HBSE Class 12 Sample Paper 2025 Answers Geography

Board Of School Education Haryana

मॉडल पेपर
उत्तर
2025

Haryana School Education Board – Bhiwani
Question wise Detailed Marking Scheme (2024 - 25)
Class –12th
Subject – Geography

Question Marking scheme (including the importance of each part of the answer) Aggregate
marks
Section – A Objective Type Questions
1 B Friedrich Ratzel 1 1
2 C Roadways 1 1
3 C Tamil Nadu 1 1
4 D Madurai 1 1
5 D Jharia 1 1
6 B Clustered 1 1
7 1995 1 1
8 Water shortage and Unemployment 1 1
9 A- Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of 1 1
Assertion.
10 A- Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of 1 1
Assertion.
Total Marks of Section-A 10
Section – B Very Short Answer Type Questions
11 Human geography studies the relationships between people and 2 2
their environments, examining spatial patterns of human activities, cultures,
and societies, and how they interact with and shape the world around them.
12 Neo - Determinism: The renewed approach to determinism is called neo- 2 2
determinism. It refers human races as a passive agent dictated by
environmental factors.
13 Pull factors are conditions or attractions that entice people to move to a particular 2 2
area. Positive factors such as job opportunities, better living conditions, and
amenities encourage migration to specific regions.
14 Birth rate is the number of live births per 1,000 people in a population within a 2 2
specific time period, typically expressed annually. It is a key demographic
indicator.
15 Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions to generate electricity. 1 2

In India, two prominent nuclear power stations are Kakrapar Atomic Power 1
Station in Gujarat and Tarapur Atomic Power Station in Maharashtra.
or
Consumption of contaminated water can lead to waterborne diseases, including 2
diarrhea, cholera, and typhoid. Long-term exposure may cause chronic health issues,
affecting communities' well-being and productivity.
16 1 2
Four major ports on the east coast of India are:

Kolkata Port (West Bengal)
Paradip Port (Odisha)

Visakhapatnam Port (Andhra Pradesh) 1
Chennai Port (Tamil Nadu)
or
Pipeline transportation offers cost efficiency, reliability, and environmental 2

benefits. It minimizes energy consumption, reduces pollution, and ensures a
continuous flow of goods with minimal interference, making it efficient for
liquids and gases.
Total Marks of Section-B 12
Section – C Short Answer Type Questions
17 All underground mines have some crucial components in common: ventilation 3 3
shafts to clear toxic fumes from drilling and blasting; escape routes; access
shafts to lower workers and equipment; ore-transport tunnels; recovery shafts
to carry excavated ore to the surface; and communication systems to send
information back
18 Population growth in India varies regionally due to factors like fertility rates, 1 3
socioeconomic development, and cultural practices.
Southern states like Kerala and Tamil Nadu exhibit lower growth due to higher 1
literacy and women's empowerment. Northern states, with lower development
indices, often experience higher growth rates.
Urban areas generally have lower growth than rural regions. This regional 1
variation results from complex interactions between demographic, economic,
and cultural factors across India.
19 Rural settlements exhibit various types, including nucleated, dispersed, and 1 3
linear. Nucleated settlements are clustered, fostering community interaction.
Dispersed settlements are scattered, providing individual households with more 1
privacy.
Linear settlements align along transportation routes, such as roads or rivers.
Each type reflects diverse geographic and cultural factors influencing
settlement patterns, contributing to the distinct characteristics of rural areas
worldwide.
20 India experiences three main cropping seasons: Kharif, Rabi, and Zaid. 1 3
Kharif, during the monsoon, includes crops like rice, millets, and pulses.
Rabi, in the winter, involves crops like wheat, barley, and mustard. 1
Zaid is a short season during summer, cultivating crops like fruits and 1
vegetables.
21 India's foreign trade is characterized by diversity in exports, including textiles, 3 3
pharmaceuticals, and software services. Imports consist of crude oil, machinery,
and electronic goods. The trade balance is often trade deficit due to higher
import value. India engages in both bilateral and multilateral trade agreements.
The service sector, particularly IT and software exports, plays a significant role.
Foreign trade policies are influenced by global economic trends, aiming to foster
economic growth and international cooperation.
or
The Bharatmala Project is a flagship infrastructure initiative in India aimed at 3
enhancing road connectivity across the country. Launched in 2017, it focuses on
the construction and improvement of national highways, expressways, and
border roads. The project aims to optimize freight and passenger movement,
reduce logistics costs, and foster economic development by connecting remote
areas. It envisions the development of a seamless and efficient road network to
boost overall connectivity and economic growth.
22 Namami Gange is a flagship program in India aimed at cleaning and 3 3
rejuvenating the Ganges River. Launched in 2014, it integrates various
initiatives for sewage treatment, riverfront development, and public awareness
campaigns. The program emphasizes sustainable wastewater management and
ecological conservation to restore the cultural and environmental significance of
the Ganges. Namami Gange seeks to ensure a cleaner and healthier Ganga
basin, involving multiple stakeholders and innovative approaches for long-term
river rejuvenation.

or
Air pollution has severe health effects, causing respiratory and cardiovascular 3
issues. Particulate matter and pollutants like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides
can lead to lung diseases, asthma, and respiratory infections. Long-term
exposure contributes to chronic conditions, including lung cancer and
cardiovascular diseases. Children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing
conditions are particularly vulnerable. Overall, air pollution significantly
impacts public health, increasing healthcare burdens and reducing quality of
life
Total Marks of Section-C 18
Section – D Long Answer Type Questions
23 Demographic transition is a model that describes the historical shift of 1 5
populations from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a
society undergoes economic and social development. It typically unfolds in four
stages:
Stage 1 (High Stationary): Characterized by high birth and death rates, 1
resulting in minimal population growth. This stage is typical of pre-industrial
societies with limited healthcare and agricultural practices.
Stage 2 (Early Expanding): Death rates decline due to improved healthcare, 1
sanitation, and nutrition, leading to rapid population growth. Birth rates
remain high, creating a demographic imbalance.
Stage 3 (Late Expanding): Birth rates begin to decline as social and economic 1
changes, including increased education and urbanization, influence family
planning decisions. Population growth slows down.
Stage 4 (Low Stationary): Both birth and death rates are low, resulting in a 1
stable population. This stage is characteristic of advanced industrial societies
with high living standards, education, and healthcare.
or
Population change refers to alterations in the size, composition, and 1
distribution of a population over a specific period. Its components include
births (fertility), deaths (mortality), and migration.
Fertility: The number of births per 1,000 people in a given population 2
determines fertility. High fertility contributes to population growth, while low
fertility can result in population decline and aging.

Mortality: Mortality rate is the number of deaths per 1,000 people. High
mortality rates can lead to population decline, while low mortality rates
contribute to population growth and demographic transition.

Migration: Migration involves the movement of people across regions.
Immigration increases population, while emigration decreases it. Migration
patterns impact population distribution and demographic characteristics.
Effects: 2

Population Growth: High birth rates relative to death rates contribute to
population growth.

Demographic Transition: Shifts from high birth and death rates to low rates,
impacting population age structures.

Population Aging: Declining fertility and increasing life expectancy result in an
older population, affecting societal structures and resource allocation.

Population Decline: When deaths exceed births and migration outflows persist,

populations can decline, impacting labor forces and economic productivity.
24 Human Development Index (HDI): The HDI is a composite statistic used to 1 5
measure a country's average achievements in three basic dimensions of human
development: a long and healthy life (health), knowledge (education), and a
decent standard of living (standard of living). It provides a comprehensive
assessment of well-being beyond traditional economic indicators.
.
Four Pillars of Human Development: 1

Health: This pillar considers life expectancy at birth. Longer life expectancy
reflects better health outcomes and access to healthcare services, indicating a
higher level of human development.

Education: Education is assessed through two indicators: mean years of 1
schooling for adults and expected years of schooling for children entering
school. Education is a key factor in individual empowerment and societal
progress.
Standard of Living: This pillar focuses on per capita income adjusted for 1
purchasing power parity. It measures the economic dimension of human
development, reflecting the ability of individuals to access goods and services
for a decent standard of living.
Gender Equality: While not officially part of the HDI, gender-related 1
development index (GDI) and gender inequality index (GII) are often
considered as supplementary indicators, highlighting disparities between men
and women in terms of health, education, and standard of living. Gender
equality is crucial for holistic human development
or
Several factors influence the location of industries globally. These factors are 1
often interrelated and contribute to the spatial distribution of industrial
activities. Some key considerations include:

Raw Materials: Proximity to raw materials is a critical factor. Industries tend to
locate near the source of raw materials to reduce transportation costs and
ensure a steady supply.

Labor Availability: Access to a skilled and affordable labor force is essential.
Industries often choose locations with a skilled workforce or where labor costs
are competitive.
Transportation Infrastructure: Efficient transportation networks, including 1
roads, ports, and railways, influence industrial location. Access to markets and
the ability to transport goods easily affect location decisions.

Energy Availability: Industries, especially energy-intensive ones, are attracted
to areas with reliable and affordable energy sources. Proximity to power plants
or energy reserves is a key consideration.
Market Access: Proximity to markets is crucial for industries that produce 1
consumer goods. Access to consumers reduces distribution costs and time-to-
market.

Government Policies: Government incentives, tax breaks, and regulatory
policies play a significant role. Industries may favor locations with favorable
policies, subsidies, or a business-friendly environment.
Infrastructure: Apart from transportation, general infrastructure like water 1
supply, telecommunications, and waste disposal influences industrial location

decisions.

Climate and Environmental Conditions: Some industries are sensitive to
climatic conditions. For example, certain manufacturing processes may require
specific environmental conditions or be influenced by climate-related factors.
Political Stability: Political stability and a favorable business environment are 1
attractive for industries. Stable political conditions reduce risks and
uncertainties for businesses.

Technological Advancements: The availability of advanced technologies and
research institutions can attract industries that rely on innovation and
technology.
25 Sustainable development is a holistic approach to meeting the needs of the 1 5
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
own needs. It involves the integration of economic, social, and environmental
dimensions to promote long-term well-being and preserve natural resources.
Renewable Energy Adoption: Encouraging the use of renewable energy sources, 1
such as solar, wind, and hydropower, reduces reliance on finite fossil fuels,
mitigates environmental impact, and promotes sustainable energy practices.

Resource Efficiency: Implementing measures to enhance resource efficiency and 1
reduce waste generation, including recycling programs, sustainable forestry
practices, and responsible water management.
Biodiversity Conservation: Protecting and restoring ecosystems helps maintain 1
biodiversity. Conservation efforts, habitat restoration, and sustainable land-use
practices contribute to ecosystem resilience.
Green Infrastructure: Developing green spaces within urban areas, promoting 1
sustainable urban planning, and investing in green infrastructure like parks
and green roofs improve air quality, mitigate heat island effects, and enhance
overall urban sustainability.
or
Hydel power, a vital component of India's energy portfolio, harnesses the 2
potential energy of flowing water to generate electricity. India's diverse
topography and ample water resources make it conducive for hydropower
development. The country has strategically implemented numerous hydel
projects, showcasing a mix of large dams like Bhakra-Nangal and small-scale
projects across various river basins.
Hydel power contributes significantly to India's electricity generation, offering a 1
clean and renewable energy alternative. The Himalayan region, with its fast-
flowing rivers, has been a focal point for large hydropower installations.
Projects like Tehri and Nathpa Jhakri have become critical components of
India's power infrastructure.
Despite its benefits, hydel power faces challenges. Concerns related to 1
environmental impact, including habitat disruption and the displacement of
local communities, highlight the importance of balancing energy needs with
sustainable development. Climate change effects on water availability further
emphasize the need for thoughtful project planning.
In recent years, a growing emphasis on renewable energy has fueled interest in 1
hydel power. Advancements in technology and a focus on minimizing
environmental impacts are driving the development of more sustainable
hydropower projects. As India continues to diversify its energy mix, hydel
power remains a key player in the nation's journey towards a more sustainable
and resilient power sector.
Total Marks of Section-D 15

Section – E Map Work
26 Mayurbhanj – An area of iron ore mining 1 5
Panipat oil refinery 1
Durgapur Steel Plant 1
Raniganj Coalfield 1
Digboi Oilfield 1
aggregate marks 60

Sample Papers

CBSE Sample Papers
ICSE / ISC Board Sample Papers
AP Board Sample Papers
Assam Board Sample Papers
Bihar Board Sample Papers
Chhattisgarh Board Sample Papers
Goa Board Sample Papers
Gujarat Board Sample Papers
Haryana Board Sample Papers
HP Board Sample Papers
J&K State Board Sample Papers
Jharkhand Board Sample Papers
Karnataka Board Sample Papers
Kerala Board Sample Papers

Sample Papers

MP Board Sample Papers
Maharashtra Board Sample Papers
Manipur Board Sample Papers
Mizoram Board Sample Papers
Orissa Board Sample Papers
Punjab Board Sample Papers
Rajasthan Board Sample Papers
Tamil Nadu Board Sample Papers
Telangana State Board Sample Papers
Tripura Board Sample Papers
UP Board Sample Papers
Uttarakhand Board Sample Papers
West Bengal Board Sample Papers