TS ECET 2024 Syllabus Pharmacy

PHM

TS ECET-2024
Syllabus for PHARMACY

PHARMACOGNOSY (50 Marks)

UNIT-I
 Definition, history, present status and scope of Pharmacognosy
 Classification of drugs:
Alphabetical
Taxonomical
Morphological
Pharmacological
Chemical
Chemo-taxonomical
 Quality control of crude drugs:
Different methods of adulteration of crude drugs
Evaluation of crude drugs
 Brief outline of occurrence, distribution, isolation, identification tests, therapeutic activity
and pharmaceutical applications of alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, volatile oils, tannins
and resins.

UNIT-II
 Biological source, chemical constituents and therapeutic efficacy of the following
categories of crude drugs.

Laxatives Aloe, Castor oil, Ispaghula, Senna
Cardiotonic Digitalis, Arjuna
Carminatives and G.I Coriander, Fennel, Cardamom, Ginger, Clove, Black Pepper,
regulators Asafoetida, Nutmeg, Cinnamon
Astringents Myrobalan, Black Catechu, Pale Catechu
Drugs acting on Hyoscyamus, Belladonna, Ephedra, Opium, Tea leaves, Coffee
nervous system seeds, Coca
Anti-hypertensive Rauwolfia
Anti-tussive Vasaka, Tolu Balsam
Anti-rheumatics Colchicum seed

Anti-tumour Vinca, Podophyllum
Antidiabetics Pterocarpus, Gymnema
Diuretics Gokhru, Punarnava
Anti-dysenteric Ipecacuanha
Antiseptics and Benzoin, Myrrh, Neem, Turmeric
disinfectants

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Antimalarials Cinchona, Artemisia
Oxytocic Ergot
Vitamins Cod liver oil, Shark liver oil
Enzymes Papaya, Diastase, Pancreatin, Yeast
Pharmaceutical Aids Kaolin, Lanolin, Beeswax, Acacia, Tragacanth, Sodium alginate,
Agar, Guar gum, Gelatine
Miscellaneous Squill, Galls, Ashwagandha, Tulsi, Guggul.

UNIT-III
 Plant fibres used as surgical dressings: Cotton, silk, wool
and regenerated fibres
Sutures – Surgical Catgut and Ligatures
 Basic principles involved in the traditional systems of medicine like: Ayurveda, Siddha,
Unani and Homeopathy
● Method of preparation of Ayurvedic formulations like:Arista, Asava,
Gutika, Taila, Churna, Lehya and Bhasma
 Role of medicinal and aromatic plants in national economy and their export potential
 Herbs as health food:
Brief introduction and therapeutic applications of:
Nutraceuticals, Antioxidants, Pro-biotics, Pre-biotics, Dietary fibres,
Omega-3-fatty acids, Spirulina, Carotenoids, Soy and Garlic
● Introduction to herbal formulations
 Herbal cosmetics:
Sources, chemical constituents, commercial preparations, therapeutic
and cosmetic uses of: Aloe vera gel, Almond oil, Lavender oil, Olive
oil, Rosemary oil, Sandal Wood oil
 Phytochemical investigation of drugs

UNIT-IV
Introduction to Social Pharmacy
 Definition and Scope. Social Pharmacy as a discipline and its scope in improving the public
health. Role of Pharmacists in Public Health.
 Concept of Health -WHO Definition, various dimensions, determinants, and health
indicators.
 National Health Policy – Indian perspective
 Public and Private Health System in India, National Health Mission Introduction to
Millennium Development Goals, Sustainable Development Goals, FIP Development Goals
Preventive healthcare – Role of Pharmacists in the following
 Demography and Family Planning
 Mother and child health, importance of breastfeeding, ill effects of
infant milk substitutes and bottle feeding
 Overview of Vaccines, types of immunity and immunization

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 Effect of Environment on Health – Water pollution, importance of safe drinking water,
waterborne diseases, air pollution, noise pollution, sewage and solid waste disposal,
occupational illnesses, Environmental pollution due to pharmaceuticals
 Psychosocial Pharmacy: Drugs of misuse and abuse – psychotropics, narcotics, alcohol,
tobacco products. Social Impact of these habits on social health and productivity and
suicidal behaviours

UNIT-V
 Nutrition and Health
 Basics of nutrition – Macronutrients and Micronutrients
 Importance of water and fibres in diet (1)
 Balanced diet, Malnutrition, nutrition deficiency diseases, ill effects of junk foods,
calorific and nutritive values of various foods, fortification of food (3)
 Introduction to food safety, adulteration of foods, effects of artificial ripening, use of
pesticides, genetically modified foods
 Dietary supplements, nutraceuticals, food supplements– indications, benefits, Drug-Food
Interactions
 Introduction to health systems and all ongoing National Health programs in India, their
objectives, functioning, outcome, and the role of pharmacists.
 Pharmacoeconomics – Introduction, basic terminologies, importance of
pharmacoeconomics

UNIT-VI
 Introduction to Microbiology and common microorganisms

Epidemiology: Introduction to epidemiology, and its applications. Understanding of
terms such as epidemic, pandemic, endemic, mode of transmission, outbreak, quarantine,
isolation, incubation period, contact tracing, morbidity, mortality

Causative agents, epidemiology and clinical presentations and Role of Pharmacists in
educating the public in prevention of the following communicable diseases:

 Respiratory infections – chickenpox, measles, rubella, mumps, influenza (including
Avian-Flu, H1N1, SARS, MERS, COVID-19), diphtheria, whooping cough,
meningococcal meningitis, acute respiratory infections, tuberculosis, Ebola
 Intestinal infections – poliomyelitis, viral hepatitis, cholera, acute diarrheal diseases,
typhoid, amebiasis, worm infestations, food poisoning
 Arthropod-borne infections - dengue, malaria, filariasis and, chikungunya
 Surface infections – trachoma, tetanus, leprosy
 STDs, HIV/AIDS

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UNIT-VII

Hospital Pharmacy
 Definition, scope, national and international scenario
 Organisational structure
 Professional responsibilities, Qualification and experience requirements, job
specifications, work load requirements and inter professional relationships
 Good Pharmacy Practice (GPP) in hospital
 Hospital Pharmacy Standards (FIP Basel Statements, AHSP)
 Introduction to NAQS guidelines and NABH Accreditation and Role of Pharmacists
Different Committees in the Hospital
 Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee - Objectives, Composition, and functions
 Hospital Formulary - Definition, procedure for development and use of hospital
formulary
 Infection Control Committee – Role of Pharmacist in preventing Antimicrobial
Resistance

UNIT-VIII
Supply Chain and Inventory Control
 Preparation of Drug lists - High Risk drugs, Emergency drugs, Schedule H1 drugs,
NDPS drugs, reserved antibiotics
 Procedures of Drug Purchases – Drug selection, short term, long term, and tender/e-
tender process, quotations, etc.
 Inventory control techniques: Economic Order Quantity, Reorder Quantity Level,
Inventory Turnover etc.
 Inventory Management of Central Drug Store – Storage conditions, Methods of storage,
Distribution, Maintaining Cold Chain, Devices used for cold storage (Refrigerator, ILR,
Walk-in-Cold rooms)
 FEFO, FIFO methods
 Expiry drug removal and handling, and disposal. Disposal of Narcotics, cytotoxic drugs
 Documentation - purchase and inventory
Drug distribution
 Drug distribution (in- patients and out - patients) – Definition, advantages and
disadvantages of individual prescription order method, Floor Stock Method, Unit Dose
Drug Distribution Method, Drug Basket Method.
 Distribution of drugs to ICCU/ICU/NICU/Emergency wards.
 Automated drug dispensing systems and devices
 Distribution of Narcotic and Psychotropic substances and their storage

UNIT-IX

 Compounding in Hospitals. Bulk compounding, IV admixture services and
incompatibilities, Total parenteral nutrition
 Radio Pharmaceuticals - Storage, dispensing and disposal of radiopharmaceuticals

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 Application of computers in Hospital Pharmacy Practice, Electronic health records,
Softwares used in hospital pharmacy

Pharmacovigilance
 Definition, aim and scope
 Overview of Pharmacovigilance
 Medication errors: Definition, types, consequences, and strategies to minimize
medication errors, LASA drugs and Tallman lettering as per ISMP
 Drug Interactions: Definition, types, clinical significance of drug interactions

UNIT-X

 Clinical Pharmacy: Definition, scope, and development – in India and other countries
Technical definitions, common terminologies used in clinical settings
and their significance such as Paediatrics, Geriatric, Anti-natal Care,
Post-natal Care, etc.

 Daily activities of clinical pharmacists: Definition, goal, and procedure of
Ward round participation
Treatment Chart Review
Adverse drug reaction monitoring
Drug information and poisons information
Medication history
Patient counselling
Interprofessional collaboration

 Pharmaceutical care: Definition, classification of drug related problems. Principles and
procedure to provide pharmaceuticalcare

 Medication Therapy Management, Home Medication Review

UNIT-XI

 Clinical laboratory tests used in the evaluation of disease states -
significance and interpretation of test results
Haematological, Liver function, Renal function, thyroid function tests
Tests associated with cardiac disorders
Fluid and electrolyte balance
Pulmonary Function Tests
 Poisoning: Types of poisoning: Clinical manifestations and Antidotes
 Drugs and Poison Information Centre and their services –
Definition, Requirements, Information resources with examples and
their advantages and disadvantages

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PHARMACOLOGY (50 Marks)

UNIT-I
General Pharmacology
 Introduction and scope of Pharmacology
 Various routes of drug administration - advantages and disadvantages
 Drug absorption - definition, types, factors affecting drug absorption
 Bioavailability and the factors affecting bioavailability
 Drug distribution - definition, factors affecting drug distribution
 Biotransformation of drugs - Definition, types of biotransformation reactions, factors
influencing drug metabolisms
 Excretion of drugs - Definition, routes of drug excretion
 General mechanisms of drug action and factors modifying drug action

UNIT-II
Drugs Acting on the Peripheral Nervous System
 Steps involved in neurohumoral transmission

Definition, classification, pharmacological actions, dose, indications, and
contraindications of
 Cholinergic drugs
 Anti-Cholinergic drugs
 Adrenergic drugs
 Anti-adrenergic drugs
 Neuromuscular blocking agents
 Drugs used in Myasthenia gravis
 Local anaesthetic agents
 Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

UNIT-III
Drugs Acting on the Eye
Definition, classification, pharmacological actions, dose, indications and contraindications
of
 Miotics
 Mydriatics
 Drugs used in Glaucoma
Drugs Acting on the Kidney
Definition, classification, pharmacological actions, dose, indications, and contraindications
of
 Diuretics
 Anti-Diuretics

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UNIT-IV
Drugs Acting on the Central Nervous System
Definition, classification, pharmacological actions, dose, indications, and contraindications
of
 General anaesthetics
 Hypnotics and sedatives
 Anti-Convulsant drugs
 Anti-anxiety drugs
 Anti-depressant drugs
 Anti-psychotics
 Nootropic agents
 Centrally acting muscle relaxants
 Opioid analgesics

UNIT-V
Drugs Acting on the Cardiovascular System
Definition, classification, pharmacological actions, dose, indications, and contraindications
of
 Anti-hypertensive drugs
 Anti-anginal drugs
 Anti-arrhythmic drugs
 Drugs used in atherosclerosis and
 Congestive heart failure
 Drug therapy for shock

Drugs Acting on Blood and Blood Forming Organs
Definition, classification, pharmacological actions, dose, indications
and contraindications of
 Hematinic agents
 Anti-coagulants
 Anti-platelet agents
 Thrombolytic drugs

UNIT-VI
Definition, classification, pharmacological actions, dose, indications, and
contraindications of
 Bronchodilators
 Expectorants
 Anti-tussive agents
 Mucolytic agents

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Drugs Acting on the Gastro Intestinal Tract
Definition, classification, pharmacological actions, dose, indications, and contraindications
of
 Anti-ulcer drugs
 Anti-emetics
 Laxatives and purgatives
 Anti-diarrheal drugs

UNIT-VII
Hormones and Hormone Antagonists
Physiological and pathological role and clinical uses of
 Thyroid hormones
 Anti-thyroid drugs
 Parathormone
 Calcitonin
 Vitamin D
 Insulin
 Oral hypoglycemic agents
 Estrogen
 Progesterone
 Oxytocin
 Corticosteroids
Autocoids
 Physiological role of Histamine, 5 HT and Prostaglandins
 Classification, clinical uses, and adverse effects of antihistamines and 5 HT antagonists
Biologicals : Definition, types, and indications of biological agents with examples

UNIT-VIII
Chemotherapeutic Agents:
Introduction, basic principles of chemotherapy of infections, infestations and neoplastic
diseases, Classification, dose, indication and contraindications of drugs belonging to
following classes:
 Penicillins
 Cephalosporins
 Aminoglycosides
 Fluoroquinolones
 Macrolides
 Tetracyclines
 Sulphonamides
 Anti-tubercular drugs
 Anti-fungal drugs

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 Anti-viral drugs
 Anti-amoebic agents
 Anthelmintics
 Anti-malarial agents
 Anti-neoplastic agents

UNIT-IX
Pharmacotherapeutics – Introduction, scope, and objectives. Rational use of Medicines,
Evidence Based Medicine, Essential Medicines List, Standard Treatment Guidelines (STGs)

UNIT-X
 Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non pharmacological and
pharmacological management of the diseases
associated with
Cardiovascular System
 Hypertension
 Angina and Myocardial infarction
 Hyperlipidaemia
 Congestive Heart Failure
Respiratory System
 Asthma
 COPD
Endocrine System
 Diabetes
 Thyroid disorders - Hypo and Hyperthyroidism
Central Nervous System
 Epilepsy
 Parkinson’s disease
 Alzheimer’s disease
 Stroke
 Migraine

UNIT-XI
Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non pharmacological and
pharmacological management of the diseases associated with
Gastro Intestinal Disorders
 Gastro oesophageal reflux disease
 Peptic Ulcer Disease
 Alcoholic liver disease
 Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis)
Haematological disorders
 Iron deficiency anaemia
 Megaloblastic anaemia

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Infectious diseases
 Tuberculosis
 Pneumonia
 Urinary tract infections
 Hepatitis
 Gonorrhoea and Syphilis
 Malaria
 HIV and Opportunistic infections
 Viral Infections (SARS, CoV2)

UNIT-XII
Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, non pharmacological and
pharmacological management of the diseases associated with
Musculoskeletal disorders
 Rheumatoid arthritis
 Osteoarthritis
Dermatology
 Psoriasis
 Scabies
 Eczema
Psychiatric Disorders
 Depression
 Anxiety
 Psychosis
Ophthalmology
 Conjunctivitis (bacterial and viral)
 Glaucoma
Anti-microbial Resistance (m) Women’s Health
 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
 Dysmenorrhea
 Premenstrual Syndrome

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PHARMACEUTICS (50 Marks)

UNIT I
 History of the profession of Pharmacy in India in relation to Pharmacy education,
industry, pharmacy practice, and various professional associations.
 Pharmacy as a career
 Pharmacopoeia: Introduction to IP, BP, USP, NF and Extra Pharmacopoeia. Salient
features of Indian Pharmacopoeia
 Packaging materials: Types, selection criteria, advantages and disadvantages of glass,
plastic, metal, rubber as packaging materials
 Pharmaceutical aids: Organoleptic (Colouring, flavouring, and sweetening) agents
 Preservatives: Definition, types with examples and uses

UNIT II
Unit operations: Definition, objectives/applications, principles, construction, and workings
of:
 Size reduction: hammer mill and ball mill
 Size separation: Classification of powders according to IP,
Cyclone separator, Sieves and standards of sieves
 Mixing: Double cone blender, Turbine mixer, Triple roller mill and
Silverson mixer homogenizer
 Filtration: Theory of filtration, membrane filter and sintered
glass filter
 Drying: Working of fluidized bed dryer and process of
freeze drying
 Extraction: Definition, Classification, method, and applications

UNIT III
 Tablets – coated and uncoated, various modified tablets
(sustained release, extended-release, fast dissolving, multi-layered, etc.)
 Capsules - hard and soft gelatine capsules
 Liquid oral preparations - solution, syrup, elixir, emulsion, suspension, dry powder for
reconstitution
 Topical preparations - ointments, creams, pastes, gels, liniments and lotions,
suppositories, and pessaries
 Nasal preparations, Ear preparations
 Powders and granules - Insufflations, dusting powders, effervescent powders, and
effervescent granules
 Sterile formulations – Injectables, eye drops and eye ointments
 Immunological products: Sera, vaccines, toxoids, and their manufacturing methods.

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UNIT IV
 Basic structure, layout, sections, and activities of pharmaceutical manufacturing plants
 Quality control and quality assurance: Definition and concepts of quality control and
quality assurance, current good manufacturing practice (cGMP), Introduction to the
concept of calibration and validation
 Novel drug delivery systems: Introduction, Classification with examples, advantages, and
challenges

UNIT V
Community Pharmacy Practice – Definition, history and
development of community pharmacy - International and Indian
scenarios
 Professional responsibilities of community pharmacists
 Introduction to the concept of Good Pharmacy Practice and SOPs.
Prescription and prescription handling
 Definition, parts of prescriptions, legality of prescriptions, prescription handling,
labelling of dispensed medications (Main label, ancillary label, pictograms), brief
instructions on medication usage
 Dispensing process, Good Dispensing Practices, dispensing errors and strategies to
minimize them

UNIT VI
Patient counselling
 Definition and benefits of patient counselling
 Stages of patient counselling - Introduction, counselling content, counselling process and
closing the counselling session
 Barriers to effective counselling - Types and strategies to overcome the barriers
 Patient counselling points for chronic diseases/disorders - Hypertension, Diabetes,
Asthma, Tuberculosis, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and AIDS
 Patient Package Inserts - Definition, importance and benefits, Scenarios of PPI use in
India and other countries
 Patient Information leaflets - Definition and uses

UNIT VII
Medication Adherence
 Definition, factors influencing non- adherence, strategies to overcome
non-adherence

Health Screening Services in Community Pharmacy
 Introduction, scope, and importance of various health screening
services - for routine monitoring of patients, early detection, and
referral of undiagnosed cases
Over The Counter (OTC) Medications
 Definition, need and role of Pharmacists in OTC medication
dispensing

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 OTC medications in India, counselling for OTC products
 Self-medication and role of pharmacists in promoting the safe
practices during self-medication
 Responding to symptoms, minor ailments, and advice for self-care in conditions such as -
Pain management, Cough, Cold, Diarrhoea, Constipation, Vomiting, Fever, Sore throat,
Skin disorders, Oral health (mouth ulcers, dental pain, gum swelling)

UNIT VIII
Community Pharmacy Management
 Legal requirements to set up a community pharmacy
 Site selection requirements
 Pharmacy designs and interiors
 Vendor selection and ordering
 Procurement, inventory control methods, and inventory management
 Financial planning and management
 Accountancy in community pharmacy – Day book, Cash book
 Introduction to pharmacy operation soft wares – usefulness and availability
 Customer Relation Management (CRM)
 Audits in Pharmacies
 SOP of Pharmacy Management
 Introduction to Digital Health, mHealth and Online pharmacies

UNIT IX
 General Principles of Law, History and various Acts related to Drugs and Pharmacy
profession
 Pharmacy Act-1948 and Rules: Objectives, Definitions, Pharmacy Council of India; its
constitution and functions, Education Regulations, State and Joint state pharmacy
councils, Registration of Pharmacists, Offences and Penalties.

 Pharmacy Practice Regulations 2015
 Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940 and Rules 1945 and New Amendments

Objectives, Definitions, Legal definitions of schedules to the Act and
Rules Import of drugs – Classes of drugs and cosmetics prohibited
from import, Import under license or permit.

 Manufacture of drugs – Prohibition of manufacture and sale of certain drugs,
Conditions for grant of license and conditions of license for manufacture of drugs,
Manufacture of drugs for test, examination and analysis, manufacture of new drug, loan
license and repacking license.
Study of schedule C and C1, G, H, H1, K, P, M, N, and X.
 Sale of Drugs – Wholesale, Retail sale and Restricted license, Records
to be kept in a pharmacy
Drugs Prohibited for manufacture and sale in India
 Administration of the Act and Rules – Drugs Technical Advisory

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Board, Central Drugs Laboratory, Drugs Consultative Committee,
Government analysts, licensing authorities, controlling authorities,
Drug Inspectors.

UNIT X
 Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act 1985 and Rules Objectives,
Definitions, Authorities and Officers, Prohibition, Control and Regulation, Offences and
Penalties.
 Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act 1954 Objectives,
Definitions, Prohibition of certain advertisements, Classes of Exempted advertisements,
Offences and Penalties.
 Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act-1960: Objectives, Definitions, CPCSEA - brief
overview, Institutional Animal Ethics Committee, Breeding and Stocking of Animals,
Performance of Experiments, Transfer and Acquisition of animals for experiment,
Records, Power to suspend or revoke registration, Offences and Penalties.

UNIT XI
 Poisons Act-1919: Introduction, objective, definition, possession, possession for sales
and sale of any poison, import of poisons
 FSSAI (Food Safety and Standards Authority of India) Act and Rules: brief
overview and aspects related to manufacture, storage, sale, and labelling of Food
Supplements
 National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority: Drugs Price Control Order (DPCO) -
2013. Objectives, Definitions, Sale prices of bulk drugs, Retail price of formulations,
Retail price and ceiling price of scheduled formulations, Pharmaceutical Policy 2002,
National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM)
 Code of Pharmaceutical Ethics: Definition, ethical principles, ethical problem solving,
registration, code of ethics for Pharmacist in relation to his job, trade, medical profession
and his profession, Pharmacist’s oath.

UNIT XII
 Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act and Rules – basic understanding, salient
features, and Amendments
 Role of all the government pharma regulator bodies – Central Drugs Standards
Control Organization (CDSCO), Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC)
 Good Regulatory practices (documentation, licenses, renewals, e-governance) in
Community Pharmacy, Hospital pharmacy, Pharma Manufacturing, Wholesale business,
inspections, import, export of drugs and medical devices
 Introduction to BCS system of classification, Basic concepts of Clinical Trials, ANDA,
NDA, New Drug development, New Drugs and Clinical Trials Rules, 2019. Brand v/s
Generic, Trade name concept, Introduction to Patent Law and Intellectual Property
Rights, Emergency Use Authorization
 Blood bank – basic requirements and functions
 Clinical Establishment Act and Rules – Aspects related to Pharmacy

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UNIT -XIII
 Biomedical Waste Management Rules 2016 – Basic aspects, and aspects related to
pharma manufacture to disposal of pharma / medical waste at homes, pharmacies, and
hospitals
 Bioethics - Basic concepts, history and principles. Brief overview of ICMR’s National
Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical and Health Research involving human participants
 Introduction to the Consumer Protection Act
 Introduction to the Disaster Management Act
 Medical Devices – Categorization, basic aspects related to
manufacture and sale

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PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY (50 Marks)

UNIT –I

 Introduction to Pharmaceutical chemistry: Scope and objectives
 Sources and types of errors: Accuracy, precision, significant figures
 Impurities in Pharmaceuticals: Source and effect of impurities in
Pharmacopoeial substances, importance of limit test, Principle and procedures of Limit
tests for chlorides, sulphates, iron, heavy metals and arsenic.
 Volumetric analysis: Fundamentals of volumetric analysis, Acid-base titration, non-
aqueous titration, precipitation titration, complexometric titration, redox titration
 Gravimetric analysis: Principle and method.

UNIT -II
Inorganic Pharmaceuticals: Pharmaceutical formulations, market preparations,
storage conditions and uses of

 Haematinics: Ferrous sulphate, Ferrous fumarate, Ferric ammonium citrate, Ferrous
ascorbate, Carbonyl iron
 Gastro-intestinal Agents: Antacids: Aluminium hydroxide gel,
Magnesium hydroxide, Magaldrate, Sodium bicarbonate, Calcium Carbonate
 Acidifying agents, Adsorbents, Protectives, Cathartics
 Topical agents: Silver Nitrate, Ionic Silver, Chlorhexidine Gluconate, Hydrogen
peroxide, Boric acid, Bleaching powder, Potassium Permanganate
 Dental products: Calcium carbonate, Sodium fluoride, Denture cleaners
 Denture adhesives, Mouthwashes
 Medicinal gases: Carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, oxygen
Introduction to nomenclature of organic chemical systems with particular reference to
heterocyclic compounds containing up to Three rings

UNIT -III
Study of the following category of medicinal compounds with respect to classification,
chemical name, chemical structure (compounds marked with*) uses, stability and storage
conditions, different types of formulations and their popular brand names

Drugs Acting on Central Nervous System
 Anaesthetics: Thiopental Sodium*, Ketamine Hydrochloride*, Propofol
 Sedatives and Hypnotics: Diazepam*, Alprazolam*, Nitrazepam, Phenobarbital*
 Antipsychotics: Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride*, Haloperidol*, Risperidone*,
Sulpiride*, Olanzapine, Quetiapine, Lurasidone
 Anticonvulsants: Phenytoin*, Carbamazepine*, Clonazepam, Valproic Acid*,
Gabapentin*, Topiramate, Vigabatrin, Lamotrigine
 Anti-Depressants: Amitriptyline Hydrochloride*, Imipramine Hydrochloride*,
Fluoxetine*, Venlafaxine, Duloxetine, Sertraline, Citalopram, Escitalopram, Fluvoxamine,
Paroxetine

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UNIT -IV
Study of the following category of medicinal compounds with respect to classification,
chemical name, chemical structure (compounds marked with*) uses, stability and storage
conditions, different types of formulations and their popular brand names

Drugs Acting on Autonomic Nervous System
 Sympathomimetic Agents:
Direct Acting: NorEpinephrine*, Epinephrine, Phenylephrine, Dopamine*,
Terbutaline, Salbutamol (Albuterol), Naphazoline*, Tetrahydrozoline.
Indirect ActingAgents: Hydroxy Amphetamine, Pseudoephedrine.
Agents With Mixed Mechanism: Ephedrine, Metaraminol

 Adrenergic Antagonists:
Alpha Adrenergic Blockers: Tolazoline, Phentolamine ,
Phenoxybenzamine, Prazosin.
Beta Adrenergic Blockers: Propranolol*, Atenolol*, Carvedilol

 Cholinergic Drugs and Related Agents:
Direct Acting Agents: Acetylcholine*, Carbachol, and Pilocarpine.
Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Neostigmine*, Edrophonium Chloride,Tacrine
Hydrochloride, Pralidoxime Chloride, Echothiopate Iodide

 Cholinergic Blocking Agents: Atropine Sulphate*,Ipratropium Bromide
Synthetic Cholinergic Blocking Agents:Tropicamide, Cyclopentolate Hydrochloride,
Clidinium Bromide, Dicyclomine Hydrochloride*

UNIT -V
Study of the following category of medicinal compounds with respect to classification,
chemical name, chemical structure (compounds marked with*) uses, stability and storage
conditions, different types of formulations and their popular brand names
Drugs Acting on Cardiovascular System
 Anti-Arrhythmic Drugs: Quinidine Sulphate,Procainamide Hydrochloride, Verapamil,
Phenytoin,Sodium*, Lidocaine Hydrochloride, Lorcainide Hydrochloride, Amiodarone
and Sotalol
 Anti-Hypertensive Agents: Propranolol*, Captopril*, Ramipril, Methyldopate
Hydrochloride, Clonidine Hydrochloride, Hydralazine Hydrochloride, Nifedipine,
 Antianginal Agents: Isosorbide Dinitrate
 Diuretics: Acetazolamide, Frusemide*, Bumetanide, Chlorthalidone, Benzthiazide,
Metolazone, Xipamide, Spironolactone
 Hypoglycemic Agents: Insulin and Its Preparations, Metformin*, Glibenclamide*,
Glimepiride, Pioglitazone, Repaglinide, Gliflozins, Gliptins
 Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Morphine Analogues, Narcotic Antagonists;
 Nonsteroidal AntiInflammatory Agents (NSAIDs) - Aspirin*, Diclofenac, Ibuprofen*,
Piroxicam, Celecoxib, Mefenamic Acid, Paracetamol*, Aceclofenac


PHM

UNIT -VI
Study of the following category of medicinal compounds with respect to classification,
chemical name, chemical structure (compounds marked with*) uses, stability and storage
conditions, different types of formulations and their popular brand names
Anti-Infective Agents
 Antifungal Agents: Amphotericin-B, Griseofulvin,Miconazole, Ketoconazole*,
Itraconazole,Fluconazole*, Naftifine Hydrochloride
 Urinary Tract Anti-Infective Agents: Norfloxacin,Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin*,
Moxifloxacin,
 Anti-Tubercular Agents: INH*, Ethambutol, ParaAmino Salicylic Acid, Pyrazinamide,
Rifampicin,Bedaquiline, Delamanid, Pretomanid*
 Antiviral Agents: Amantadine Hydrochloride,Idoxuridine, Acyclovir*, Foscarnet,
Zidovudine,Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Favipiravir
 Antimalarials: Quinine Sulphate, Chloroquine Phosphate*, Primaquine Phosphate,
Mefloquine*,Cycloguanil, Pyrimethamine, Artemisinin
 Sulfonamides: Sulfanilamide, Sulfadiazine, Sulfamethoxazole, Sulfacetamide*, Mafenide
Acetate,Cotrimoxazole, Dapsone*

UNIT -VII
Study of the following category of medicinal compounds with respect to classification,
chemical name, chemical structure (compounds marked with*) uses, stability and storage
conditions, different types of formulations and their popular brand names
 Antibiotics: Penicillin G, Amoxicillin*, Cloxacillin, Streptomycin, Tetracyclines:
Doxycycline, Minocycline, Macrolides: Erythromycin, Azithromycin,
 Miscellaneous: Chloramphenicol* Clindamycin
 Anti-Neoplastic Agents: Cyclophosphamide*, Busulfan, Mercaptopurine, Fluorouracil*,
Methotrexate, Dactinomycin, Doxorubicin Hydrochloride, VinblastineSulphate,
Cisplatin*, Dromostanolone Propionate

UNIT -VIII
Introduction to biochemistry: Scope of biochemistry in pharmacy; Cell and its biochemical
organization.

Carbohydrates
• Definition, classification with examples, chemical properties
• Monosaccharides - Structure of glucose, fructose, and galactose
• Disaccharides - structure of maltose, lactose, and sucrose
• Polysaccharides - chemical nature of starch and glycogen
• Qualitative tests and biological role of carbohydrates
Proteins
• Definition, classification of proteins based on composition and solubility with examples
• Definition, classification of amino acids based on chemical nature and nutritional
requirements with examples
• Structure of proteins (four levels of organization of protein structure)
• Qualitative tests and biological role of proteins and amino acids
• Diseases related to malnutrition of proteins.

PHM

UNIT -IX
Lipids
• Definition, classification with examples
• Structure and properties of triglycerides (oils and fats)
• Fatty acid classification - Based on Chemical and nutritional requirements with
examples
• Structure and functions of cholesterol in the body
Lipoproteins - types, composition and functions in the body
• Qualitative tests and functions of lipids
Nucleic acids
• Definition, purine and pyrimidine bases
• Components of nucleosides and nucleotides with examples
• Structure of DNA (Watson and Crick model), RNA and their functions

UNIT -X
Enzymes
• Definition, properties and IUB and MB classification
• Factors affecting enzyme activity
• Mechanism of action of enzymes, Enzyme inhibitors
• Therapeutic and pharmaceutical importance of enzymes
Vitamins
Definition and classification with examples
• Sources, chemical nature, functions, coenzyme form, recommended dietary requirements,
deficiency diseases of fat-and water-soluble vitamins

UNIT -XI
Metabolism (Study of cycle/pathways without chemical
structures)
• Metabolism of Carbohydrates: Glycolysis, TCA cycle and glycogen metabolism, regulation of
blood glucose level. Diseases related to abnormal metabolism of Carbohydrates

• Metabolism of lipids: Lipolysis, β-oxidation of Fatty acid(Palmitic acid) ketogenesis and
ketolysis. Diseases related to abnormal metabolism of lipids such as Ketoacidosis, Fatty liver,
Hypercholesterolemia

• Metabolism of Amino acids (Proteins): General reactions of amino acids and its significance–
Transamination, deamination, Urea cycle and decarboxylation. Diseases related to abnormal
metabolism of amino acids, Disorders of ammonia metabolism, phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria
and Jaundice.

• Biological oxidation: Electron transport chain and Oxidative phosphorylation

UNIT -XII
Minerals: Types, Functions, Deficiency diseases, recommended dietary requirements

PHM

•Water and Electrolytes
• Distribution, functions of water in the body
• Water turnover and balance
• Electrolyte composition of the body fluids, Dietary intake of electrolyte and Electrolyte balance
• Dehydration, causes of dehydration and oral rehydration therapy

Introduction to Biotechnology
Organ function tests
• Functions of kidney and routinely performed tests to assess the functions of kidney and their
clinical significances
• Functions of liver and routinely performed tests to assess the functions of liver and their
clinical significances
• Lipid profile tests and its clinical significances
Introduction to Pathology of Blood and Urine
• Lymphocytes and Platelets, their role in health and disease
• Erythrocytes - Abnormal cells and their significance
• Normal and Abnormal constituents of Urine and their significance

UNIT -XIII
 Scope of Anatomy and Physiology , Definition of various terminologies
 Structure of Cell: Components and its functions
 Tissues of the human body: Epithelial, Connective, Muscular and Nervous tissues – their
sub-types and characteristics.
 Osseous system: structure and functions of bones of axial and appendicular skeleton
Classification, types and movements of joints, disorders of joints

 Haemopoietic system
Composition and functions of blood
Process of Hemopoiesis
Characteristics and functions of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
Mechanism of Blood Clotting
Importance of Blood groups

UNIT -XIV
Lymphatic system
● Lymph and lymphatic system, composition, function and its formation.
● Structure and functions of spleen and lymph node.

Cardiovascular system
● Anatomy and Physiology of heart
● Blood vessels and circulation (Pulmonary, coronary and systemic
circulation)
● Cardiac cycle and Heart sounds, Basics of ECG
● Blood pressure and its regulation

PHM

Respiratory system
● Anatomy of respiratory organs and their functions.
● Regulation, and Mechanism of respiration.
● Respiratory volumes and capacities – definitions

UNIT -XV

Digestive system
● Anatomy and Physiology of the GIT
● Anatomy and functions of accessory glands
● Physiology of digestion and absorption

Skeletal muscles
● Histology
● Physiology of muscle contraction
● Disorder of skeletal muscles
Nervous system
● Classification of nervous system
● Anatomy and physiology of cerebrum, cerebellum, midbrain
● Function of hypothalamus, medulla oblongata and basal ganglia
● Spinal cord-structure and reflexes
● Names and functions of cranial nerves.
● Anatomy and physiology of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system (ANS)

UNIT –XVI

Sense organs - Anatomy and physiology of
● Eye
● Ear
● Skin
● Tongue
● Nose

Urinary system
● Anatomy and physiology of urinary system
● Physiology of urine formation
● Renin - angiotensin system
● Clearance tests and micturition

Endocrine system (Hormones and their functions)
● Pituitary gland
● Adrenal gland
● Thyroid and parathyroid gland
● Pancreas and gonads

PHM

Reproductive system
● Anatomy of male and female reproductive system
● Physiology of menstruation
● Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis
● Pregnancy and parturition