HBSE Class 12 Sample Paper 2025 Answers History

Board Of School Education Haryana

मॉडल पेपर
उत्तर
2025

BSEH Practice Paper (March 2025)

Class: 12th (Senior Secondary)

Code: A

MARKING INSTRUCTIONS AND MODEL ANSWERS
HISTORY
ACADEMIC/OPEN
खंड- क (वस्तुनि प्) 1×21=21

Section-A (Objective Questions)

1. (ब) हरियाणा (b) Haryana 1

2. (ब) कौटिलय (b) Kautilya 1

3. (अ) अलबरनन (a) Alberuni 1

4. (स) मधय प्र द (c) Madhya Pradesh 1

5. (ब) ्तग
ं भदा (b) Tungabhadra 1

6. (स)1813 ई0 (c)1813 ई0 1

7. (स) लॉड् कैुनंग (c) Lord Canning 1

8. (्) गोपाल कृ षण गोखलर (d) Gopal Krishna Gokhale 1

1

9. चंदगतग ट््नय की पततन 1
9. Daughter of Chandragupta II 1
10. अं्रव्वाह का अर् है टकसन वयरक का समूह, वण् या जाु् कर अं्ि
ही रववाह किना। 1
10. Endogamy means marriage within a person's group, caste or
caste.
11. सतल्ान मोहमम् -रबन -्तगलक 1
11. Sultan Mohammad -Bin- Tughlaq
12. कन्ल कॉुलन मैकेंन र्टिद ईसि इं टडया कंपनन मे सकॉटिद सरना
अुिकािी रर जो बा् मे भाि् कर पहलर सव्यि जनिल बनर। 1
12. Colonel Colin Mackenzie was a Scottish Army officer in the
British East India Company who later became the first Surveyor
General of India.
13. 26 ट्संबि 1929 ई0 1
13. 26 December 1929 AD.
14. िमम महामातय 1
14. Dhamma Mahamatya
15. अलवाि 1
15. Alwar

2

16. लाड् कान्वाुलस 1
16. Lord Cornwallis
17. बैिकपति 1
17. Barrackpur
18. 1916 1
18. 1916
19. (b) अुभकरन (A) औि कािण (R) ्ोनो सही है पिन्त (R), (A) की
सही वयााया नहीं कि्ा है । 1
19. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct but (R)
does not correctly explain (A).
20. (a) अुभकरन (A) औि कािण (R) ्ोनो सही है औि (R), (A) की
सही वयााया कि्ा है । 1
20. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and (R) is the
correct explanation of (A).
21. (b) अुभकरन (A) औि कािण (R) ्ोनो सही है पिन्त (R), (A) की
सही वयााया नहीं कि्ा है । 1
22. 21. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct but (R)
does not correctly explain (A).

3

खंड- ख (लघत उतिीय प् 3×8=24
Section-B (Short Answer Questions)

23. हड़पाकालनन जनवन ुनवा्ह कर मताय ्िीको का वण्न इस पकाि
है - 3

(i) कृ रि- हड़पा सभय्ा कर ुनवासन कई पकाि कर पडर -पौिो सर पाग
उतपा् औि जानविो जजनमे मछलन भन दाुमल है , सर अपना भोजन पाग
कि्र रर। जलर अनाज कर ्ानो औि बनजो सर पतिा्तवरव् आहाि संबंिन
आ््ो कर रविय मे जानकािी पाग किनर मे सफल हो पाए है । इनका
अधययन पतिा-वनसपु्ि कि्र है जो पाचनन वनसपु् कर अधययन कर
रवदरिि हो्र है । हड़पा सरलो सर ुमलर अनाज कर ्ानो मे गरहूँ, जौ, ्ाल,
सफर् चना ्रा ु्ल दाुमल है । बाजिर कर ्ानर गतजिा् कर सरलो सर
पाग हतए रर। चावल कर ्ानर अपरकाकृ ् कम पाए गए है ।

(ii) पदतपालन- हड़पा सरलो सर ुमलन जानविो की हज्डयो मे मवरुदयो,
भरड, बकिी, भैस ्रा सूअि की हज्डयाँ दाुमल है । पतिा्तवरव्ो ्ािा
टकए गए अधययनो सर संकर् ुमल्ा है टक यर सभन जानवि पाल्ू रर।

(iii) ुदकाि किना- जंगलन पजाु्यो जैसर विाह (सतअि), टहिण ्रा
घटडयाल की हज्डयाँ भन ुमलन है । हम यह नहीं जान पाए है टक हड़पा-
ुनवासन सवयं इन जानविो का ुदकाि कि्र रर अरवा अनय आखरिक-

4

समत्ायो सर इनका मांस पाग कि्र रर। मछलन ्रा पजकयो की हज्डयाँ
भन ुमलन है ।
The main methods of subsistence of the Harappan period are
described as follows-
(i) Agriculture- The inhabitants of the Harappan civilization
obtained their food from a variety of plant products and animals,
including fish. Archaeologists have been able to obtain
information about dietary habits from burnt grain grains and
seeds. These are studied by palaeobotanists who are experts in the
study of ancient vegetation. Grains found at Harappan sites
include wheat, barley, pulses, white gram and sesame. Millet
grains were obtained from sites in Gujarat. Relatively few grains
of rice have been found.
(ii) Animal husbandry- Animal bones found from Harappan sites
include bones of cattle, sheep, goat, buffalo and pig. Studies
conducted by archaeologists indicate that all these animals were
domesticated.
(iii) Hunting- Bones of wild species like boar, deer and crocodile
have also been found. We have not been able to know whether the
Harappans themselves hunted these animals or obtained their
meat from other hunter-gatherers. Bones of fish and birds have
also been found.
अरवा/OR

5

यदरप अनाज कर ्ानो सर कृ रि कर संकर् ुमल्र है पिन्त हड़पाकालनन
कृ रि पौदोुगकी कर रविय मे सपप जानकािी ुमलना कटिन है । उपलबि
साकयो कर आिाि पि हड़पाकालनन कृ रि रवुियो का संजकग वण्न इस
पकाि है -

(i) कृ रि रवुियाँ- जत्र हतए खर्ो मे बनजो का ुछडकाव टकया जा्ा रा।
मतहिो पि बैलो कर ुचतो कर ुमलनर कर आिाि पि पतिा्तवरवि यह मान्र
है टक खर् जो्नर कर ुलए बैलो का पयोग हो्ा रा। सार ही चोुलस्ान
कर कई सरलो औि बनावलन (हरियाणा) सर ुमटिी सर बनर हल कर पु्रप
ुमलर है । इसकर अु्रिक पतिा्तवरव्ो को कालनबंगन (िाजसरान)
नामक सरान पि जत्र हतए खर् का साकय ुमला है । इस खर् मे हल
िर खाओं कर ्ो समूह एक-्स
ू िर को समकोण पि काि्र हतए रवदमान रर
जो ्दा््र है टक एक सार ्ो अलग-अलग फसले उगाई जा्न रनं।

(ii) औजािो का पयोग- पतिा्तवरव्ो नर फसलो की किाई कर ुलए पयतक
औजािो को पहचाननर का पयास भन टकया है । कया हड़पा सभय्ा कर
लोग लकडी कर हतरो मे रबिाए गए पतरि कर फलको का पयोग कि्र रर
या टफि वर िा्त कर औजािो का पयोग कि्र रर।
(iii) ुसंचाई कर सािन- अुिकांद हड़पा सरल अि्-दतषक करतो मे जसर्
है जहाँ संभव्ः कृ रि कर ुलए ुसंचाई की आवशयक्ा पड्न होगन।
अफगाुनस्ान मे दो्तघ
् ई नामक हड़पा सरल सर नहिो कर कतछ अवदरि

6

ुमलर है , पिन्त पंजाब औि ुसंि मे नहीं। ुसचाई कर ुलए जलादयो का
भन पयोग टकया जा्ा रा। इसकर अु्रिक िौलावनिा (गतजिा्) मे ुमलर
जलादयो का पयोग संभव्ः कृ रि कर ुलए जल संचयन हर ्ू टकया जा्ा
रा।
Although there are indications of agriculture from the grains, it is
difficult to get clear information about the agricultural technology
of the Harappan period. On the basis of available evidence, a
brief description of the agricultural methods of the Harappan
period is as follows-
(i) Agricultural methods- Seeds were sprayed in plowed fields.
Seals But on the basis of finding pictures of oxen, archaeologists
believe that oxen were used to plow the fields. Also, models of
plow made of clay have been found at many sites of Cholistan
and Banawali (Haryana). Its. Additional archaeologists have
found evidence of plowed fields at a site called Kalibangan
(Rajasthan). In this field there were two sets of plow lines
intersecting each other at right angles, indicating that two
different crops were grown simultaneously.
(ii) Use of tools- Archaeologists have also tried to identify the
tools used for harvesting crops. Did the people of the Harappan
civilization use stone flails fitted with wooden handles or did they
use metal tools?
(iii) Means of irrigation- Most of the Harappan sites are located
in semi-arid areas where irrigation would probably be required
for agriculture. Some remains of canals have been found from a

7

Harappan site called Shortughai in Afghanistan, but not in Punjab
and Sindh. Reservoirs were also used for irrigation. Apart from
this, the reservoirs found in Dholavira (Gujarat) were probably
used to store water for agriculture.
23. 3
अदोक नर अपनर दासन काल मे अनरक अुभलरख खत्वाए रर। इसकर
अुभलरखो का भाि्नय इु्हास मे एक रवदरि सरान है । अदोक कर
अुभलरखो कर ऐु्हाुसक महतव का वण्न इस पकाि है -

(i) यर अुभलरख मौय् सामारय की जानकािी कर महतवपूण् सो् है ।

(ii) इन अुभलरखो सर हमे मौय् सामारय कर रवस्ाि का प्ा चल्ा है ।

(iii) इन अुभलरखो सर हमे अदोक ्ािा टकए गए पजाटह् काय् की
जानकािी पाग हो्न है ।

(iv) यर अुभलरख मौय् कला कर उतम उ्ाहिण है ।

(vi) इन अुभलरखो सर हमे अदोक ्ािा बौद िम् कर पचाि कर ुलए टकए
गए पयासो का प्ा चल्ा है ।
Ashoka had many inscriptions engraved during his reign. Its
inscription has a special place in Indian history. The historical
importance of Ashoka's inscriptions is described as follows-
(i) These inscriptions are important sources of information about
the Maurya Empire.

8

(ii) From these inscriptions we come to know about the expansion
of the Maurya Empire.
(iii) From these inscriptions we get information about the various
works done by Ashoka.
(iv) These inscriptions are excellent examples of Maurya art.
(vi) From these inscriptions we come to know about the efforts
made by Ashoka to propagate Buddhism.
24. 3
(i) महायान समप्ाय कर गनर संसकृ ् भािा मे है जबटक हीनयान
समप्ाय कर गनर पाुल भािा मे है ।

(ii) महायान समप्ाय मे मूु्् पूजा आिमभ हो गई जबटक हीनयान
समप्ाय मे गौ्म बतद को आ्द् औि परवत्ा का प्नक पतरि माना
गया।

(iii) महायान बौद िम् का नू्न समप्ाय है जबटक हीनयान बौद िम्
का पाचनन समप्ाय है ।
(i) The texts of Mahayana sect are in Sanskrit language whereas
the texts of Hinayana sect are in Pali language.
(ii) Idol worship started in the Mahayana sect, whereas in the
Hinayana sect, Gautam Buddha was considered an ideal man and
a symbol of purity.
(iii) Mahayana is a new sect of Buddhism while Hinayana is an
ancient sect of Buddhism.

9

25. 3
बुनयि फांस का ुनवासन रा। वह 17वनं द्ाब्ी मे भाि् आनर वालर
रव्र दन यारतयो मे सबसर अुिक पुसद रा। वह भाि् मे मतगल दासक
दाहजहाँ कर दासनकाल मे 1656 ई० मे भाि् आया ्रा 1668 ई० ्क
भाि् मे िहा। वह एक पुसद ुचटकतसक, िाजननु्क, ्ाद्ुनक औि
इु्हासकाि रा। उसकी पतस्क का नाम 'टै वलस इन ् मतगल एमपायि'
है ।
Barnier was a resident of France. He was a foreigner who came to
India in the 17th century Was the most famous among the
travellers. He was the son of Mughal ruler Shah Jahan in India.
Came to India in 1656 AD during his reign and stayed in India till
1668 AD. He Was a famous physician, politician, philosopher and
historian. His The name of the book is 'Travels in the Mughal
Empire'.
26. 3
इसलाम िम् मे कतछ आधयाजतमक लोगो का िहसयवा् औि वैिागय की
्िफ झतकाव बढा, इनहे सूफी कहा जानर लगा। कतछ रव्ानो का मानना है
टक सूफी दब् 'सूफ' दब् सर बना है जजसका अर् है 'ऊन' अरा्् त वर लोग
जो खति्िर ऊनन वस पहन्र हो। अनय रव्ान इस दब् की उतपरत
'सफा' सर मान्र है . जजसका अर् है साफ। इसकर अर् औि उतपरत कर
रविय मे रव्ान एकम् नहीं है ।

10

In the religion of Islam, the inclination of some spiritual people
towards mysticism and renunciation increased, they came to be
called Sufis. Some scholars believe that the word Sufi is derived
from the word 'Suf' which means 'wool' i.e. people who wear
rough woollen clothes. Other scholars believe the origin of this
word to be from 'Safa'. Which means clean. Scholars are not
unanimous regarding its meaning and origin.
अरवा /OR

ुचश्न उपासना की रवुियो का वण्न इस पकाि है - 3

(i) सूफी सं्ो की ्िगाह की िाुम्क याता किना जजसर जजयाि् कहा
जा्ा है ।

(ii) नाच औि संगन् भन जजयाि् का टहससा रर।

(iii) सूफी सं् समा यानन आधयाजतमक संगन् की महटफल कर ्ािा
ईशि की उपासना मे रवशास िख्र रर।
The description of the methods of Chishti worship is as follows-
(i) Making a religious pilgrimage to the shrine of Sufi saints
which is called Ziyarat.
(ii) Dance and music were also part of Ziyarat.
(iii) Sufi saints worship God through Sama i.e. gathering of
spiritual music believed in worship.

11

27. 3
रवजयनगि कर िाजकीय करनद मे जसर् महानवमन टडबबा एक
रवदालकाय मंच रा जो 11000 वग् फीि कर आिाि सर 40 फीि ऊँचा रा।
यह रवजयनगि दासन मे एक महतवपूण् साव्जुनक मंच रा जजस पि
िारय कर अनरक महतवपूण् अनतिान समपनन टकयर जा्र रर। इनका वण्न
इस पकाि है ।-

(i) इस मंच सर जतडर अनतिान ्दहिा, ्ग
त ा् पूजा ्रा महानवमन कर समय
संपनन टकए जा्र रर। इस अवसि पि रवजयनगि कर दासक अपनन दरक
का प्द्न कि्र रर।

(ii) इस अवसि पि दासक नायको की सरना का ुनिीकण कि्ा रा।

(iii) इस अवसि पि मूु्् पूजा एवं अश पूजा की जा्न रन ्रा भैसो
औि अनय जानविो की बुल ्ी जा्न रन।
Mahanavami Dibba, located in the royal center of Vijayanagara,
was a huge platform which was 40 feet high with a base of 11000
square feet. It was an important public stage during the
Vijayanagara rule on which many important rituals of the state
were performed. Their description is as follows.-
(i) The rituals associated with this stage were performed during
Dussehra, Durga Puja and Mahanavami. On this occasion the
rulers of Vijayanagara used to display their power.
(ii) On this occasion the ruler used to inspect the army of heroes.

12

(iii) On this occasion, idol worship and horse worship were
performed and buffaloes and other animals were sacrificed.
28. 3
मंगल पांडर बंगाल मे बैिकपति छावनन का एक सैुनक रा। जब एक
अंगरज अुिकािी नर उसर चब् वालर काि्ूस पयोग किनर कर ुलए मजबूि
टकया ्ो उसनर अंगरज अुिकािी की हतया कि ्ी। इस हतया कर ुलए
उसर 8 अपैल 1857 ई० को फांसन ्र ्ी गई। वह भाि् का परम दही्
माना जा्ा है ।
Mangal Pandey was a soldier of Barrackpur Cantonment in
Bengal. When a British officer forced him to use greased
cartridges, he killed the British officer. He was hanged for this
murder on 8 April 1857. He is considered the first martyr of India.
29. 3
गाँिन जन नर 1917 ई. मे रबहाि कर चमपािण जजलर मे ननल की खर्न किनर
वालर टकसानो पि बागान कर यूिोपनय माुलको ्ािा अतयाचाि कर रवरद
सतयागह टकया। ्जकण अफीका सर भाि् वारपस आनर कर बा् गाँिन जन
का यह पहला सतयागह रा। गाँिन कर इस सतयागह सर सिकाि पिर दान
हो गई रन ्रा मजबूि होकि सिकाि नर एक जाँच आयोग ुनयतक टकया
एवं गाँिन जन को भन इसका स्सय बनाया गया। इस आयोग नर टकसानो
की समसयाओं की जाँच की ्रा कानून बनाकि सभन गल् पराओं को

13

समाग कि ट्या एवं टकसानो को भूुम सवामन सवनकाि टकया गया।
्तकालनन समय मे यह गांिन जन की बडी उपलजबि रन।
Satyagraha against the atrocities on farmers by European
plantation owners. This was Gandhiji's first Satyagraha after
returning to India from South Africa. The government was
troubled by this Satyagraha of Gandhi and was forced to appoint
an inquiry commission and Gandhiji was also made a member of
it. This commission investigated the problems of the farmers and
by making laws, all the wrong practices were ended and the
farmers were accepted as land owners. This was a big
achievement of Gandhiji at that time.
अरवा/OR

1918 ई. मे अहम्ाबा् की एक सू्न कपडा ुमल कर मज्िू ो नर बोनस
को लरकि एक हड्ाल का आयोजन टकया। महातमा गाँिन जन ्ािा इस
हड्ाल का नर्तृ व टकया गया। गाँिन जन नर खत् भन इस हड्ाल मे
पहलन बाि अनदन िखा। मजबूि होकि ुमल माुलक मज्िू ो सर
समझौ्ा किनर कर ुलए ्ैयाि हो गए ्रा मज्िू ो को 35 पु्द् भता
्र नर की घोिणा कि ्ी जजससर ह््ाल समाग हो गई। चमपािण कर बा्
यह गांिन जन का भाि् मे ्स
ू िा सफल सतयागह रा।
In 1918 AD, workers of a cotton textile mill in Ahmedabad
organized a strike regarding bonus. This strike was led by
Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhiji himself fasted for the first time in this

14

strike. The mill owners are forced to be ready to compromise with
the workers.
He went and announced to give 35 percent allowance to the
workers due to which the strike ended. After Champaran, this was
Gandhiji's second successful Satyagraha in India.
खंड- ग ( ुनबंिातमक प्) 3×6=18
Section-D (Essay Questions)
30. 6
हड़पा सभय्ा मे दासक कर अजस्तव को लरकि रव्ान एकम् नहीं है ।
कतछ पतिा्तवरव् इस म् कर है टक इस सभय्ा मे दासक नहीं रर।
पिन्त पाग हतए रवुभनन पमाणो कर आिाि पि ्रा सभय्ा कर रवुभनन
करतो मे कतछ रवियो को लरकि जो समरप्ा पाई गई है . उसकर आिाि पि
कहा जा सक्ा है टक दासको की इस सभय्ा मे महतवपूण् भूुमका िही
होगन। हड़पाई समाज मे दासको ्ािा ुनमन संभारव् काय् समपनन
टकए जा्र होगर-

(i) पतिावस्तओं मे एक रप्ा सरारप् किना-हड़पा सभय्ा मे
पतिावस्तओं मतहिो, बािो ्रा ईिो मे पाई जानर वालन असािािण
एकरप्ा सर सपप हो्ा है टक पूिी सभय्ा मे इस एकरप्ा की सरापना
किना जनसामानय कर बस की बा् नहीं रन। इन जटिल काय् को
दासक कर ्ािा कानून कर माधयम सर समपनन टकया जा्ा होगा।

15

(ii) नगियोजना बनाना दासको का ट््नय अु् महतवपूण् काय्
नगियोजना बनाना िहा होगा। हड़पा सभय्ा मे नगि एक सतुनज््
योजना कर ्ािा बनाए जा्र रर। नगिो मे जल ुनकासन की उतम
वयवसरा की जा्न रन। सडको को ुगड पदु् पि बनाया जा्ा रा।
आप्ा कर समय कर ुलए अनन को सतिजक् िखनर हर ्ू अननागाि जैसन
संिचना को सरारप् किना। यर सभन काय् एक दासक कर ्ािा ही
ुनयुम् रप सर समपनन टकए जा्र होगर।

(iii) ुदलप-उतपा्न कर ुलए कचचर माल का पबनिन हड़पा सभय्ा मे
अनरक ुदलप-उतपा्न काय् का संपा्न हो्ा रा। इन ुदलप उतपा्न
काय् कर ुलए आवशयक कचचर माल को उपलबि किवाना दासन ्ंत की
ही जजममरवािी िही होगन।

(iv) कचचर माल की पाुग कर ुलए बजस्याँ सरारप् किना-अर्वयवसरा
को सतचार रप सर गु् प्ान किनर कर ुलए दासको कर ्ािा ुदलप
उतपा्न कर ुलए कचचर माल की पाुग कर ुलए सभय्ा कर अनरक सरानो
पि बजस्याँ

सरारप् की गई होगन। उ्ाहिण कर ुलए नागरशि औि बालाकोि मे जहाँ
दंख आसानन सर उपलबि रा, बजस्यां सरारप् की।

16

(v) अुभयान भरजना एवं सत्ित करतो मे समबनि सरारप् किना दासको
कर ्ािा वयापारिक गु्रवुियो को वयवजसर् किनर हर ्त समय-समय
पि रवुभनन सरानो पि अुभयान भरजर जा्र रर। जैसर िाजसरान कर
खर्डी अंचल सर ्ाँबा पाग किनर कर ुलए अुभयान भरजना। रवुभनन
पमाणो सर प्ा चल्ा है टक हड़पा सभय्ा का ओमान, मरलतहा आट्
बाहिी करतो सर समबनि िहा रा। इन सभन काय् को दासको कर ्ािा ही
टकया जा सक्ा रा। इस पकाि सपप है टक उपयतक
् काय् की ुनयुम्
रप ्रा पभावन ढं ग सर समपनन करवल दासक वग् ही कि सक्र रर। यर
सभन ुनण्य आम लोग सामूटहक रप सर नहीं लर सक्र रर।
Scholars are not unanimous about the existence of a ruler in the
Harappan civilization. Some archaeologists are of the opinion that
there were no rulers in this civilization. But on the basis of
various evidences received and the similarity that has been found
regarding some subjects in different areas of civilization. On the
basis of that, it can be said that rulers must have played an
important role in this civilization. The following possible tasks
would have been performed by the rulers in the Harappan society:
(i)To establish uniformity in the antiquities – The extraordinary
uniformity found in the antiquities, seals, weights and bricks of
the Harappan civilization makes it clear that it was not within the
power of the common man to establish this uniformity in the
entire civilization. These complex tasks would have been
accomplished by the ruler through law.

17

(ii) Making town planning: The second most important task of the
rulers must have been making town planning. In the Harappan
civilization, cities were built according to a definite plan. Good
drainage arrangements were made in the cities. Roads were built
on the grid system. Establishing a structure like a granary to
preserve food grains in times of disaster. All these tasks must
have been performed regularly by a ruler.
(iii) Management of raw materials for craft production: Many
craft production tasks were carried out in the Harappan
civilization. It must have been the responsibility of the
government system to provide the necessary raw materials for
these craft production works.
(iv) Establishing settlements to obtain raw materials - In order to
provide a smooth pace to the economy, the rulers must have
established settlements at many places in the civilization to obtain
raw materials for craft production. For example, settlements were
established in Nageshwar and Balakot where conch shells were
easily available.
(v) Sending expeditions and establishing relations in remote areas.
From time to time, expeditions were sent by the rulers to various
places to organize trade activities. Like sending an expedition to
get copper from Khetri region of Rajasthan. Various evidences
show that the Harappan civilization had relations with outer areas
like Oman, Meluhha etc. All these works could be done only by
the rulers. Thus, it is clear that only the ruling class could
accomplish the above mentioned tasks regularly and effectively.

18

The common people could not take all these decisions
collectively.
अरवा /OR

सामाजजक जनवन-

हड़पा सभय्ा मे पिं पिाग् परिवाि की सामाजजक ईकाई रन। उनका
सामाजजक जनवन सतखन एवं सतरविापूण् रा। उतखनन मे पाग हतई
बहतसंायक नािी मूु््यो की पाुग सर संकर् ुमल्ा है टक उनका परिवाि
मा्ृ सतातमक रा।

हड़पाकालनन समाज की पमतख रवदरि्ाएँ ुनमन है :-

* हड़पा सभय्ा कर लोग दाकाहािी ्रा मांसाहािी ्ोनो भोजन कि्र
रर।

* खत्ाई सर पाग सतइयो सर यह अनतमान लगाया जा्ा है टक लोग सनलर
वस पहन्र रर।

* उस समय करद रवनयास पचुल् रा।जसयाँ जतडा कि्न रन। पतरि लंबर
बाल औि ्ाढी- मूंछ िख्र रर।

* इस समय्ा कर लोग आभूिण कर दौकीन रर जजसमे कणिहाि, कण्फूल,
हँ सतलन, भतजाबंि, कडा, अँगूिी आट् पहन्र रर।

* इनकर आभूिण बहतमतलय पतरि, हारन ्ाँ्, ह्डी एवं दंख कर बन्र रर।

19

* यहाँ कर ुनवासन आमो्- पमो् कर परमन रर। पासा इस काल का पमतख
खरल रा।

िाुम्क जनवन- हड़पा सभय्ा कर िाुम्क सवरप कर बािर मे टकसन भन
पकाि का ुलजख् साटहतय उपलबि नहीं है । यहाँ हतए उतखनन कर
अवदरिो कर आिाि पि ही हम यहाँ कर िाुम्क सवरप का वण्न कि
सक्र है ।

* हड़पा संसकृ ु् मे ुमस व मरसोपोिाुमया की ्िह टकसन मंट्ि कर
अवदरि पाग नहीं हतयर है औि न ही कोई ऐसा भवन ुमला है जजसर मंट्ि
की, संिा ्ी जा सकर।

* मोहनजो्डो एवं हड़पा मे पाग मूु््यो को मा्ृ्रवन की मूु््यां
मान्र है । इनसर अनतमान लगाया जा सक्ा है टक यहाँ मा्ृ्रवन की
पूजा हो्न रन जजसर आज हम ्ग
त ा्, कालन, चंडी, गौिी आट् कर रप मे
मान्र है ।

* एक मूु्् मे सन कर गम् सर पौिा ुनकल्ा हतआ ट्खाया गया है । जो
संमभ्ः िि्न पि ्र वन की मूु्् है । अ्ः संभव है टक हड़पावासन िि्न
को ्र वन मानकि उसकी पूजा कि्र रर। • मैकर महो्य को मोहनजो्डो सर
एक ऐसन मतदा पाग हतई है जजसमे ्नन मतख वाला पतरि योग मतदा मे बैिा
है औि इसकर ्नन सनंग है । इसकर बाई ओि एक गैडा औि भैसा है , ्ाई

20

औि एक हारन औि बाघ है है । इसकर सममतख एक टहिण है इसकी ्तलना
पदतपु् सर की गई है ।

* यर लोग वृक (रवदरि्ः पनपल) की पूजा कि्र रर। कयोटक मोहनजो्डो
सर पाग एक मतदा पि ्ो जतडवां पदतओं कर दनि् पि 9 पनपल की िहुनयाँ
ट्खाई गई है ।
Social life-
The traditional social unit in the Harappan civilization was the
family. His social life was happy and comfortable. The majority
of female figurines found during excavation indicate that their
family was matriarchal.
The main features of the Harappan society are as follows:-
* The people of Harappa civilization ate both vegetarian and non-
vegetarian food.
* From the needles recovered from the excavation, it is estimated
that people used to wear stitched clothes.
* Hairstyle was popular at that time. Women used to join. Men
had long hair and beard and moustache.
* People of this community were fond of jewellery in which they
used to wear necklaces, earrings, hansuli, armbands, bracelets,
rings etc.
* Their jewellery was made of precious stones, ivory, bone and
conch.

21

* The residents here were lovers of fun and enjoyment. Dice was
the main game of this period.
Religious life-
There is no written literature available about the religious nature
of Harappan civilization. We can describe the religious nature of
this place only on the basis of the remains excavated here.
* In the Harappan culture, like Egypt and Mesopotamia, no
remains of any temple have been found, nor has any building
been found which can be called a temple.
* The idols found in Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa are considered
to be the idols of Mother Goddess. From these it can be inferred
that Mother Goddess was worshiped here, whom today we
consider as Durga, Kali, Chandi, Gauri etc.
* In one statue, a plant is shown emerging from the womb of a
woman. Which is probably the idol of a goddess on earth.
Therefore, it is possible that the Harappans considered the earth a
goddess and worshiped it. My sir has received a statue from
Mohenjo-Daro in which a three-faced man is sitting in yoga
posture and has three horns. To its left is a rhinoceros and buffalo,
to the right an elephant and a tiger. There is a deer in front of it
which has been compared to Pashupati.
* These people used to worship trees (especially Peepal). Because
on a currency obtained from Mohenjo-Daro, 9 Peepal branches
are shown on the top of two paired animals.

22

31. 6
ुसकख िम् कर पव््क गतर नानक ्र व जन रर। उनका जनम 1469 ई. मे
िावन न्ी कर ्ि पि जसर् ्लवंडी नामक गाँव मे हतआ रा। उनहोनर
ुसख िम् कर अनतयाुययो कर ुलए अपनन ुदकाएँ या रवचाि पंजाबन भािा
मे ट्ए, उनकर सं्रद उनकर भजनो मे ुनटह् है । ुसकख िम् की पमतख
ुदकाएँ इस पकाि है -

(i) ईशि की भरक ुनषकाम भाव सर किनन चाटहए। ईशि सव् दरकमान
है । वह सव्वयापक है । उसका कोई आकाि नहीं है ्रा वह अदशय है ।
ईशि का नाम समिण औि उसकर समक आतमसमप्ण ही उसकी पाुग
का एकमात माधयम है ।

(ii) ुसकख िम् मे गतर को अतयुिक महतव ट्या गया है । अ्ः उनहोनर
मनतषय कर जनवन मे गतर को अुनवाय््ा ्ी है ।

(iii) इस िम् मे गृहसर जनवन का परितयाग उुच् नहीं माना जा्ा।
उनकर अनतसाि ईशि पाुग कर माग् मे बािक नहीं बजलक सािक है , जल
मे ही कमलव् िहकि ही वास्व मे ईशि को पाग किना सव्वि
र है ।

(iv)ुसकख िम् जाु्-पाु्, िम् एवं वग्भर् कर रवरद है । उनहोनर िम्
कर बाहिी कम्कांडो का रविोि टकया जैसर यि, व् एवं परवत सनान
आट्।

23

(v) उनहोनर आपसन परम, सहयोग जैसन भावनाओं को समाज मे बनाए
िखनर कर ुलए लंगि जैसन परा का आिमभ टकया।

(vi) उनहोनर स्ाचाि, पिोपकाि, नरक कमाई जैसर मानननय गतणो कर
रवकास पि बल ट्या।
The originator of Sikhism was Guru Nanak Dev Ji. He was born
in 1469 AD in a village named Talwandi situated on the banks of
river Ravi. He gave his teachings or thoughts to the followers of
Sikhism in the Punjabi language; his message being contained in
his hymns. The main teachings of Sikhism are as follows-
(i) Worship of God should be done selflessly. God is all powerful.
He is omnipresent. It has no shape and is invisible. Remembering
the name of God and surrendering before Him is the only means
to attain it.
(ii) Guru has been given utmost importance in Sikhism. Therefore,
he has made Guru essential in man's life.
(iii) In this religion, abandoning the underground life is not
considered appropriate. According to him, God is not an obstacle
in the path of attainment but is a seeker, it is best to actually attain
God only by living like a lotus in water.
(iv) Sikhism is against caste, religion and class discrimination. He
opposed the external rituals of religion like yagya, fasting and
holy bath etc.
(v) He started the practice of langar to maintain feelings like
mutual love and cooperation in the society.

24

(vi) He emphasized on the development of honourable qualities
like morality, charity, righteous earning etc.
अरवा/OR

अलवाि, नयनाि व वनिदनव ्जकण भाि् मे उतपनन रवचाििािाएँ रनं।
इनमे अलवाि व नयनाि ्ुमलनाडत मे ्रा बोिदैव कना्िक मे रर।
इनहोनर जाु् परा कर बंिनो को अपनर ढं ग सर नकािा। अलवाि औि
नयनाि सं्ो नर जाु् परा का खंडन टकया। उनहोनर सभन मनतषयो को
एक ईशि की सं्ान घोरि् टकया। इनकर साटहतय मे वैट्क ्ारणो की
्तलना मे रवषणत भको को पारुमक्ा ्ी गई है । यर भक चाहर टकसन भन
जाु् अरवा वण् सर रर। अलवाि व नयनाि सं् ्ारण समाज,
ुदलपकाि औि टकसान समत्ाय सर रर। इनमे सर कतछ ्ो 'असपृशय'
समझन जानर वालन जाु्यो मे सर भन रर। अलवाि समाज नर इन सं्ो व
उनकी िचनाओं को पूिा सममान ट्या ्रा उनहे वर्ो जज्ना पु्रि्
ब्ाया। अलवाि सं्ो का एक मताय कावय 'नलुचिाट्वयपबंिम त' को
्ुमल वर् कर रप मे मानय्ा ्ी गई।

ुलंगाय् समत्ाय कर लोगो नर भन जाु् वयवसरा का रविोि टकया।
उनहोनर ्ारणनय िम्दासो की मानय्ाओं को नहीं सवनकािा। उनहोनर
वयसक रववाह ्रा रविवा पतनरव्वाह को मानय्ा रा। इस समत्ाय मे
अुिक्ि वर लोग दाुमल हतए जजनको ्ारणवा्ी वयवसरा मे रवदरि

25

महतव नहीं ुमला। इनका रवशास रा टक जाु् वयवसरा वग् रवदरि कर
टह्ो की पूु्् कि्न है ।
Alwar, Nayanar and Veerasiva were ideologies that originated in
South India. Among them, Alvars and Nayanars were in Tamil
Nadu and Borshaivas were in Karnataka. In his own way, he
rejected the constraints of the caste system. Alwar and Nayanar
saints rejected the caste system. He declared all human beings to
be children of one God. In their literature, Vishnu devotees have
been given priority compared to Vedic Brahmins. These devotees
belonged to any caste or varna. Alwar and Nayanar saints
belonged to the Brahmin community, craftsmen and farmers
community. Some of them even belonged to the castes considered
'untouchable'. The Alwar community gave full respect to these
saints and their writings and considered them as prestigious as the
Vedas. Nalchiradivyaprabandham, a major poem of the Alwar
saints, was recognized as the Tamil Veda.
People of Lingayat community also opposed the caste system. He
did not accept the beliefs of Brahmin theology. He recognized
adult marriage and widow remarriage. This community mostly
included those people who did not get special importance in the
Brahmanical system. He believed that the caste system serves the
interests of a particular class.
32. 6
1857 ई. कर रवदोह कर परिणाम ुनमनुलजख् है :-

26

(i) कंपनन दासन का अं्- परिणाम सामनर आए सबसर महतवपूण्
परिणाम यह ुनकला टक ईसि इं टडया कंपनन का दासन समाग कि
ट्या गया। इस संबंि मे 1 नवंबि, 1858 ई. को महािानन रवकिोरिया नर
एक घोिणा की। भाि् का दासन पबंि अब र्टिद संस् कर अिनन
कि ट्या गया। बोड् ऑफ कंटोल ्रा कोि् ऑफ डायिर किज् को ्ोड
ट्या गया। भाि् का दासन चलानर कर ुलयर भाि्नय मंतन की ुनयतरक
की गई। उसको सहयोग ्र नर कर ुलए 15 स्सयो की एक कौुसल बनाई
गई।

(ii) अंगरजो का भाि्नय िाजाओं कर पु् दरपकोण मे ब्लाव- 1857 ई.
कर रवदोह कर प्ा् त अगरजो नर

भाि्नय िाजाओं कर पु् नई ननु् अपनाई। उनको आशासन ट्या गया
टक भरवषय मे कभन भन उनकर िारयो

को अंगरजन िारय मे सजममुल् नहीं टकया जायरगा। हडप की ननु् का
तयाग टकया गया। अब उनको पतत गो् लरनर की आिा ्ी गई। अब करवल
कतदासन कर कािण ही अंगरजन सिकाि भाि्नय रियास्ो मे हस्करप कि
सक्न रन। अंगरजन सिकाि की सवनकृ ु् कर रबना भाि्नय दासक टकसन
अनय दरक कर सार संबंि सरारप् नहीं कि सक्र रर। जजन दासको नर
रवदोह कर ्ौिान अंगरजो को सहयोग ट्या रा उनको रवदरि पतिसका ट्यर
गयर।

27

(iii) मतगल वंद ्रा परदवाओं का अं्- मतगल समाि बहा्ित दाह जफि
ट््नय नर 1857 ई. कर रवदोह मे अंगरजो कर रवरद रवदोटहयो का सार
ट्या रा। अंगरजो नर उसको ुगिफ्ाि कि ुलया रा। उसको ्र द ुनकाला
्र कि िं गून भरज ट्या गया। 1862 ई. मे उसकी मृतयत कर प्ा् त मतगल
वंद का अं् हो गया। इसन ्िह नाना साटहब रवदोह मे असफल िहनर कर
प्ा् त नरपाल की ओि भाग गए। जहाँ उनकी मृतयत हो गई।

(iv) भाि्नय ्रा यूिोपनय लोगो कर मधय ्नावपूण् संबंि-रवदोह कर
कािण भाि्नयो ्रा यूिोरपयनो कर संबंिो मे बहत् ्नाव आ गया रा।
अंगरजो नर भाि्नयो पि बहत् अतयाचाि टकए, इसुलए भाि्नयो कर ह्यं
मे अंगरजो कर पु् घृणा पै्ा हो गई।

* इस रवदोह मे बडर जमनं्ाि औि बतरदजनवन मधयम वग् नर कोई रुच
नहीं लन औि न ही इसका समर्न टकया। उनका ्िसर िहना रवदोह कर
ुलए घा्क सारब् हतआ।

* रवदोह की असफल्ा का सवा्ुिक महतवपूण् कािण इसका ुनज््
ु्ुर सर पूव् पािं भ हो जाना रा।
The results of the rebellion of 1857 AD are as follows:-
(i) The most important result that came out was that the rule of
the East India Company was abolished. Queen Victoria made an
announcement in this regard on November 1, 1858.

28

The administration of India was now placed under the British
Parliament. The Board of Control and the Court of Directors were
dissolved. Indian ministers were appointed to run the governance
of India. To support him, a council of 15 members was formed.
(ii) Change in the attitude of the British towards Indian kings –
After the rebellion of 1857 AD, the British Adopted a new policy
towards Indian kings. They were assured that at any time in
future their states Will not be included in the British Raj. The
policy of annexation was abandoned. Now he was allowed to
adopt a son. Now the British government could interfere in the
Indian princely states only because of misgovernance. Indian
rulers could not establish relations with any other power without
the approval of the British government. The rulers who had
cooperated with the British during the rebellion were given
special awards.
(iii) End of Mughal dynasty and Peshwas- Mughal Emperor
Bahadur Shah Zafar II supported the rebels against the British in
the rebellion of 1857 AD. The British had arrested him. He was
exiled and sent to Rangoon. After his death in 1862 AD, the
Mughal dynasty came to an end. Similarly, after failing in the
rebellion, Nana Sahib fled towards Nepal. Where he died.
(iv) Strained relations between Indians and Europeans – Due to
the rebellion, there was a lot of tension in the relations between
Indians and Europeans. The British inflicted many atrocities on
the Indians, hence hatred towards the British developed in the
hearts of the Indians.

29

* The big landowners and the intellectual middle class did not
take any interest in this rebellion nor did they support it. His
neutrality proved fatal for the rebellion.
* The most important reason for the failure of the rebellion was
that it started before the scheduled date.
अरवा/OR

(क) सैुनक रवदोह मातः-

(अ) 1857 कर रवदोह की पमतख आिािभूुम सैुनको ्ािा ्ैयाि की गयन
रन।

(ब) रवदोह का सवा्ुिक महतवपूण् ्रा ्ातकाुलक कािण चब्वालर
काि्ूसो का मामला रा।

(स) रवदोह का पसाि संपूण् ्र द मे नहीं हतआ। यह उनहीं नगिो एवं करतो
्क सनुम् िहा जहाँ सैुनक चौटकयो औि छावुनयाँ रन।

(्) रवदोह का ्मन किनर मे र्टिद सिकाि को अुिक कटिनाईयो का
सामना नहीं किना पडा, कयोटक इसर सामानयजनो का सहयोग एवं
समर्न पाग नहीं रा।

(ख) परम सव्ंत्ा संगामः-

30

(अ) लाखो कािीगिो, टकसानो औि ुसपाटहयो नर कनिर सर कनिा
ुमलाकि र्टिद सता कर जखलाफ संघि् टकया। घतमककड सनयाुसयो,
फकीिो एवं म्ारियो ्ािा गांव-गांव मे इसका पचाि-पसाि टकया।

(ब) आं्ोलन मे टहन्-ू मतसलमानो नर एकजति होकि भाग ुलया। सभन
रवदोटहयो मे एक म् सर बहा्ित दाह को अपना समाि सवनकाि टकया।

(स) रवदोह कर लगभग सभन करनदो मे जनसािािण नर र्टिद दासन कर
रवरद सट्य भाग ुलया।

(्) रवदोह का करत काफी वयापक रा। अनरक ्र दन रियास्ो एवं िारयो
मे दासक वग् कर र्टिद सता कर सहयोग एवं समर्क बनर िहनर पि भन
सरना एवं जन्ा ्ािा रवदोह मे सट्य भाग ुलया रा।
(A) Military rebellion only:-
(a) The main basis of the rebellion of 1857 was prepared by the
soldiers.
(b) The most important and immediate cause of the rebellion was
the issue of greased cartridges.
(c) The rebellion did not spread throughout the country. It
remained limited to those cities and areas where there were
military posts and cantonments.
(d) The British government did not face much difficulty in
suppressing the rebellion, because it did not have the cooperation
and support of the common people.

31

(B) First Freedom Struggle:-
(a) Lakhs of artisans, farmers and soldiers fought shoulder to
shoulder against British rule. It was propagated in every village
by wandering ascetics, fakirs and madaris.
(b) Hindus and Muslims unitedly participated in the movement.
All the rebels unanimously accepted Bahadur Shah as their
emperor.
(c) In almost all the centres of rebellion, the common people took
active part against the British rule.
(d) The area of rebellion was quite wide. In many native princely
states and states, despite the ruling class being supportive and
supportive of the British rule, the army and the people took an
active part in the rebellion.
खंड- घ ( सो् आिारि् प्) 3×4=12
Section-c Source Based Question
33.
1.मनतसमृु् आिजमभक भाि् का एक पुसद रवुि गनर है । 2

2. िम्दासो मे आि पकाि कर रववाह का वण्न टकया गया है । 1

3.्हम रववाह। 1
33.
1. Manu smriti is a famous legal text of early India.
2. Eight types of marriage have been described in the scriptures.

32

3. Intermarriage.
34.
1. औिं गजरब एक दरकदालन मतगल दासक रा जजसनर 1658 ई. सर 1707
ई. ्क दासन टकया। 2

2. औिं गजरब नर सिकाि कर रवतनय टह्ो ्रा टकसानो कर कलयाण को
धयान मे िखकि भू-िाजसव ुनिा्रि् किनर का आ्र द अपनर िाजसव
अुिकारियो को ट्या रा। 1

3. मतगलकाल मे ुनिा्रि् टकए गए भू-िाजसव को 'जमा' कहा जा्ा रा1
34.
1. Aurangzeb was a powerful Mughal ruler who ruled from 1658
AD to 1707 AD.
2. Aurangzeb had ordered his revenue officers to determine land
revenue keeping in mind the financial interests of the government
and the welfare of the farmers.
3. The land revenue determined during the Mughal period was
called 'Jamaa'.
35.
1. आट्वासन इलाको मे िहनर वालन जनजाु्यो को। 2

2. वयापािी वग् कर लोगो ्ािा। 1

33

3. आट्वासन या अलपसंायक लोगो को रवुभनन वग् कर लोगो ्ािा
लूिा जा्ा है उनसर वयापाि कर नाम पि उनकी जमननो को छीन ुलया
जा्ा है । ्दको ्क उनहे बंिनो मे जकडा जा्ा है ्रा उनहे उनकर
मूलभू् अुिकािो जैसर ुदका, सवाससय ्रा सतिका सर वंुच् टकया
जा्ा है । 1
35.
1. To the tribes living in tribal areas.
2. By the business class people
3. Tribal or minority people are looted by different classes of
people and their lands are taken away from them in the name of
business. They are kept in bondage till death and are deprived of
their basic rights like education, health and security.
खंड- ड ( मानुचत आिारि् प्) 5

Section-D (Map Based Questions)
(1) Manda
(2) Matsya
(3) Sarnath
(4) Ajmer
(5) Amritsar

34

35

36

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