3: Chapter 5 Geomorphic processes
Landforms
 Geomorphic processes: Exogenic and Endogenic
 Endogenic Process: Diastrophism, Volcanism
 Exogenic Processes: Weathering, Landslides.
 Soil: Processes and factors of Soil Formation
Chapter 6 Landforms and their Evolution
 Running water: Erosional and Depositional Landforms
 Wind: Erosional and Depositional Landforms

5

For more Question Papers, Sample Papers, Notes & Syllabus visit Page 5 of 20

Unit 4: Chapter 7 Composition and Structure of Atmosphere
Climate
 Atmosphere- composition and structure; elements of weather and
climate
Chapter 8 Solar Radiation, Heat Balance and Temperature
Solar radiation: Variability of Insolation.
Processes of Heating and Cooling of Atmosphere
Terrestrial Radiation
Heat budget of the earth
Temperature- Factors controlling temperature; Horizontal
distribution of temperature; Inversion of temperature
Chapter 9 Atmospheric Circulation and Weather Systems
Atmospheric Pressure: Horizontal and Vertical Variation of
Pressure
 Forces affecting velocity and direction of Wind
 General Circulation of the atmosphere: Pressure belts; Winds:
Planetary, Seasonal and Local; Air masses and Fronts; Tropical
and Extratropical cyclones; Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
Chapter 10 Water in the Atmosphere
 Humidity-Absolute and Relative humidity
 Evaporation and condensation
 Different Forms of Condensation: dew, frost, fog, mist and cloud;
 Precipitation
 Types of Rainfall and world distribution of rainfall
Chapter 11 World Climate and Climate Change
(To be tested through internal assessments in the form of project
and presentation)
Unit 5: Water Chapter 12 Water (Oceans)
(Oceans)
Hydrological Cycle
Major and Minor Relief Features of the Ocean Floor
Temperature and Salinity of Ocean Waters: Factors, Horizontal
and Vertical distribution of temperature and Salinity
Chapter 13 Movements of Ocean Water
 Movements of ocean water- Waves, Tides and Currents.
Unit 6: Life Chapter 14 Biodiversity and Conservation
on the Earth (To be tested through internal assessments in the form of project
and presentation)

Book- India- Physical Environment

Unit 1: Chapter 1 India — Location, Size, Latitudinal and Longitudinal extent,
Introduction Indian Standard time, India and its neighbours
Unit 2: Chapter 2 Structure and Physiography
Physiography
 Physiographic Divisions: (1) The Northern and North-eastern

6

For more Question Papers, Sample Papers, Notes & Syllabus visit Page 6 of 20

m
m .co

m .co s em
se g la
a (3) The Peninsular Plateau (4)
Mountains (2) The Northern Plain
The Indian Desert (5) The Coastal Plains (6) The Islands.
Chapter 3 Drainage System
 Drainage patterns
 Concepts of River basin, Catchment Area, Watershed
 Drainage and River systems of India: the Himalayan and the
Peninsular
m
.co
 Extent of Usability of River Water- linking of rivers, problems in

o m using river water and water pollution
m
c
. 4 Climate s e
Unit 3:
m
Chapter
e  Weather and climate l a
Climate,
l as ag
ag
Vegetation  Unity and diversity in the Monsoon Climate
and Soil  Factors determining the climate of India
 The Nature and characteristics of Indian Monsoon
 The Rhythm of Seasons
 Distribution of Rainfall
 Monsoon and the Economic Life in India
 Global Warming
Chapter 5 Natural Vegetation
m
.co
 Natural vegetation – Introduction

em
Forest types and distribution

 s
Conservation of forests
la and Disasters
Wildlife; conservation; biosphere reserves
Unit 4: a
Chapter 6 NaturalgHazards
Hazards and
Disasters: (To be tested through internal assessment in the form of Projects
Causes, and presentation)
Consequenc
es and
Management
Book- Geography Practical Part I
m
m .co
m .co
Chapter 1 Introduction to Maps
s e m
s e ● Essentials of map making
g l a
g la ● History of map making
a
a ●
●
Maps -types
Uses of maps
Chapter 2 Map Scale
● Scales-methods and construction
● Conversion of scale
Chapter 3 Latitude, Longitude and Time
● Drawing of Parallels of latitude and Meridians of longitude
●
m .
.co
Longitude and time
e m
em l as
las 7
ag
ag For more Question Papers, Sample Papers, Notes & Syllabus visit Page 7 of 20

● International date line
Chapter 4 Map Projections
 Map projection- typology, construction and properties of projection: Conical with one
standard parallel and Mercator's projection. (only two projections)
Chapter 5 Topographical Maps
● Study of topographic maps (1 : 50,000 or 1 : 25,000 Survey of India maps);
Conventional Symbols, contour cross section and identification of landforms-
slopes, hills, valleys, waterfall, cliffs; distribution of settlements
Chapter 6 Introduction to Remote Sensing
 Satellite imageries, stages in remote sensing data-acquisition, platform and sensors
and data products, (photographic and digital)

Map Work

Book- Fundamentals of Physical Geography

(Map items for locating and labelling only on the outline political world map)

Chapter Map item (Map present on official website of Govt. of India should
be used)
Chapter 4  Political Map of all Continents of the world.
Distribution of  Major Oceans of the world: Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Atlantic
oceans and Ocean, Arctic Ocean, Southern Ocean ∙ Major lithospheric plates
continents and Minor lithospheric plates, Ring of fire (Pacific Ocean), Mid-
Atlantic Ridge.
Chapter 9 Major Hot Deserts of the world:
Atmospheric  Mojave Desert- Nevada, US
Circulations  Patagonian Desert- Argentina
and  Sahara- Africa
Weather  Gobi Desert- Mongolia, Asia
Systems  Thar desert- India
 Great Victoria Desert- Australia
Chapter 12  Major Seas
 Black sea
Water
 Baltic sea
(Oceans)
 Caspian Sea
 Mediterranean Sea
 North Sea
 Red sea
 Bay of Fundy (Canada)-Famous for the highest tides in the world
Chapter 13 Ocean Currents
Movements of
Ocean Water Cold currents Warm currents
 Humboldt c.  Alaska c.
 California c.  Brazilian c.
 Falkland c.  Agulhas c.

8

For more Question Papers, Sample Papers, Notes & Syllabus visit Page 8 of 20

 Canaries c.  Kuroshio c.
 West Australian c.  Gulf stream c.
 Oyashio c.
 Labrador c
Chapter 14 Ecological hotspots
Biodiversity  Eastern Himalaya, India
and  Western ghats, India
Conservation  Indonesia, Asia
 Eastern Madagascar, Africa
 Upper Guinean forests, Africa
 Atlantic forest, Brazil
 Tropical Andes
Map Work
Book- India Physical Environment
(Map items for locating and labelling only on the outline political map of India)
Chapter Map item (Map present on official website of Govt. of India should
be used)
Chapter-1  Latitudinal extent of India
India-  Longitudinal extent of India
Location  Standard Meridian of India
 Important latitude passing through India (Tropic of Cancer)
 Southern Most Point of mainland of India (Kanya Kumari)
Chapter-2  Mountains: Karakoram Range, Garo- Khasi- Jaintia hills, Aravalli
Structure and Range, Vindhyan Range, Satpura Range, Western ghats &
Physiography Eastern ghats
 Peaks: K2, Kanchenjunga, Nandadevi, Nanga Parvat, Namcha
Barwa and Anaimudi
 Passes: Shipkila, Nathula, Palghat, Bhor ghat and Thal ghat
 Plateaus: Malwa, Chhotnagpur, Meghalaya and Deccan Plateau.
 Coastal Plains: Saurashtra, Konkan, North and South Kanara,
Malabar, Coromandel and Northern Circars
 Islands: Andaman & Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep Islands
Chapter-3  Rivers: Brahmaputra, Indus, Satluj, Ganga, Yamuna, Chambal,
Drainage Damodar, Mahanadi, Krishna, Kaveri,Godavari, Narmada, Tapti
System and Luni
 Lakes: (Identification)Wular, Sambhar, Chilika, Kolleru, Pulicat &
Vembanad
 Straits, Bays , Gulfs: Palk Strait, Rann of Kachchh, Gulf of
Kachchh, Gulf of Mannar & Gulf of Khambat
Chapter-4  Area with highest temperature in India
Climate  Area with lowest temperature in India
 Area with highest rainfall in India
 Area with lowest rainfall in India

9

For more Question Papers, Sample Papers, Notes & Syllabus visit Page 9 of 20

m
m .co

m .co s em
se g la
Chapter-5 a Tropical evergreen, Tropical
(Identification on an outline map of India)
Natural deciduous, Tropical thorn, Montane and Littoral/ Swamp forests.
Vegetation Wildlife reserves: (locating and labeling)
 National Parks: Corbett, Kaziranga, Ranthambore. Shivpuri,
Simlipal
 Bird Sanctuaries: Keoladeo Ghana and Ranganathittu
 Wild life Sanctuaries: Periyar, Rajaji, Mudumalai, Dachigam,

m
m .co
.co
Note: The following topics are included in the syllabus but will be assessed only formatively
to reinforce understanding without adding to summative assessments. This reduces
e m
e m
academic stress while ensuring meaningful learning. Schools can integrate these with
l as
as
existing chapters as they align well. Relevant NCERT textual material is enclosed for
l ag
reference.
ag
Book: Fundamentals of Physical Geography
 Minerals and Rocks- Major types of rocks and their characteristics

Guidelines for Internal Assessment/ Geography Practical
1. A practical file must be prepared by students covering all the topics prescribed in
the practical syllabus.
2. The file should be completely handwritten with a cover page, index page and
acknowledgment.
m
.co
3. All practical works should be drawn neatly with appropriate headings, scale, index
m
e
etc. Data can be taken from the NCERT textbook.
s
la the time of term end practical examinations.
4. The practical file will be assessed at
g
5. A written exam of 25 marks awill be conducted based on prescribed practical
syllabus.
6. Viva will be conducted based on practical syllabus only.
7. Written Exam -25 Marks
8. Practical file- 03 Marks

9. Viva- 02 Marks
m
m
CLASS: XI
.co
m .co Prescribed Books:
s e m
s e
1.Fundamentals of Physical Geography, Class XI, Published by NCERT
g l a
la
2.India, Physical Environment, Class XI, Published by NCERT
g 3.Practical Work in Geography Part I, Class XI, Published by NCERT a
a Links for NCERT textbooks:
1. https://ncert.nic.in/textbook.php?kegy2=0-14
2. https://ncert.nic.in/textbook.php?kegy1=0-6
3. https://ncert.nic.in/textbook.php?kegy3=0-6
Note:
1. The above textbooks are also available in Hindi medium.
2. Kindly refer to the latest editions of all NCERT Textbooks.
m .
.co s e m
s em 10
l a
g la ag
a For more Question Papers, Sample Papers, Notes & Syllabus visit Page 10 of 20

CLASS XII
COURSE STRUCTURE
Book-India People and Economy

Book- Fundamental of Human Geography

Chapter Chapter Name Weightage
No.

Unit I

1 Human Geography 3

Unit II

2 The World Population Density, Distribution and Growth 8

3 Human Development

Unit III

4 Primary Activities 19

5 Secondary Activities

6 Tertiary and Quaternary Activities

7 Transport, Communication and Trade

8 International Trade

Map Work (Based on identification of features on World Political Map) 5

Total 35

Chapter No. Chapter Name Weightage

Unit I

1 Population Distribution, Density, Growth and Composition 5

Unit II

2 Human Settlements 3

Unit III

3 Land Resources and Agriculture 10

4 Water Resources

11

For more Question Papers, Sample Papers, Notes & Syllabus visit Page 11 of 20

5 Mineral and Energy Resources

6 Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context

Unit IV

7 Transport and Communication 7

8 International Trade

Unit V

9 Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems 5

Map Work (Based on locating and labelling on a political map of India) 5

Total 35

Book- Geography Practical II

Chapter No. Chapter Name Weightage

1 Data-its Source and Compilation 18

2 Data Processing

3 Graphical Representation of Data

4 Spatial Information Technology 7

Practical Record Book and Viva Voce 5

Total 30

COURSE CONTENT- XII
Book: Fundamentals of Human Geography
Unit 1: Chapter-1 Human Geography: Nature and Scope
● Introduction to Human Geography
● Approaches to study Human Geography Regional and Systematic
Geography, Dualism
● Nature of Human Geography
● Naturalisation of Humans and Humanisation of Nature
● Schools of thought in Human Geography
● Fields and subfields of Human Geography
Unit 2: Chapter- 2 The World Population Distribution, Density and Growth
● Population-distribution and density
● Factors influencing the distribution of population
● Population Growth
● Components of Population Change

12

For more Question Papers, Sample Papers, Notes & Syllabus visit Page 12 of 20

m
m .co

m .co s e m
se g l a
● Demographic Transition a
● Population Control Measures
Chapter- 3 Human Development
● Human development - concept; selected indicators
● Growth and Development
● The four pillars of Human Development
● Approaches to Human Development
● Measuring Human Development- HDI, HPI and GNH
m
.co
● International comparisons
m
.co
Unit 3: Chapter- 4 Primary Activities
Concept and types:
e m
em
● Hunting and Gathering, Pastoralism; Nomadic Herding, Commercial
l as
l as
Livestock Rearing
ag
ag ● Types of agriculture:
❖ Primitive Subsistence
❖ Intensive Subsistence
● Commercial Agriculture
❖ Plantation Agriculture
❖ Extensive Commercial Grain Cultivation
❖ Mixed Farming
❖ Dairy farming
❖ Mediterranean Agriculture
❖ Market Gardening and Horticulture
m
❖ Cooperative Farming
❖ Collective Farming m .co
● Mining, factors affecting mining s e
● Methods of Mining
g la
Chapter- 5 Secondary Activities a
● Manufacturing: Characteristics of Modern large-Scale Manufacturing
● Factors influencing industrial location
● Classification of manufacturing Industries: On the basis of Size, Inputs
/raw material, Output /Products and Ownership
● Concept of High-tech Industry
Chapter- 6 Tertiary Activities
● Tertiary activities-concept and types
● Trade and Commerce: Retail and Wholesale trading, Transport, Factors
m
m Affecting Transport
.co
.co m
● Communication
m ● Services s e
s e ● People engaged in tertiary activities
g l a
g la ● Tourism, Major tourist regions a
a ● Tourist attractions - some examples from selected countries
● Medical Services for Overseas Patients in India
● Quaternary and Quinary activities-concept
● The Digital Divide
Chapter- 7 Transport and Communication
● Transport
● Modes of Transportation
● Land transport: Roadways, Highways, Road Density, Border Roads.
● Railways: Trans-continental Railways: Trans-Siberian, Trans Canadian,
m .
.co s e m
s em 13
l a
g la ag
a For more Question Papers, Sample Papers, Notes & Syllabus visit Page 13 of 20

Australian Trans Continental
● Water Transport: Important Sea Routes, Shipping Canals, Inland
waterways
● Air transport: Inter-Continental air routes
● Pipelines
● Communications: Satellite Communications and Cyber Space- Internet
Chapter- 8 International Trade
● History of International trade
● Why Does International Trade Exist?
● Basis of International Trade
● Balance of Trade
● Types of International Trade: Bilateral and Multi-lateral trade
● Case for Free Trade
● Concept of Dumping
● World Trade Organisation
● Regional Trade Blocs
● Concerns Related to International Trade
● Gateways of International trade: Ports
● Types of Port
Book: India: People and Economy
Unit 1: Chapter- 1 Population Distribution, Density, Growth and Composition
 Distribution of Population
 Density of Population
 Growth of population
 Four distinct phases of population growth
 Regional Variation in Population Growth
 Population Composition: Rural – Urban Composition, Linguistic
Composition, Religious Composition
 Composition of Working Population
 Promoting Gender Sensitivity through ‘Beti Bachao–Beti Padhao’ Social
Campaign.
Unit 2: Chapter- 2 Human Settlements
 Rural settlements - types and distribution
 Urban settlements - types, distribution
 Evolution of Towns in India
 Urbanisation in India
 Functional Classification of Towns
 Smart Cities Mission
Unit 3: Chapter- 3 Land Resources and Agriculture
 Land resources- general land use
 Land use categories
 Land-use Changes in India
 Common Property Resources
 Agricultural Land Use in India
 Cropping Seasons in India
 Types of Farming
 Geographical conditions and distribution of major crops (Wheat, Rice,
Tea, Coffee, Cotton, Jute, Sugarcane and Rubber);

14

For more Question Papers, Sample Papers, Notes & Syllabus visit Page 14 of 20

 Agricultural development in India
 Growth of Agricultural Output and Technology
 Problems of Indian Agriculture

Chapter- 4 Water Resources
 Water resources- Surface water and Groundwater Resources
 Lagoons and Backwaters
 Water Demand and Utilisation - irrigation, domestic, industrial and other
uses;
 Emerging Water Problems: Deterioration of Water Quality
 Water Conservation and Management; Prevention of Water Pollution;
Rain water harvesting and Watershed management
Chapter- 5 Mineral and Energy Resources
 Mineral Resources: Introduction and Types
 Major mineral belts of India
 Distribution of Ferrous Minerals (Iron ore and Manganese), Non-Ferrous
Minerals (Bauxite and Copper); Non-metallic minerals (Mica)
 Energy Resources: Conventional sources (Coal, Petroleum and Natural
gas) and non-conventional sources (Nuclear, Solar, Wind, Tidal and
Wave and Geothermal and Bio energy)
 Conservation of Mineral Resources
Chapter - 6 Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
● Planning- Introduction
● Target Area Planning: Hill Area Development Programme, Drought
Prone Area Programme.
● Concept of Sustainable Development
● Case Studies –
1. Integrated Tribal Development Project in Bharmaur Region
2. Indira Gandhi Canal (Nahar) Command Area
Unit 4: Chapter- 7 Transport and Communication
● Means of Transport: Land (Road transport, Rail transport and Oil and
Gas pipelines), Water transport (Inland waterways and Oceanic routes)
and Air transport
● Communication Networks- Personal and Mass Communication Systems
Chapter- 8 International Trade
 Changing Pattern of the Composition of India’s Exports and Import
 Direction of Trade
 Sea Ports as Gateways of International Trade
 Major Seaports of India along with their hinterlands.
 Airports
Unit 5: Chapter- 9 Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems
● Environmental pollution- Introduction and types
● Urban-waste disposal
● Rural-Urban Migration: Case Study
● Problems of Slums
● Land degradation: Case study

15

For more Question Papers, Sample Papers, Notes & Syllabus visit Page 15 of 20

m
m .co

m .co s e m
se g l a
Book- Geography Practical Part II
a
Chapter- 1 Data – Its Source and Compilation
● What is Data, Sources of data: Primary, Secondary and Unpublished sources.
● Tabulation and Classification of Data
● Grouping of Data
● Frequency Polygon

m
Chapter- 2 Data Processing

.co
● Tabulating and processing of data
m
.co
● Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median and Mode
● Comparison of Mean, Median and Mode e m
em Representation of Data l as
as
Chapter- 3 Graphical
l ag
ag of line graphs, polygraphs, simple bar diagrams, line and bar diagram,
● Representation of data- General rules for drawing diagrams, graphs and maps,
construction
Multiple bar, Compound bar, Pie diagram, Flowchart
● Thematic maps; Construction of Dot Map; Choropleth Map and Isopleth map
Chapter- 4 Spatial Information Technology
Introduction to GIS; Advantages of GIS, Components of GIS, Spatial data formats,
Sequence of GIS activities; Spatial data input, Entering attribute data, Data Linkages and
matching, Spatial analysis: Overlay Analysis Operation and Buffer Operation
m
Map Work
.co
Book: Fundamentals of Human Geography
s em
la
(Map work on identification of features based on units I to III on the outline
g
physical/political map of the World)
Chapter
a
Map item (Map present on official website of Govt. of
India should be used)

Chapter 1-Human Geography Nil

Chapter 2 The World Nil
Population Density Distribution
and Growth
m
m .co
.co
Chapter 3 Human Nil
Development
s em
s emChapter 4 Primary Activities Areas of subsistence gathering la
gof the world
g la Major areas of nomadic herdinga
a Major areas of commercial livestock rearing
Major areas of extensive commercial grain farming
Major areas of mixed farming of the World

Chapter 5-Secondary Nil
Activities

Chapter 6 Tertiary and Nil
Quaternary Activities
m .
.co s e m
s em 16
l a
g la ag
a For more Question Papers, Sample Papers, Notes & Syllabus visit Page 16 of 20

Chapter 7 Transport Terminal Stations of Transcontinental Railways
Communication and Trade Trans-Siberian, Trans Canadian, Trans-Australian
Railways

Major Sea Ports
Europe: North Cape, London, Hamburg
North America: Vancouver, San Francisco, New Orleans
∙
South America: Rio de Janeiro, Cologne, Valparaiso
Africa: Suez and Cape Town
Asia: Yokohama, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Aden, Karachi,
Kolkata
Australia: Perth, Sydney, Melbourne

Major Airports:
Asia: Tokyo, Beijing, Mumbai, Jeddah, Aden
Africa: Johannesburg & Nairobi
Europe: Moscow, London, Paris, Berlin and Rome
North America: Chicago, New Orleans, Mexico City
South America: Buenos Aires, Santiago
Australia: Darwin and Wellington
Inland Waterways
Suez Canal, Panama Canal, Rhine waterways and St.
Lawrence Seaways

Chapter 8 International Trade Nil

Map Work
Book: India People and Economy
(Map work on locating and labelling of features based on outline
political/physical map of India.)
Chapter Map item (Map present on official website of Govt. of
India should be used)

Chapter 1-Population State with highest population density & state with lowest
Distribution Density, Growth population density (2011)
and Composition

Chapter 2-Human Settlement Nil

Chapter 3-Land Resources Leading producing states of the following crops:
and Agriculture (a) Rice (b) Wheat (c) Cotton (d) Jute (e) Sugarcane (f)
Tea and (g) Coffee

Chapter 4-Water Resources Nil

Chapter 5-Mineral And Energy Mines:
Resources ● Iron-ore mines: Mayurbhanj, Bailadila, Ratnagiri,
Bellary ∙
● Manganese mines: Balaghat, Shimoga

17

For more Question Papers, Sample Papers, Notes & Syllabus visit Page 17 of 20

● Copper mines: Hazaribagh, Singhbhum, Khetari
● Bauxite mines: Katni, Bilaspur and Koraput
● Coal mines: Jharia, Bokaro, Raniganj, Neyveli
● Oil Refineries: Mathura, Jamnager, Barauni

Chapter 6-Planning and Nil
Sustainable Development in
Indian Context

Chapter 7-Transport and Nil
Communication

Chapter 8-International Trade ● Major Sea Ports: Kandla, Mumbai, Marmagao, Kochi,
Mangalore, Tuticorin, Chennai, Vishakhapatnam,
Paradwip, Haldia
● International Airports: Ahmedabad, Mumbai,
Bengaluru, Chennai, Kolkata, Guwahati, Delhi,
Amritsar, Thiruvananthapuram & Hyderabad.

Chapter 9- Nil
Geographical Perspective on
selected issues and problems

Note: The following topics are included in the syllabus but will be assessed only formatively
to reinforce understanding without adding to summative assessments. This reduces
academic stress while ensuring meaningful learning. Schools can integrate these with
existing chapters as they align well. Relevant NCERT textual material is enclosed for
reference.

Book: Fundamentals of Human Geography
1. Population Composition-
 Sex Composition
 Age Structure
 Age Sex Pyramid
 Rural Urban Composition
 Literacy
 Occupation Structure

2. Human Settlements
 Classification of Settlements
 Types and Patterns of Rural Settlement
 Problems of Rural Settlement
 Urban Settlement
 Classification of Urban Settlement (On the basis of population, Occupational Structure
and Administrative Set up)
 Problems of Urban Settlement

18

For more Question Papers, Sample Papers, Notes & Syllabus visit Page 18 of 20

m
m .co

m .co s e m
se g l a
Book- India People and Economy a
1.Migration-
 Types
 Causes
 Consequences

m
.co
Guidelines for External Assessment/ Geography Practical
m
.co m
● A practical file must be prepared by students covering all the topics prescribed in the

m
practical syllabus.
s e
e
● The file should be completely handwritten with a cover page, index page and
s l a
l a
acknowledgment.
g ag
a
● All statistical diagrams and maps should be drawn neatly with appropriate headings,
scale, index etc. Data to draw statistical diagrams can be taken from the NCERT
textbook or Census.
● The practical file will be assessed both by the internal and external examiners at the
time of CBSE practical examinations.
● A written exam of 25 marks will be conducted based on the above given practical
syllabus on the day of the practical examination.
● Viva will be conducted based on practical syllabus only.
 Written Exam - 25 Marks
m
 Practical file- 02 Marks
m .co
 Viva- 03 Marks s e
g la
CLASS XII
NCERT Prescribed Textbook
a
1. Fundamentals of Human Geography
2. India- People and Economy
3. Practical work in Geography- Part II
Links for NCERT textbooks:
1. https://ncert.nic.in/textbook.php?legy1=0-8
m
.co
2. https://ncert.nic.in/textbook.php?legy2=0-9

o m 3. https://ncert.nic.in/textbook.php?legy3=0-
m
. c s e
em 1. The above textbooks are also available in Hindi medium. gla
Note:

las
2. Kindly refer to the latest editions of all NCERT Textbook.a
ag

m .
.co s e m
s em 19
l a
g la ag
a For more Question Papers, Sample Papers, Notes & Syllabus visit Page 19 of 20

QUESTION PAPER DESIGN GEOGRAPHY CLASSES XI-XII

S No. Domains %
1 Remembering and Understanding
Recalling facts, terms, basic concepts, data, and information.
Demonstrate understanding of facts and ideas by organizing, 41
comparing, interpreting, giving descriptions, and stating main ideas.
2 Application
Use a concept in a new situation or unprompted use of abstraction by
applying acquired knowledge, facts, techniques and rules. 37
3 Analysing, Evaluating and Creating
Examine and break information into parts and determine how the parts
relate to one another and/or to an overall structure or purpose by
identifying motives or causes so that its organizational structure may
be understood. Distinguish between facts and inferences. 22
Make inferences and find evidence to support generalisations.
Synthesis: Builds a structure or pattern from diverse elements. Put
parts together to form a whole, with emphasis on creating a new
meaning or structure.
Create: Put elements together to form a new coherent or functional
whole; reorganise elements into a new pattern or structure.

20

For more Question Papers, Sample Papers, Notes & Syllabus visit Page 20 of 20