CBSE Class 12 Sample Paper 2027 for Legal Studies

FOR CBSE CLASS 12 PREPARATION

CBSE Class 12 Sample
Paper 2027 for Legal
Studies
EXAM YEAR TYPE SUBJECT

CBSE Class 12 2027 Sample Paper Legal Studies

Notes · Sample Papers · Previous Year Papers · Mock Tests

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Subject: LEGAL STUDIES
Sample Question Paper
Class XII
Academic Session 2026–27

Time Allowed: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 80

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General Instructions:
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The question paper contains four sections – A, B, C and D e m
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 Section A – Q.1-Q.20 – Multiple choice questions carrying 1 mark each.
 Section B – Q.21 – Q.28 are 2 marks each. The answers should not exceed 40 words each. ag
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 Section C – Q.29 – Q36 are 3 marks each. The answers should not exceed 100 words each.
 Section D – Q.37 – Q.40 are 5 marks each. The answers should not exceed 140 words each.

SECTION A

Q.No Questions Marks

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1 Ramaswamy, an environmental researcher, is called by the court during a PIL on 1
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Delhi’s air pollution to provide expert input. He is not a party to the case. What role
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is he performing?
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(A) Advocate General
(B) Amicus Curiae
(C) Public Prosecutor
(D) Attorney General

2 Given below are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Choose 1
the correct answer from the options that follow.

Assertion (A): Mediation may be used to resolve disputes where the parties wish
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c. o Reason (R): In mediation, the neutral third person facilitates stheemdiscussion but .co
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ag (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
(B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
(C) A is true, but R is false
(D) A is false, but R is true

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3 Two brothers, Aman and Balwinder, have filed a civil suit regarding ownership of a 1
property. During the proceedings, the court finds that the dispute may be resolved
through mediation. Which of the following statements is correct regarding the use
of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in such a situation?
(A) The court cannot refer the dispute to ADR if an earlier attempt at settlement
has failed.
(B) The court may refer the dispute to an appropriate ADR mechanism when
there appears to be a possibility of settlement.
(C) The court must decide the dispute itself once the civil suit has been
instituted.
(D) The court may refer the dispute to ADR only when both parties jointly request
such a reference.

4 A citizen discovers that a central government minister has allegedly misused public 1
funds allocated for a development project. Which of the following statements
correctly describes the authority that should handle her/his complaint?

(A) The complaint should be investigated by the Lokpal, as it is empowered to
inquire into allegations of corruption against the Prime Minister, Union
Ministers, MPs, and other central government officials.
(B) The complaint should be investigated by the Supreme Court, since it has the
ultimate authority over all ministers.
(C) The complaint can be investigated by any state-level Lokayukta, as it deals
with public servants.
(D) The complaint should wait until a formal police report is filed, as Lokpal cannot
act independently.

5 Country Xenia is not a member of the Rome Statute. Its military commander is 1
alleged to have committed war crimes in neighbouring country, Yuria, which is a
signatory to the Rome Statute. Victims and human rights organisations approach
the International Criminal Court (ICC) seeking prosecution of the military
commander.
From the statements given below, identify the one that correctly explains the ICC’s
jurisdiction in this situation?

(A) The ICC may exercise jurisdiction because the alleged crimes were
committed in the territory of Yuria, a State Party to the Rome Statute.
(B) The ICC cannot exercise jurisdiction because the alleged offender is a
national of Xenia, which is not a member of the Rome Statute.
(C) The ICC may exercise jurisdiction only if both Xenia and Yuria are members
of the Rome Statute.
(D) The ICC may exercise jurisdiction only if Xenia voluntarily accepts the
jurisdiction of the ICC.

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6 Given below are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Choose 1
the correct answer from the options that follow.

Assertion (A): International law regulates relations between sovereign states.
Reason (R): International law is a set of rules binding on all states and can be
enforced.

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(A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
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(B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
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(C) A is true, but R is false
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(D) A is false, but R is true
l X and Country Y share a river where both countries have consistently a g
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Country 1
followed a practice of restricting fishing during breeding season. The practice has
been generally observed by States in the region and is accepted as a legal
obligation. Recently, Country X allowed private companies to fish during the
restricted period, arguing that the practice is outdated and no longer reflects its
current economic needs. Country Y protests and wants the customary rule
enforced.

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Which of the following statements best reflects the legal position under

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international law?

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(A) Country X is expected to follow the customary international law rule as long as

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the rule remains recognised as legally binding.
(B) Country X can ignore the rule because customary international law is not legally
binding.
(C) Country Y cannot demand compliance because customary international law
applies only when States have expressly agreed to it.
(D) Both countries can choose whether to follow the customary rule according to
their convenience.

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8 Rita has completed her LL.B. from a recognised university and wishes to represent 1
clients before courts in India. Which of the following correctly describes the
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requirements she must fulfil to practise as an advocate?
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s em (A) She must register herself with the Bar Council of India.
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(B) She must enrol with a State Bar Council and fulfil the prescribed requirements
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(C) She must enrol with a State Bar Council and obtain prior approval from a senior
advocate before appearing in court.
(D) She must complete a period of legal practice under a senior advocate before
she can enrol with a State Bar Council.

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9 In relation to legal education, the Bar Council of India is responsible for: 1

(A) Framing the syllabus for every law course independently
(B) Inspecting and recognising law colleges and universities
(C) Conducting joint entrance examinations for admission to law courses
(D) Granting scholarships to students pursuing legal education

10 In 1916, the Calcutta High Court held that women were not entitled to be enrolled 1
as Vakils or Pleaders. A similar view was taken by the Patna High Court in 1922 in
the case concerning Ms. Hazra. In 1921, however, Cornelia Sorabji was enrolled
as a Vakil of the Allahabad High Court. The position regarding women’s entry into
the legal profession was subsequently settled through:

(A) The 1916 decision of the Calcutta High Court
(B) The 1921 enrolment of Cornelia Sorabji by the Allahabad High Court
(C) The enactment of the Legal Practitioners’ (Women) Act in 1923
(D) The 1922 decision of the Patna High Court in Ms. Hazra’s case

11 Rohit owes ₹50,000 to Aman, and Aman owes ₹50,000 to Karan. With the mutual 1
consent of all three parties, it is agreed that Rohit will directly pay ₹50,000 to Karan,
and Aman is discharged from his liability. This situation is an example of:

(A) Rescission
(B) Alteration
(C) Novation
(D) Remission

12 X raised a hockey stick as if to hit Y. Y was frightened but was not actually hit. Y 1
now wants to claim compensation for the harm caused. Can Y claim compensation
from X?

(A) No, because Y did not suffer any physical injury.
(B) Yes, because causing fear of imminent harm is actionable as a tort.
(C) Yes, because assault is a criminal offence.
(D) Yes, but only if X actually hits Y.

13 Match Column A (Type of transfer) with Column B (Scenario) and state the correct 1
option.

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Column A Column B

P Sale (i) Ramesh transfers his residential property through a
registered document to his daughter without receiving
any money. The transfer is voluntary out of his love and
affection.

Q Lease (ii) Meera transfers ownership of her agricultural land to
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Rohan, while Rohan transfers ownership of his
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(iii) Suresh transfers ownership of his shop to Kavita for an
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S Exchange (iv) Arjun gives his commercial premises to Vikram for five
years. Vikram is entitled to possess and use the
premises during this period and is required to pay
₹25,000 every month.

Options:

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(A) P (i); Q (ii); R (iii); S (iv)
(B) P (iii); Q (iv); R (i); S (ii)
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(C) P (iii); Q (ii); R (i); S (iv)
(D) P (ii); Q (i); R (iv); S (iii)
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14 The Central Government receives information that an industrial chemical is causing 1
serious soil pollution in several States. The Government decides to prescribe
standards for handling the chemical and issue directions to the industries
concerned.

The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 supports such action primarily through:

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(A) The wide powers vested in the Central Government to take measures for
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protecting and improving the environment
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(B) The exclusive authority of State Governments to regulate industrial pollution

s em (C) The power of industries to determine their own environmental standards
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(D) The requirement that environmental standards be framed only through
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international agreements

Arjun and Neha want to start a consulting business. They expect high profits but 1
are also aware that their business may face financial risks in the first few years.
Arjun wants a structure where their personal assets remain protected even if the
business suffers losses. Neha, however, prefers a structure with minimum

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compliance and low registration costs. Which business structure best suits their
situation?

(A) Partnership, because it offers low compliance and simple procedures, even
though partners have unlimited liability.
(B) Limited Liability Partnership, because it protects partners’ personal assets
while also offering operational flexibility.
(C) Partnership, because it limits the liability of partners and is easier to register.
(D) LLP, because it is the least regulated business structure and partners have no
legal responsibilities.

16 Given below are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Choose 1
the correct answer from the options that follow.

Assertion (A): Temporary sand art created on a beach is protected under copyright
law.
Reason (R): Copyright protects works only if the work is recorded in a fixed tangible
medium, and temporary sand art is short lived, so it lacks fixation.

(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is true, R is false
(D) A is false, R is true

17 Given below are two statements marked as Statement I and Statement II. Choose 1
the correct answer from the options that follow.

Statement I: Fundamental Rights are legally enforceable rights guaranteed by the
Constitution of India.
Statement II: Human Rights are universal and inalienable rights that become
enforceable when they are incorporated into domestic laws.

(A) Both Statement I and Statement II are true.
(B) Both Statement I and Statement II are false.
(C) Statement I is true, but Statement II is false.
(D) Statement I is false, but Statement II is true.

18 George, a foreign traveller, arrived in Mumbai carrying 34 kg of undeclared gold 1
hidden on his body. A new RBI notification restricting the bringing of gold into India
had been officially published two days before his arrival. When customs officers
inspected him, they seized the gold and charged him under the Foreign Exchange

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Regulation Act. George argued that he was unaware of the new rule when he left
Zurich. Which legal principle justifies rejecting George’s defense of lack of
knowledge of the law?

(A) Ignorantia Juris Non Excusat
(B) Mens Rea
(C) Qui Facit Per Alium Facit Per Se
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(D) Volenti Non Fit Injuria
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A group of epeople organize peaceful marches to protest against a new industrial as
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projectlin the hilly region. They carry placards and chant slogans criticising a foreign
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country
that foreign country is currently visiting India. On what grounds, if any, is the police
justified in restricting the peaceful march?

(A) Public order
(B) Security of the State
(C) There is no ground to stop the peaceful march
(D) Friendly relations with foreign States
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20 An Indian citizen is denied access to clean drinking water and basic healthcare by 1
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the local authorities. A foreign tourist visiting India is denied emergency healthcare
solely on the ground of her nationality.

The constitutional protection available to the two persons is best described as:

(A) Both persons can approach an Indian court for enforcement of their right to
life, as Article 21 protects every person.
(B) The Indian citizen can enforce Fundamental Rights, whereas the foreign
tourist can claim only Human Rights because she is not an Indian citizen.
(C) Neither person can approach an Indian court, as access to healthcare is not
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expressly mentioned as a Fundamental Right.

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(D) The Indian citizen can enforce Fundamental Rights, whereas the foreign

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21A The current Chief Justice of India is retiring soon. 2
The Supreme Court has the following judges:

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Age Date of Appointment
Judge Name Date of Oath Taken
(Years) to SC
Justice Mehra 62 10.01.2018 12.01.2018

Justice Kapoor 62 10.01.2018 10.01.2018

Justice Verma 61 05.01.2015 10.01.2015

Based on convention, who is likely to be appointed as the next Chief Justice of
India? Explain your answer briefly.

OR

21B A journalist publishes a report exposing corruption in a State government 2
department. In response, the State issues an order shutting down the newspaper,
claiming it undermines governance. The journalist approaches the court, claiming
the order violates fundamental rights.

Explain how the principle of judicial review can be invoked in this case and the
remedy the court may provide.

22 Give any two differences between an ‘advocate -on-record’ and a ‘senior 2
advocate’.

23A How did the Legal Services Authorities (Amendment) Act, 2002 modify the original 2
Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 with respect to the establishment and
functioning of Lok Adalats?

OR

23B Under the NALSA Regulations, 2010, how are advocates empanelled to provide 2
free legal services, and what is expected of them in discharge of their duty?

24 The principle of ‘innocent until proven guilty’ is not considered absolute in Indian 2
criminal law. State two situations where the burden of proof is reversed.

25 A tech entrepreneurial startup requires a large amount of capital for its expansion. 2
The directors plan to raise funds from the public. Identify the most suitable legal
form of organisation to raise funds. Mention any two key characteristics of this form.

26 A woman belonging to a minority community, files a complaint before the National 2
Commission for Minorities alleging that she has been denied access to a
government welfare scheme for all citizens. The incident occurred more than a year
ago, and a similar matter is already pending before a competent court. As a member

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of the Commission, examine whether her complaint can be admitted. State two
grounds for your answer.

27 Piya owns a shop in the market. She attempts to transfer the shop to Arun through 2
a written agreement. However, part of the shop legally belongs to Riya’s brother.
Riya is not authorised to transfer that part of the property. The property is subject
to a legal dispute with another person.
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Identify the problems in this transfer that make it invalid according to the essentials
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of a valid transfer of property.
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e provided to an accused under the Indian Constitution.
‘Even a person accused of a crime is entitled to fundamental rights.’ Explain any
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OR

28B State any two functions of the Preamble of the Indian Constitution. 2

SECTION C

29A A law firm with offices in India and the United States plans to promote its services 3
through a digital campaign. The proposed campaign includes the name, contact
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details, qualifications and areas of practice of its lawyers. In addition, the firm

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proposes to send personal communications to potential clients and approach them
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directly to offer its services. Before proceeding, the partners seek advice on whether
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the proposed activities can be undertaken in both countries.

(a) Would the proposed activities be treated in the same manner in India and
the United States? Give reasons for your answer.
(b) Why are advertising and solicitation by lawyers subject to professional
restrictions?

OR
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Advocate Sachin is representing a client in a civil suit. During the proceedings, the
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m . client asks Advocate Sachin not to place a particular document on record, stating
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that it may weaken the case. The client insists that the advocate’s primary
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responsibility is to secure a favourable outcome. Advocate Sachin agrees, does not

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reasons.

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(A) Can Advocate Sachin defend his conduct by claiming that he acted in the
best interest of his client? Give reason.
(B) State one ethically correct option available to Advocate Sachin in this
situation.
(C) Identify the authority empowered to initiate disciplinary proceedings against
Advocate Sachin.

30 Leena, a tribal woman, lost her home and farmland after severe floods hit her 3
village. She migrated to a nearby town with her two children. Leena also suffers
from a permanent physical disability that restricts her movement. While participating
in a peaceful demonstration against the lack of rehabilitation measures, she was
detained by the police.

(A) Identify four categories under which Leena is eligible to receive free legal
aid.
(B) Name the statutory Act that was enacted to give effect to Article 39A, and
state its objectives.

31A “Legal aid is a sine qua non for ensuring meaningful access to justice in India.” 3
Explain this statement with reference to constitutional principles.

OR

31B “International law addresses the provision for free legal services from the
perspective of human rights.” Justify the statement with reference to International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and Universal Declaration of Human
Rights (UDHR).

32 I. Read the following situations and answer the questions that follow: 3

(A) Rohan sends an email to Meera stating that he is willing to sell his laptop to
her for ₹40,000. Identify the type of proposal made by Rohan.
(B) Rohan sends an email to all students of his college stating that he will pay
₹5,100 to anyone who finds and returns his lost laptop. Identify the type of
proposal made by Rohan.

II. State two points of difference between the two types of proposals identified
above.

33A Riya, a biotechnology student, creates a new type of eco-friendly biodegradable 3

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plastic that decomposes within a week. She wants to protect her creation so that
no one else can make, sell, or use it without her permission.

I. Under which Act can Riya register her creation to protect her Intellectual
Property Rights?
II. Name two basic requirements that her invention must fulfill to be eligible for
patent registration.
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e of ₹15,000. As per the lease agreement, Kabir must return the l as
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Neha leases
monthlyarent
her commercial office space to Kabir for a period of 18 months at
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l at the end of the lease term in the same condition in which it was handed
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premises
over to him. Due to a temporary work assignment in another city, Kabir allows his
friend Rohan to occupy the premises in return for a monthly payment of ₹18,000.
Rohan makes structural changes to the office that reduces its market value.

I. Is Kabir legally authorised to allow Rohan to occupy the premises? Give
reasons.

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II. Identify the duty of the lessee that has been violated in the above case.
III. State one remedy available to Neha against Kabir.
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See the images given below and answer the questions: 3
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Image A Image B
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(A) Identify the theory of punishment shown in Image A and Image B.
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(B) Explain the objective behind each theory of punishment.
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ag Explain any three objectives of criminal laws in India.

35A I. Read the following situations and answer the questions that follow: 3

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(A) Gulli, a 19-year-old, is stopped by the police near a railway station late at
night. The police ask him questions and temporarily keep him at the police
station for questioning, without formally charging him with any offense.
Identify the nature of police action taken against Gulli.

(B) Timpi is caught stealing a diamond ring from a shop. The women police
immediately take her to the police station, inform her of the charges, and
record her statement. Identify the nature of police action taken against Timpi.

II. State two rights of a person who is arrested.

OR

35B I. Read the following situations and identify the constitutional provisions involved 3
in each case.

(A) A state-aided college refuses admission to a student belonging to a linguistic
minority on the ground that the institution gives preference to students
speaking the majority language of the State.
(B) The State Government grants financial aid to private schools but rejects the
application of a school run by a linguistic minority solely because it is a
minority institution.

II. Analyse whether the actions of the College and the State are constitutionally
valid. Give reasons.

36 Explain the difference between a trade name and a trademark, giving one example 3
when a trade name becomes a trademark.

SECTION D

37A Justice R. Dev, a judge of the High Court of Nioria, is accused of repeated misuse 5
of official privileges and serious ethical misconduct. Several lawyers submit written
complaints to Members of Parliament. After examining the material, a group of MPs
decides that the allegations require formal scrutiny. They prepare a detailed motion
stating the charges and seek to initiate the constitutional process to remove Justice
Dev from office.

When the motion is submitted, some MPs argue that the matter should be handled
by the High Court itself. Others insist that only Parliament can begin the process,
and that a special committee must investigate before any vote is taken. The
Speaker receives the motion and must decide the next steps.

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Justice Dev, meanwhile, continues to hold office unless the constitutional procedure
is successfully completed.

I. Identify the constitutional process that the MPs are attempting to initiate against
Justice Dev?
II. Give reason- why can the High Court not remove its own judge, even if the

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allegations are serious?

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III. State the role of Members of Parliament in the early stage of this process?
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IV. Briefly explain the next step after the motion is admitted by the
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Speaker/Chairperson.
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V. Why is the removal of a judge made deliberately difficult under the
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agConstitution? Give one reason.

OR

37B In Van Pradesh, a new fleet of public buses was introduced on routes connecting 5
schools, colleges, and workplaces.

Within weeks:

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 Many buses had steps too high for wheelchair users, and lacked ramps or
safe boarding facilities.
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Priority seating for persons with mobility impairments was absent or ignored.
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 Some buses skipped accessible stops, forcing students and employees with
disabilities to miss school, exams, and work repeatedly.

Despite repeated complaints, the Transport Department did not take any effective
action, leaving affected individuals with no practical way to travel safely.

Ms. Rhea, a university researcher, collected Photographs and videos of
inaccessible buses, Testimonies from affected students and employees, Expert
reports documenting unsafe travel conditions
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this systemic problem denied basic rights of mobility and. access, Ms.
c. o Believing s e m
em affected, but seeks a court directive to ensure public transport a is accessible to all
Rhea approaches the court on behalf of the affected group. She is not personally
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citizens, so that students and employees can attend school
a discrimination or barriers.

I. Name the legal remedy being invoked by Ms. Rhea to seek judicial intervention
in the matter.

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II. Why is it permissible for her to file the petition even though she is not personally
affected?
III. How does this mechanism protect the rights and ensure accountability of public
authorities?

38 Company A entered into a two-year supply agreement with Company B. After eight 5
months, Company B complained about repeated delays in delivery and held back
payments. Company A claimed that the delays were caused by sudden changes in
specifications demanded by Company B.

Both parties exchanged several emails requesting meetings to sort out the issue.
After two failed meetings, Company A decided to file a civil suit in the District Court.
Company B objected, pointing out that the contract clearly stated that any dispute
would be resolved “through a binding decision by a neutral third party” and that
courts could be approached only after this process was complete.

Company A argues that going to court is faster and refuses to follow the process
mentioned in the contract.

Using the facts of the case and the ADR mechanisms in your syllabus, answer the
following:

(A) Identify the dispute-resolution process Company B is referring to.
(B) Can Company A directly approach the court for dispute resolution? Give
reason for your answer.
(C) What is the first step to be taken to initiate dispute resolution according to
this process?
(D) State any two advantages of resolving disputes through this method.

39 The countries of Lumeria and Aravon are geographically distant and share no 5
treaties or diplomatic relations.

A detailed report by the International Human Rights Oversight Commission
(IHROC) reveals that Aravon is committing systematic persecution and gross
human rights violations against a minority community, including unlawful killings,
forced displacement, and denial of basic rights.

During a special session of the Global Council of Nations (GCN), Lumeria
condemns these actions and proposes an independent fact-finding mission to
investigate the situation in Aravon.

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Aravon objects, claiming that Lumeria is “not an affected state” and has no legal
right to raise issues concerning its internal affairs.

Lumeria responds that certain international obligations are owed to the entire
community of states, and any state may act when these obligations are violated.

(A) Identify and explain the principle of international law that allows Lumeria to
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raise the issue and propose action despite having no direct link with Aravon.
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(B) Explain why Aravon’s argument about Lumeria lacking standing is not valid
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under this principle.
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(C) State how this principle strengthens global responsibility in maintaining core
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40 A Read the following two scenarios and identify the type of liability under Tort Law. 5

I. (a) A gas-based fertilizer plant, Agro Gas Ltd., releases a cloud of poisonous gas
due to faulty valves in its processing unit. Several people in the nearby village
fall ill. The company claims that the leak was caused by a technical defect in the
machinery, which they could not have predicted.

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(b) Pannu stores a large quantity of water in a private reservoir near his farmland.
During an unusually heavy storm followed by heavy rainfall, the reservoir bursts,
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stwo scenarios giving three points of difference
causing water to flood and damage the neighbouring fields and houses.

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ag
II. Differentiate between the above
with basis of differentiation.

OR

40 B Read the following situations carefully and identify the tort involved in each case. 5

I. Arjun raises his fist and threatens to punch Rohan, who believes he is about to
be hit. However, Arjun does not actually touch him.
m
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c. o III. Vikram throws a stone at Aman intending to hit him, but Amansenarrowly
II. Meera suddenly pushes Kavya from behind without giving her any warning.
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s em escapes as the stone misses him. g l a
la a
ag IV. Neha angrily pours a glass of water on her colleague during an argument.

V. Raj points an unloaded gun at Sahil, who does not know that it is unloaded and
feels immediate fear of being shot.

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c. o
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