NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 4 Carbon and its Compounds
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Page 1
NCERT
SOLUTIONS
CLASS - 10th
aglase .co
SOLUTIONS
CLASS - 10th
aglase .co
Page 2
Class : 10th
Subject : Science
Chapter : 4
Chapter Name : Carbon And Its Compounds
Q1 What would be the electron dot structure of carbon dioxide which has the formula CO ?2
Answer. Electron dot structure of CO is
2
Page : 61 , Block Name : Questions
Q2 What would be the electron dot structure of a molecule of sulphur which is made up of eight
atoms of sulphur?
(Hint – The eight atoms of sulphur are joined together in the form of a ring.)
Answer. Electron dot structure of a sulphur molecule
Subject : Science
Chapter : 4
Chapter Name : Carbon And Its Compounds
Q1 What would be the electron dot structure of carbon dioxide which has the formula CO ?2
Answer. Electron dot structure of CO is
2
Page : 61 , Block Name : Questions
Q2 What would be the electron dot structure of a molecule of sulphur which is made up of eight
atoms of sulphur?
(Hint – The eight atoms of sulphur are joined together in the form of a ring.)
Answer. Electron dot structure of a sulphur molecule
Page 3
Page : 61 , Block Name : Questions
Q1 How many structural isomers can you draw for pentane?
Answer. Three structural isomers are possible for pentane.
Page : 68 , Block Name : Questions
Q2 What are the two properties of carbon which lead to the huge number of carbon compounds we
see around us?
Answer. The two features of carbon that give rise to a large number of compounds are as follows:
(i) Catenation — It is the ability to form bonds with other atoms of carbon.
(ii) Tetravalency — With the valency of four, carbon is capable of bonding with four other atoms.
Page : 68 , Block Name : Questions
Q3 What will be the formula and electron dot structure of cyclopentane?
Answer. The formula for cyclopentane is C H10. Its electron dot structure is given below.
5
Q1 How many structural isomers can you draw for pentane?
Answer. Three structural isomers are possible for pentane.
Page : 68 , Block Name : Questions
Q2 What are the two properties of carbon which lead to the huge number of carbon compounds we
see around us?
Answer. The two features of carbon that give rise to a large number of compounds are as follows:
(i) Catenation — It is the ability to form bonds with other atoms of carbon.
(ii) Tetravalency — With the valency of four, carbon is capable of bonding with four other atoms.
Page : 68 , Block Name : Questions
Q3 What will be the formula and electron dot structure of cyclopentane?
Answer. The formula for cyclopentane is C H10. Its electron dot structure is given below.
5
Page 4
Page : 68 , Block Name : Questions
Q4 Draw the structures for the following compounds.
(i) Ethanoic acid
(ii) Bromopentane*
(iii) Butanone
(iv) Hexanal. *Are structural isomers possible for bromopentane?
Answer.
Page : 69 , Block Name : Questions
Q5 How would you name the following compounds?
Q4 Draw the structures for the following compounds.
(i) Ethanoic acid
(ii) Bromopentane*
(iii) Butanone
(iv) Hexanal. *Are structural isomers possible for bromopentane?
Answer.
Page : 69 , Block Name : Questions
Q5 How would you name the following compounds?
Page 5
Answer. (i) Bromo ethane
(ii) Methanal
(iii) Hex-l-yne
Page : 69 , Block Name : Questions
Q1 Why is the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid an oxidation reaction?
[o]
Answer. CH CH OH ⟶ CH COOH
3 2 3
Since the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid involves the addition of oxygen to ethanol, it is
an oxidation reaction.
Page : 71 , Block Name : Questions
Q2 A mixture of oxygen and ethyne is burnt for welding. Can you tell why a mixture of ethyne and
air is not used?
Answer. 2HC ≡ CH + 5O ⟶ 4CO + 2H O+
2 2 2
When ethyne is burnt in air, it gives a sooty ame. This is due to incomplete combustion caused by
limited supply of air.
However, if ethyne is burnt with oxygen, it gives a clean ame with temperature 30000C because
of complete combustion.
This oxy-acetylene ame is used for welding.
It is not possible to attain such a high temperature without mixing oxygen.
This is the reason why a mixture of ethyne and air is not used.
Page : 71 , Block Name : Questions
Q1 How would you distinguish experimentally between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid?
Answer. We can distinguish between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid on the basis of their reaction
with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates. Acid reacts with carbonate and hydrogen carbonate to
(ii) Methanal
(iii) Hex-l-yne
Page : 69 , Block Name : Questions
Q1 Why is the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid an oxidation reaction?
[o]
Answer. CH CH OH ⟶ CH COOH
3 2 3
Since the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid involves the addition of oxygen to ethanol, it is
an oxidation reaction.
Page : 71 , Block Name : Questions
Q2 A mixture of oxygen and ethyne is burnt for welding. Can you tell why a mixture of ethyne and
air is not used?
Answer. 2HC ≡ CH + 5O ⟶ 4CO + 2H O+
2 2 2
When ethyne is burnt in air, it gives a sooty ame. This is due to incomplete combustion caused by
limited supply of air.
However, if ethyne is burnt with oxygen, it gives a clean ame with temperature 30000C because
of complete combustion.
This oxy-acetylene ame is used for welding.
It is not possible to attain such a high temperature without mixing oxygen.
This is the reason why a mixture of ethyne and air is not used.
Page : 71 , Block Name : Questions
Q1 How would you distinguish experimentally between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid?
Answer. We can distinguish between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid on the basis of their reaction
with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates. Acid reacts with carbonate and hydrogen carbonate to
Page 6
evolve CO gas that turns lime water milky.
2
Metal Carbonate / Metal Hydrogen Carbonate + Carboxylic acid ->Salt + Water + Carbon dioxide
Alcohols, on the other hand, do not react with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.
Page : 74 , Block Name : Questions
Q2 What are oxidising agents?
Answer. Some substances such as alkaline potassium permanganate and acidi ed potassium
dichromate are capable of adding oxygen to others. These are known as oxidising agents.
Page : 74 , Block Name : Questions
Q1 Would you be able to check if water is hard by using a detergent?
Answer. Detergents are ammonium or sulphonate salts of long chain carboxylic acids. Unlike soap,
they do not react with calcium and magnesium ions present in hard water to form scum. They give
a good amount of lather irrespective of whether the water is hard or soft.
This means that detergents can be used in both soft and hard water. Therefore, it cannot be used
to check whether the water is hard or not.
Page : 76 , Block Name : Questions
Q2 People use a variety of methods to wash clothes. Usually after adding the soap, they ‘beat’ the
clothes on a stone, or beat it with a paddle, scrub with a brush or the mixture is agitated in a
washing machine. Why is agitation necessary to get clean clothes?
Answer. A soap molecule has two parts namely hydrophobic and hydrophilic. With the help of
these, it attaches to the grease or dirt particle and forms a cluster called micelle. These micelles
remain suspended as a colloid. To remove these micelles (entrapping the dirt), it is necessary to
agitate clothes.
Page : 76 , Block Name : Questions
Q1 Ethane, with the molecular formula C H has
2 8
(a) 6 covalent bonds.
(b) 7 covalent bonds.
(c) 8 covalent bonds.
(d) 9 covalent bonds.
Answer. (b) Ethane has 7 covalent bonds.
Page : 77 , Block Name : Exercise
Q2 Butanone is a four-carbon compound with the functional group
(a) carboxylic acid.
(b) aldehyde.
2
Metal Carbonate / Metal Hydrogen Carbonate + Carboxylic acid ->Salt + Water + Carbon dioxide
Alcohols, on the other hand, do not react with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.
Page : 74 , Block Name : Questions
Q2 What are oxidising agents?
Answer. Some substances such as alkaline potassium permanganate and acidi ed potassium
dichromate are capable of adding oxygen to others. These are known as oxidising agents.
Page : 74 , Block Name : Questions
Q1 Would you be able to check if water is hard by using a detergent?
Answer. Detergents are ammonium or sulphonate salts of long chain carboxylic acids. Unlike soap,
they do not react with calcium and magnesium ions present in hard water to form scum. They give
a good amount of lather irrespective of whether the water is hard or soft.
This means that detergents can be used in both soft and hard water. Therefore, it cannot be used
to check whether the water is hard or not.
Page : 76 , Block Name : Questions
Q2 People use a variety of methods to wash clothes. Usually after adding the soap, they ‘beat’ the
clothes on a stone, or beat it with a paddle, scrub with a brush or the mixture is agitated in a
washing machine. Why is agitation necessary to get clean clothes?
Answer. A soap molecule has two parts namely hydrophobic and hydrophilic. With the help of
these, it attaches to the grease or dirt particle and forms a cluster called micelle. These micelles
remain suspended as a colloid. To remove these micelles (entrapping the dirt), it is necessary to
agitate clothes.
Page : 76 , Block Name : Questions
Q1 Ethane, with the molecular formula C H has
2 8
(a) 6 covalent bonds.
(b) 7 covalent bonds.
(c) 8 covalent bonds.
(d) 9 covalent bonds.
Answer. (b) Ethane has 7 covalent bonds.
Page : 77 , Block Name : Exercise
Q2 Butanone is a four-carbon compound with the functional group
(a) carboxylic acid.
(b) aldehyde.
Page 7
(c) ketone.
(d) alcohol.
Answer. (c) The functional group of butanone is ketone.
Page : 77 , Block Name : Exercise
Q3 While cooking, if the bottom of the vessel is getting blackened on the outside, it means that
(a) the food is not cooked completely.
(b) the fuel is not burning completely.
(c) the fuel is wet.
(d) the fuel is burning completely.
Answer. (b) While cooking, if the bottom of the vessel is getting blackened on the outside, then it
means that the fuel is not burning completely.
Page : 77 , Block Name : Exercise
Q4 Explain the nature of the covalent bond using the bond formation in CH Cl.3
Answer. Carbon can neither lose four of its electrons nor gain four electrons as both the processes
require extra amount of energy and would make the system unstable.
Therefore, it completes its octet by sharing its four electrons with other carbon atoms or with
atoms of other elements.
The bonds that are formed by sharing electrons are known as covalent bonds.
In covalent bonding, both the atoms share the valence electrons, i.e., the shared electrons belong
to the valence shells of both the atoms.
Here, carbon requires 4 electrons to complete its octet, while each hydrogen atom requires one
electron to complete its duplet. Also, chlorine requires an electron to complete the octet.
Therefore, all of these share the electrons and as a result, carbon forms 3 bonds with hydrogen and
one with chlorine.
Page : 78 , Block Name : Exercise
(d) alcohol.
Answer. (c) The functional group of butanone is ketone.
Page : 77 , Block Name : Exercise
Q3 While cooking, if the bottom of the vessel is getting blackened on the outside, it means that
(a) the food is not cooked completely.
(b) the fuel is not burning completely.
(c) the fuel is wet.
(d) the fuel is burning completely.
Answer. (b) While cooking, if the bottom of the vessel is getting blackened on the outside, then it
means that the fuel is not burning completely.
Page : 77 , Block Name : Exercise
Q4 Explain the nature of the covalent bond using the bond formation in CH Cl.3
Answer. Carbon can neither lose four of its electrons nor gain four electrons as both the processes
require extra amount of energy and would make the system unstable.
Therefore, it completes its octet by sharing its four electrons with other carbon atoms or with
atoms of other elements.
The bonds that are formed by sharing electrons are known as covalent bonds.
In covalent bonding, both the atoms share the valence electrons, i.e., the shared electrons belong
to the valence shells of both the atoms.
Here, carbon requires 4 electrons to complete its octet, while each hydrogen atom requires one
electron to complete its duplet. Also, chlorine requires an electron to complete the octet.
Therefore, all of these share the electrons and as a result, carbon forms 3 bonds with hydrogen and
one with chlorine.
Page : 78 , Block Name : Exercise
Page 8
Q5 Draw the electron dot structures for
(a) ethanoic acid.
(b)H S
2
(c) propanone.
(d) F .
2
Answer.
Page : 78 , Block Name : Exercise
Q6 What is an homologous series? Explain with an example.
Answer. A homologous series is a series of carbon compounds that have different numbers of
carbon atoms but contain the same functional group. For example, methane, ethane, propane,
butane, etc. are all part of the alkane homologous series.
The general formula of this series is C H
n 2n+2 .
Methane CH 4
Ethane CH CH
3 3
Propane CH CH CH
3 2 3
Butane CH CH CH CH
3 2 2 3
It can be noticed that there is a difference of −CH unit between each successive compound.
2
Page : 78 , Block Name : Exercise
Q7 How can ethanol and ethanoic acid be differentiated on the basis of their physical and
chemical properties?
Answer. Ethanol is a liquid at room temperature with a pleasant odour while ethanoic acid has
vinegar- like smell. The melting point of ethanoic acid is 17 oc. This is below room temperature
and hence, it freezes during winters.
Ethanoic acid reacts with metal carbonates and metal hydrogen carbonates to form salt, water,
carbon dioxide gas while ethanol does not react with them.
Metal Carbonates Metal Hydrogen carbonates + Carboxylic acid ->
(a) ethanoic acid.
(b)H S
2
(c) propanone.
(d) F .
2
Answer.
Page : 78 , Block Name : Exercise
Q6 What is an homologous series? Explain with an example.
Answer. A homologous series is a series of carbon compounds that have different numbers of
carbon atoms but contain the same functional group. For example, methane, ethane, propane,
butane, etc. are all part of the alkane homologous series.
The general formula of this series is C H
n 2n+2 .
Methane CH 4
Ethane CH CH
3 3
Propane CH CH CH
3 2 3
Butane CH CH CH CH
3 2 2 3
It can be noticed that there is a difference of −CH unit between each successive compound.
2
Page : 78 , Block Name : Exercise
Q7 How can ethanol and ethanoic acid be differentiated on the basis of their physical and
chemical properties?
Answer. Ethanol is a liquid at room temperature with a pleasant odour while ethanoic acid has
vinegar- like smell. The melting point of ethanoic acid is 17 oc. This is below room temperature
and hence, it freezes during winters.
Ethanoic acid reacts with metal carbonates and metal hydrogen carbonates to form salt, water,
carbon dioxide gas while ethanol does not react with them.
Metal Carbonates Metal Hydrogen carbonates + Carboxylic acid ->
Page 9
Salt + Water + Carbon dioxide For example,
2CH3 COOH + Na2 CO3 ⟶ 2CH3 COONa + H2 O + CO2
Metal Carbonates{Metal Hydrogen carbonates + Alcohols -> No reaction
For example-
CH CH OH + Na CO -> no reaction
3 2 2 3
Page : 78 , Block Name : Exercise
Q8 Why does micelle formation take place when soap is added to water? Will a micelle be formed
in other solvents such as ethanol also?
Answer. Soap molecules have two ends with different properties. One end is hydrophilic, which
dissolves in water and other end is hydrophobic, it dissolves in hydrocarbons. When soap is added
to water, the ionic end of soap will form a unique orientation and keep the hydrocarbon tail away
from it. The cluster of molecules is formed in which the hydrophobic tails are in the interior of the
cluster and the ionic ends are on the surface of the cluster. Hence, micelle formation takes place.
Soap is soluble in ethanol hence the micelle formation will not take place.
Page : 78 , Block Name : Exercise
Q9 Why are carbon and its compounds used as fuels for most applications?
Answer. Most of the carbon compounds give a lot of heat and light when burnt in air. Saturated
hydrocarbons bum with a clean ame and no smoke is produced. The carbon compounds, used as a
fuel, have high calori c values. Therefore, carbon and its compounds are used as fuels for most
applications.
Page : 78 , Block Name : Exercise
Q10 Explain the formation of scum when hard water is treated with soap.
Answer. Soap does not work properly when the water is hard. A soap is a sodium or potassium salt
of long chain fatty acids. Hard water contains salts of calcium and magnesium. When soap is
2CH3 COOH + Na2 CO3 ⟶ 2CH3 COONa + H2 O + CO2
Metal Carbonates{Metal Hydrogen carbonates + Alcohols -> No reaction
For example-
CH CH OH + Na CO -> no reaction
3 2 2 3
Page : 78 , Block Name : Exercise
Q8 Why does micelle formation take place when soap is added to water? Will a micelle be formed
in other solvents such as ethanol also?
Answer. Soap molecules have two ends with different properties. One end is hydrophilic, which
dissolves in water and other end is hydrophobic, it dissolves in hydrocarbons. When soap is added
to water, the ionic end of soap will form a unique orientation and keep the hydrocarbon tail away
from it. The cluster of molecules is formed in which the hydrophobic tails are in the interior of the
cluster and the ionic ends are on the surface of the cluster. Hence, micelle formation takes place.
Soap is soluble in ethanol hence the micelle formation will not take place.
Page : 78 , Block Name : Exercise
Q9 Why are carbon and its compounds used as fuels for most applications?
Answer. Most of the carbon compounds give a lot of heat and light when burnt in air. Saturated
hydrocarbons bum with a clean ame and no smoke is produced. The carbon compounds, used as a
fuel, have high calori c values. Therefore, carbon and its compounds are used as fuels for most
applications.
Page : 78 , Block Name : Exercise
Q10 Explain the formation of scum when hard water is treated with soap.
Answer. Soap does not work properly when the water is hard. A soap is a sodium or potassium salt
of long chain fatty acids. Hard water contains salts of calcium and magnesium. When soap is
Page 10
added to hard water, calcium and magnesium ions present in water displace sodium or potassium
ions from the soap molecules forming an insoluble substance called scum. A lot of soap is wasted
in the process.
Page : 78 , Block Name : Exercise
Q11 What change will you observe if you test soap with litmus paper (red and blue)?
Answer. Since soap is basic in nature, it will turn red litmus blue. However, the colour of blue
litmus will remain blue.
Page : 78 , Block Name : Exercise
Q12 What is hydrogenation? What is its industrial application?
Answer. Hydrogenation is the process of addition of hydrogen. Unsaturated hydrocarbons are
added with hydrogen in the presence of palladium and nickel catalysts to give saturated
hydrocarbons.
Page : 78 , Block Name : Exercise
Q13 Which of the following hydrocarbons undergo addition reactions: C H , C H ,C3H6 ,
2 6 3 8
C H and CH .
2 2 4
Answer. Unsaturated hydrocarbons undergo addition reactions. Being unsaturated hydrocarbons,,
C H and C H undergo addition reactions.
3 6 2 2
Page : 78 , Block Name : Exercise
Q14 Give a test that can be used to differentiate between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Answer. Butter contains saturated fats. Therefore, it cannot be hydrogenated. On the other hand,
ions from the soap molecules forming an insoluble substance called scum. A lot of soap is wasted
in the process.
Page : 78 , Block Name : Exercise
Q11 What change will you observe if you test soap with litmus paper (red and blue)?
Answer. Since soap is basic in nature, it will turn red litmus blue. However, the colour of blue
litmus will remain blue.
Page : 78 , Block Name : Exercise
Q12 What is hydrogenation? What is its industrial application?
Answer. Hydrogenation is the process of addition of hydrogen. Unsaturated hydrocarbons are
added with hydrogen in the presence of palladium and nickel catalysts to give saturated
hydrocarbons.
Page : 78 , Block Name : Exercise
Q13 Which of the following hydrocarbons undergo addition reactions: C H , C H ,C3H6 ,
2 6 3 8
C H and CH .
2 2 4
Answer. Unsaturated hydrocarbons undergo addition reactions. Being unsaturated hydrocarbons,,
C H and C H undergo addition reactions.
3 6 2 2
Page : 78 , Block Name : Exercise
Q14 Give a test that can be used to differentiate between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Answer. Butter contains saturated fats. Therefore, it cannot be hydrogenated. On the other hand,
Page 11
oil has unsaturated fats. That is why it can be hydrogenated to saturated fats (solids).
Page : 78 , Block Name : Exercise
Q15 Explain the mechanism of the cleaning action of soaps.
Answer. Cleansing action of soaps: The dirt present on clothes is organic in nature and insoluble
in water. Therefore, it cannot be removed by only washing with water. When soap is dissolved in
water, its hydrophobic ends attach themselves to the dirt and remove it from the cloth. Then,
the molecules of soap arrange themselves in micelle formation and trap the dirt at the centre of
the cluster. These micelles remain suspended in the water. Hence, the dust particles are easily
rinsed away by water.
Page : 78 , Block Name : Exercise
Page : 78 , Block Name : Exercise
Q15 Explain the mechanism of the cleaning action of soaps.
Answer. Cleansing action of soaps: The dirt present on clothes is organic in nature and insoluble
in water. Therefore, it cannot be removed by only washing with water. When soap is dissolved in
water, its hydrophobic ends attach themselves to the dirt and remove it from the cloth. Then,
the molecules of soap arrange themselves in micelle formation and trap the dirt at the centre of
the cluster. These micelles remain suspended in the water. Hence, the dust particles are easily
rinsed away by water.
Page : 78 , Block Name : Exercise
Document Details
| Board / Org | NCERT |
| Exam | Class 10 |
| Type | Solution |
| Pages | 11 |
| Language | english |
| Updated | 30 Apr 2026 |