TS ECET 2024 Syllabus Metallurgical Engineering

MET

TS ECET - 2024
Syllabus for METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

MATHEMATICS (50 Marks)

Unit-I: Matrices

Matrices: Definition of Matrix, Types of matrices-Algebra of matrices-Transpose of a matrix-
Symmetric, skew symmetric matrices-Minor, cofactor of an element-Determinant of a square matrix-
Properties-Laplace‘s expansion-singular and non-singular matrices-Adjoint and multiplicative
inverse of a square matrix-System of linear equations in 3 variables-Solutions by Cramer‘s rule,
Matrix inversion method-Gauss-Jordan method.-Partial Fractions: Resolving a given rational
function into partial fractions. Logarithms: Definition of logarithm and its properties, meaning of ‘e’,
exponential function and logarithmic function.

Unit–II: Trigonometry

Properties of Trigonometric functions– Ratios of Compound angles, multiple angles, sub multiple
angles – Transformations of Products into sum or difference and vice versa. Properties of triangles:
sine rule, cosine rule, tangent rule and projection rule. Solution of a triangle when (i) three sides
(SSS), (ii) two sides and an included angle (SAS), (iii) one side and two angles are given(SAA).
Inverse Trigonometric functions, Hyperbolic functions.
Complex Numbers: Definition of a complex number, Modulus, amplitude and conjugate of complex
number, arithmetic operations on complex numbers - Modulus-Amplitude form (Polar form) - Euler
form (exponential form).

Unit–III: Analytical Geometry

Straight Lines–different forms of Straight Lines, distance of a point from a line, angle between two
lines, intersection of two non-parallel lines and distance between two parallel lines. Circles-Equation
of circle given center and radius, given ends of diameter-General equation- finding center and radius,
center and a point on the circumference, 3 non-collinear points, center and tangent, equation of
tangent and normal at a point on the circle. Conic Section – Properties of parabola, ellipse and
hyperbola – Standard forms with vertex at origin and axis along co-ordinate axes only, simple
problems.

Unit–IV: Differentiation and its Applications

Functions and limits – Standard limits – Differentiation of sum, product, quotient of functions,
function of function, trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, exponential, logarithmic, Hyperbolic
functions, implicit, explicit and parametric functions–Derivative of a function with respect to another
function-Second order derivatives – Geometrical applications of the derivative(angle between

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curves, tangent and normal)–Increasing and decreasing functions–Maxima and Minima(single
variable functions) using second order derivative only physical application – Rate Measure - Partial
Differentiation–Partial derivatives up to second order–Euler’s theorem.

Unit–V: Integration and its Applications

Indefinite Integral – Standard forms – Integration by decomposition of the integrand, integration of
trigonometric, algebraic, exponential, logarithmic and Hyperbolic functions– Integration by
substitution –Integration of reducible and irreducible quadratic factors – Integration by parts–
Definite Integrals and properties, Definite Integral as the limit of a sum – Application of Integration
to find areas under plane curves and volumes of Solids of revolution– Mean and RMS values,
Trapezoidal rule and Simpson’s 1/3 Rule for approximation integrals.

Unit–VI: Differential Equations

Definition of a differential equation-order and degree of a differential equation- formation of
differential equations-solution of differential equation of the type first order first degree, variable-
separable, homogeneous equations, exact, linear differential equation of the form dy/dx+Py=Q,
Bernoulli‘s equation, 2nd order linear differential equations with constant coefficients both
homogeneous and non-homogeneous and finding the Particular Integrals for the functions eax, sin ax,
cos ax, ax2 +bx+c (a,b,c are real numbers).

Unit–VII: Laplace Transforms

Laplace Transforms (LT) of elementary functions-Linearity property, first shifting property, change
of scale property, multiplication by tn and division by t - LT of derivatives and integrals, Unit step
function, LT of unit step function, second shifting property, evaluation of improper integrals, Inverse
Laplace transform (ILT)-shifting theorems, change of scale property, multiplication by sn and
division by s, ILT by using partial fractions and convolution theorem. Applications of LT to solve
linear ordinary differential equations up to second order with initial conditions.

Unit–VIII: Fourier Series

Fourier series, Euler’s formulae over the interval (C, C+2π) for determining the Fourier coefficients.
Fourier series of simple functions in (0, 2π) and (–π, π). Fourier series for even and odd functions in
the interval (–π, π) – Half range Fourier series – sine and cosine series over the interval (0, π).

PHYSICS ( 25 Marks)

Unit-I: UNITS, DIMENSIONS AND MEASUREMENTS

Physical quantity – Fundamental and derived quantities, unit – definitions – system of units –
Advantages of S.I. units.
Dimensions and dimensional formula – definitions, units and dimensional formulae for physical

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quantities, Dimensionless quantities, Principle of homogeneity, Applications of dimensional analysis
– Checking the correctness of physical equations – conversion of unit from one system to another
system – problems on density, force and energy.

Unit-II: VECTORS

Scalar and Vector quantities – definition and examples, representation of a vector, Classification of
vectors - Proper vector, Equal vectors, Unit vector, Negative vector, null vectorand Position vector,
Resolution of avector.
Lami’s theorem, Parallelogram law of vectors – statement- expression for magnitude and direction of
resultant vector –derivation-, Representation of a vector in unit vectors i, j and k. – numerical
problems.
Scalar product of vectors- application to work done by force and power – properties of scalar
product. – Numerical problems.
Vector product of vectors– Right hand thumb rule and righthand screw rule - application to torque -
properties of vector product - Application to area of parallelogram and triangle -numerical problems.

Unit-III: MECHANICS

Concept of Friction - Normal reaction, Angle of friction, Motion of a body over a rough horizontal
surface - expressions for Acceleration, Displacement, Time taken to come to rest - derivations,
inclined plane - Motion of a body over a smooth inclined plane and rough inclined plane–forces
acting on the body -angle of repose, Application of friction – brake systemin bicycle– numerical
problems
Projectile motion – definition – examples, Horizontal projection - Oblique projection, Expression for
path of a projectile in oblique projection –derivation, Maximum height, Time of ascent, Time of
descent, Time of flight, Horizontal range and maximum horizontal range in oblique projection–
derivations, numerical problems
Circular motion – definition of angular displacement, angular velocity, angular acceleration,
frequency and time period, Relation between linear and angular velocity – derivation – related
numerical problems,Central force – examples, Expressions for centripetal and centrifugal forces (no
derivation), Applications of centripetal and centrifugal forces - Banking of roads and its expression,
bending of cyclist and principle of centrifuge - related numerical problems.

Unit-IV: PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Elasticity – Elastic body –definition - examples, Stress and Strain – definitions and expressions,
types of stress and strain, elastic limit - Hooke’s law – statement – modulus of elasticity, significance
of stress and strain curve -Young’s modulus – Derivation, numerical problems.
Surface tension - Capillarity –angle of contact – definition- examples for capillarity- Formula for
Surface tension based on capillarity (no derivation), effect of temperature and impurity on surface
tension, applications and illustrations of surface tension, numerical problems.
Viscosity - Newton’s formula for viscous force – derivation - Coefficient of viscosity - Poiseuille’s
equation (formula only), Effect of temperature on viscosity of liquids and gases, applications of
viscosity, numerical problems.
Concept of fluid motion –streamline and turbulent flow,Reynold’s number, equation of continuity,
Bernoulli’s theorem (only formula) and applications - related problems.

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Unit-V: CONSERVATION LAWS AND ENERGYSOURCES

Work, Power and Energy – explanation, Potential Energy and Kinetic energy–examples – expressions
for Potential energy and Kinetic energy– derivations, Work-Energy theorem – derivation, Law of
conservation of energy – examples, Law of conservation of energy in the case of freely falling body
– proof – Illustration of conservation of energy in the case of simple pendulum, related problems

Unit-VI: HEAT

Heat – thermal expansion of solids – Coefficients of expansions, Boyle’s law – statement, concept of
absolute zero - Absolute scale of temperature, Charles’ laws, Ideal gas equation – derivation - value
of universal gas constant ‘R’, Gas equation in terms of density, Isothermal and Adiabatic processes -
Differences between isothermal and adiabatic processes, Internal energy and External work done,
Expression for work done – derivation, first law of thermodynamics –application of first law to
isothermal and adiabatic processes, second law of thermodynamics, specific heats of a gas, related
numerical problems.

Unit-VII: SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

Periodic motion - Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)– definition – examples, Conditions for SHM,
Time period, frequency, amplitude and phase of a particle in SHM, Expressions for Displacement,
Velocity, Acceleration, Time period and frequency of a particle executing SHM – derivations,
Ideal simple pendulum – time period of simple pendulum –derivation, laws of simple pendulum,
Second’s pendulum- related numerical problems

Unit-VIII: SOUND

Stationary waves, beats - applications of beats, echo –definition - applications - relation between
time of echo and distance of obstacle,
Doppler effect in sound (no derivation, formulae only) – list the applications – ultrasound and radar
in medicine and engineering- –derivation- Reverberation and time of reverberation - Sabine’s
formula - Free and forced vibrations - Resonance - Conditions of good auditorium, noise pollution –
causes, effects and methods to minimize noise pollution, related numerical problems.

Unit-IX: MAGNETISM AND ELECTRICITY

Basics of magnetism, Coulomb’s inverse square law in magnetism, moment of couple on a bar
magnet placed in a uniform magnetic field – derivation, expression for magnetic induction field
strength at a point on the axial line of a bar magnet –derivation,
Kirchhoff’s laws in electricity, Wheatstone bridge – balancing condition, application of Wheatstone
bridge –Meter bridge,
Concept of electromagnetic induction - self-induction and mutual induction, Faraday’s Laws, Lenz’s
law, principle and working of transformer-types of transformers, types of magnetic materials – dia,
para and ferromagnetic materials, related numerical problems.

Unit-X: OPTICS

Light theories-dual nature, reflection, refraction, and interference,
Photo electric effect - Einstein’s photo electric equation – Work function and threshold frequency -
laws of photo electric effect - applications of photo electric effect – photo cell.

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Unit-XI: MODERN PHYSICS

LASER – definition, Spontaneous emission and Stimulated emission –principle and working of
LASER, characteristics of LASER- types of LASER, applications of LASER,
Total internal reflection, critical angle, conditions for total internal reflection, Principle and working
of Optical fiber –types- Applications of optical fiber –
Nanotechnology, nano particles and nano materials-applications and devices, Superconductivity-
basic concept-applications of Superconductors.

Unit-XII: SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS

Energy bands in solids- valence band- conduction band – forbidden gap – Energy band diagram of
conductors, insulators and semiconductors – concept of Fermi level - Intrinsic semiconductors -
examples - Concept of holes in semiconductors - Doping - Extrinsic semiconductors - P-type and N-
type semiconductors, PN Junction diode – Forward Biasing and Reverse Biasing - Volt-Ampere (V-
I) characteristics - Applications of PN diode - Diode as rectifier (half wave rectifier), Light Emitting
Diode – principle and working, solar cell – principle and working.

CHEMISTRY (25 Marks)

UNIT-I: FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMISTRY

Atomic Structure: Introduction – Atomic number – Mass number- Isotopes and Isobars - Bohr's Atomic
Theory - Orbitals - Shapes of s, p and d orbitals – Aufbau principle - Hund's rule - Pauli's exclusion
principle - Electronic configuration of elements.
Chemical Bonding: Introduction – Electronic theory of valency - Types of chemical bonds - Ionic,
Covalent, Co-ordinate covalent, Metallic and Hydrogen bonds with examples - Properties of Ionic and
Covalent compounds - Types of Hydrogen bonds – Effect of hydrogen bonding on physical properties.
Oxidation-Reduction: Electronic concept of Oxidation, Reduction - Oxidation Number - Calculations.

UNIT-II: SOLUTIONS AND COLLOIDS

Introduction - Solution – Solubility - Classification of solutions based on physical state- Atomic weight,
Molecular weight, Equivalent weight - Mole concept – Molarity and Normality - Numerical problems on
mole, molarity and normality – Colloids - Types of colloids - Lyophilic and Lyophobic colloids –
Protective colloids - Gold number - Properties of colloids - Industrial applications of colloids.

UNIT-III: ACIDS AND BASES

Introduction - Theories of acids and bases and limitations - Arrhenius theory - Bronsted -Lowry theory -
Lewis’s acid base theory - Ionic product of water - pH and related numerical problems - Buffer solutions-
buffer action - Applications of buffer solutions- Ostwald’s theory of indicators.

UNIT-IV: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

Introduction - Environment - Scope and importance of environmental studies - Important terms - Concept

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of ecosystem - Producers, consumers and decomposers - Food chain - Food web - Carbon and nitrogen
cycles - Biodiversity, definition and threats to Biodiversity - Forest resources - Deforestation – Green
Chemistry – E-waste – Management of e-waste.

UNIT-V: WATER TECHNOLOGY

Introduction - Soft and hard water - Causes of hardness – Types of hardness - Disadvantages of hard
water using in industries - Degree of hardness - Softening methods - Permutit process and Ion exchange
process - Drinking water - Municipal treatment of water for drinking purpose – Osmosis and Reverse
Osmosis - Advantages of Reverse Osmosis – Desalination by Electro dialysis – Defluoridation –
Nalgonda Technique.

UNIT-VI: ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Conductors, insulators, electrolytes – Types of electrolytes - Arrhenius theory of electrolytic dissociation
- Electrolysis – Electrolysis of fused NaCl and aqueous NaCl –Applications of electrolysis - Faraday's
laws of electrolysis - Numerical problems.

UNIT-VII : METALLURGY

Characteristics of metals - Distinguish between metals and non-metals - Mineral, Ore, Gangue, Flux,
Slag - Concentration of ore - Construction and operation of Reverberatory furnace and Blast furnace -
Methods of extraction of crude metal - Roasting, Calcination and Smelting – Alloys - Purpose of making
alloys - Composition and uses of Brass, German Silver, Nichrome, Stainless Steel and Duralumin.

UNIT–VIII: CORROSION

Corrosion - Factors influencing the rate of corrosion – Dry and wet theories of corrosion – Composition
cell, Stress cell and Concentration cell - Rusting of iron and its mechanism - Prevention of corrosion –
Protective coatings - Cathodic protection - Paint – Constituents of paint – Functions of constituents of
paint.

UNIT–IX: POLYMERS

Polymers - Polymerization - Types of polymerizations – Addition polymerization and Condensation
polymerization - Plastics - Types of plastics - Advantages of plastics over traditional materials -
Disadvantages of using plastics - Preparation and uses of the some plastics; 1. Polythene 2. PVC 3.
Teflon 4. Polystyrene 5. Urea formaldehyde 6. Bakelite - Compounding and moulding of plastics –
Natural rubber – Vulcanization of natural rubber - Elastomers – Preparation and uses of Butyl rubber,
Buna-S rubber and Neoprene rubber - Fibres - Preparation and uses of Nylon 6,6 and Polyester
(Polyethylene terephthalate) - Biodegradable polymers and their general applications.

UNIT–X: FUELS AND LUBRICANTS

Definition and classification of fuels - Characteristics of good fuels - Calorific value - HCV and LCV -
Calculation of oxygen required for combustion of methane and ethane – Preparation method,

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composition, calorific value, and uses of some gaseous fuels; a) CNG b) LPG c) Water gas, d) Producer
gas, e) Coal gas, and f) Bio gas – Explosives – Classification of explosives – Applications of explosives –
Lubricants – Classification and functions of lubricants.

UNIT-XI: ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL AND BATTERIES

Galvanic cell - Standard electrode potential - Reference electrodes - Types of reference electrodes -
Electro chemical series - EMF of cells and batteries -Types of batteries - Fuel cells.

UNIT–XII: ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Introduction - Classification of air pollutants based on origin and physical state of matter - Air pollution –
Causes, effects and controlling methods of air pollution - Water pollution – Causes, effects and
controlling methods of water pollution – Soil pollution – Causes of soil pollution – General effects of soil
pollution - Controlling methods of soil pollution – Carbon Trading - Causes and effects - Control
measures.

METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING (100 Marks)

UNIT I: MINERAL PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY:

Introduction to metallurgy – ores & ore dressing, Methods of ore sampling – Comminution–sizing-
classification, concentration - Minerals of commercially important metals.

UNIT II: FUELS & REFRACTORIES:

Classification of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels – Testing and properties of important fuels-
Manufacture and characteristics of Metallurgical Coke – Gasification of solid fuels - Combustion of
fuels – Properties, manufacture and selection of Refractories.

UNIT III: METALLURGICAL THERMODYNAMICS:

Introduction and applications of thermodynamics – First Law of thermodynamics - Thermo
chemistry - Second Law of thermodynamics - Ellingham diagrams - Fugacity, activity and
equilibrium constant - Phase equilibria – Solutions.

UNIT IV: PHYSICAL METALLURGY:

Structure of Metals and Alloys – Solidification – Binary thermal equilibrium diagrams - Iron- carbon
diagram - important non- ferrous binary alloy systems – Microscopic and macroscopic examination
of metals and alloys.

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UNIT V: HEAT TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY:

Heat treatment of plain carbon steels - Annealing, Normalizing, Hardening and tempering of steels –
TTT diagrams – Hardenability - Grain size, Quenching media. Alloy steels & Effect of alloying
elements on plain carbon steels – Stainless steels, tool steels – Case hardening techniques. Special
heat treatment techniques such as Austempering, Martempering, sub-zero treatment - Heat treatment
of Non-ferrous metals and alloys – Age hardening – Heat treatment defects.

UNIT VI: FERROUS EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY:

Iron ores and preparation of iron ores – Burden distribution – Blast furnace profile - Blast furnace
plant and equipment – blast furnace reactions - irregularities and recent trends - sponge iron &
methods of production – Ferroalloys – types and applications. Steel making by Bessemer, LD,
Kaldo, Oxygen Lime (LDAC) process, Open hearth and Electric furnaces – Secondary steel making
process – Vacuum treatment of liquid steel - Ingot defects - Continuous casting.

UNIT VII: NON-FERROUS EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY:

Extraction of copper – Pyro and hydrometallurgical methods & refining – Aluminum - Extraction,
Anode effect, Refining - Zinc and Lead - Pyro and hydrometallurgical extraction and refining.
Extraction of Magnesium by Dows and pidgeon processes - Extraction of Titanium by Kroll‘s
process - Refining of Titanium by Van arkell‘s process-Extraction of Thorium and Zirconium.

UNIT VIII: MATERIAL TESTING:

Tension test. Stress - strain relationships, necking phenomenon. Hardness tests - principles and types.
Impact testing - Notched bar impact tests. Transition temperature. Fatigue, Stress cycles, S-N
diagram, Factors affecting Fatigue. Creep testing - creep curve, Stress - rupture test. Non- destructive
testing- Principles, methods and applications of liquid penetrant, Radiography and Ultrasonic
Magnetic particle.

UNIT IX: MECHANICAL METALLURGY:

Plastic deformation of metals – lattice defects – Slip and Twinning - CRSS –Strengthening
mechanisms. Strain hardening - Hot and Cold working - Recovery, recrystallisation and grain
growth. Metal forming processes - Rolling, Forging, Extrusion & Sheet metal forming processes and
defects.

UNIT X: FOUNDRY TECHNOLOGY:

Patterns: Types, materials and pattern allowances, Moulding Sands - properties and
Testing, Moulding Processes and equipment: Sand casting, Die casting, Shell moulding, Centrifugal

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casting, Investment casting and CO2 process-Cores: Types of Cores and properties, pouring and
feeding of castings. Cast irons – types, Melting of cast irons - Grey, S.G and Malleable iron.
Aluminum, Copper and Steel Foundry practices. Defects in Castings. Cleaning & Salvage of
Castings.

UNIT XI: WELDING TECHNOLOGY:

Basic concepts of Welding - Principles and processes of various welding techniques such as Oxy-
acetylene, Shield Arc welding, Inert gas welding- TIG and MIG - Special welding processes -
Plasma, resistance, electro slag, electron beam, thermit and Laser. Weld ability, factors affecting
weld ability – Heat affected zone, Microstructure – Post weld treatments – Welding defects –
Inspection and testing.

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