AHSEC HS 2nd Year Syllabus 2026 Geography

Assam Higher Secondary Education Council (AHSEC)

2nd Year Syllabus

GEOGRAPHY

SYLLABUS FOR HIGHER SECONDARY FINAL YEAR COURSE
Rationale :
Geography is introduced as an elective subject at the higher secondary stage. After ten years of general
education, students branch out at the beginning of this stage and are exposed to the rigours of the discipline for
the first time. Being an entry point for the higher education, students choose geography for pursuing their
academic interest and, therefore, need a broader and deeper understanding of the subject. For others, geo-
graphical knowledge is useful in daily lives because it is a valuable medium for the education of young people.
Its contributions lie in the content, cognitive processes, skills and values that geography promotes and thus
helps the students explore, understand and evaluate the environmental and social dimensions of the world in a
better manner.
Since geography explores the relationship between people and their environment, it includes studies of
physical and human environments and their interactions at different scales– local, state/region, nation and the
world. The fundamental principles responsible for the varieties in the distributional pattern of physical and
human features and phenomena over the earth’s surface need to be understood properly. Application of these
principles would be taken up through selected case studies from the world and India. Thus, the physical and
human environment of India and study of some issues from a geographical point of view will be covered in
greater detail. Students will be exposed to different methods used in geographical investigations.
Common Core Components (NPE 1986) such as India’s common cultural heritage, equality of sexes,
protection of environment, observance of the small family norm and inculcation of scientific temper will be
reflected in the geography syllabus.
The geography course will incorporate some issues of NCF–2005 such as making children sensitive to
environment and its protection to nature and preserve the environment, and using geographical knowledge in
understanding various environmental and socio-economic issues of the community, region and the country,
e.g. gender and marginalised groups.
Objectives :
The course in geography will help learners :
 Familiarise themselves with the terms, key concepts and basic principles of geography;
 Search for, recognise and understand the processes and patterns of the spatial arrangement of the
natural as well as human features and phenomena on the earth’s surface;
 Understand and analyse the inter-relationship between physical and human environments and their
impact;
 Apply geographical knowledge and methods of inquiry to new situations or problems at different lev-
els– local/regional, national and global;
 Develop geographical skills, relating to collection, processing and analysis of data/information and

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Syllabi for H.S. Final Year
preparation of report including maps and graphics and use of computers wherever possible; and
 Utilize geographical knowledge in understanding issues concerning the community such as environmen-
tal issues, socio-economic concerns, gender and become responsible and effective member of the
community.

GEOGRAPHY
SYLLABUS FOR HIGHER SECONDARY FINAL YEAR COURSE
One Paper Time : Three Hours Marks 70
Unitwise Distribution of Marks and Periods :
Unit No. Title Marks Periods
A. FUNDAMENTAL OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY (Marks-35) --- ---
Unit-I Human Geography 03 07
Unit-II People 09 20
Unit-III Human Activities 08 30
Unit-IV Transport, Communication and Trade 10 28

B. INDIA– PEOPLE AND ECONOMY (Marks-35) --- ---
Unit-I People 04 16
Unit-II Human Settlements 06 12
Unit-III Resources and Development 09 25
Unit-IV Transport, Communication and International Trade 05 15
Unit-V Geographical Perspective on Selective Issues and Problems 06 14
C. Assam-Land, People and Economy 10 13
Unit I : Physiographic, Drainage, Climate
Unit-II: People Composition, Distribution and density

D. PRACTICAL WORK IN GEOGRAPHY PART II (Marks-30) --- ---
Unit-I Processing of Data and Thematic Mapping 15 20
Unit-II Spatial Information Technology /Field Study 10 20
Unit-III Practical Record Book and Viva Voce 05
Grand Total (Theory+ Practical) 100 220
Unitwise Distribution of Course contents :
A. FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
Unit I : Human Geography: Nature and Scope Marks 03 Periods 07
Unit II :
 World Population distribution/density and growth
 Component of population change, 09 20
demographic transition
 Human development– concept; selected indicators,
international comparisons.

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Syllabi for H.S. Final Year

Unit III :Human Activities Marks 08 Periods 30
 Primary activities– Hunting and gathering, pastoral, agriculture, mining;
 Secondary activities–manufacturing : household, Industries
 Tertiary activities– concept; trade, transport and communication; services; people engaged
in tertiary activities– some selected examples;
 Quaternary activities– concept; The Digital Divide
 Transport and Communication. Marks 10 Periods 28
 Land transport– roads, railways– rail network; trans– continental railways;
 Air transport– Intercontinental air routes;
 Satellite communication and cyber space; Importance and uses
 International trade– Basis and changing patterns; ports as gateways of international trade,
role of WTO in international trade.
B. INDIA : PEOPLE AND ECONOMY
Unit V I : People Marks 04 Periods 16
 Population– distribution, density and growth; composition of population : linguistic, religious;
rural, urban and occupational- Regional variations in growth of population.
Unit V II : Human Settlements Marks 06 Periods 12
 Rural settlements– types and distribution;
Urban settlements– types, distribution and functional classification
Unit V III :Resources and Development Marks 09 Periods 25
Land Resources– General land use; Agricultural land use– Geographical condition and distribution
of various crops; (wheat, Rice, Tea, Coffee, Cotton, Jute, Sugarcane and Rubber);
Agricultural development and problems,
 Water resources– Availability and utilization– Irrigation, scarcity of water and conservation
methods– rain water harvesting and watershed management
 Mineral and Energy Resources– Distribution of metallic (Iron ore, copper, Bauxite
manganese); Non-metallic minerals (mica); conventional minerals: cool, petroleum,
Natural gas and Hydro Electricity) and Non conversional enrgy sources
( Solar, Wind, Biogas) and conservasion.
 Planning in India– Target area planning (case stuely) Idea of sustainable development) (case
study)

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Syllabi for H.S. Final Year
Unit IX : Transport, Communication and International Trade Marks-05 Periods-15
 Transport and communication– Roads, Railways, Waterways and Airways; oil and gas
pipelines; Information and communication networks.
 International trade– changing pattern of India’s foreign trade; sea ports and airports.
Unit X : Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems
 Environmental pollution; urban-waste disposal;
 Urbanization-Rural-Urban Migration; Problem of slums;
 Land Degradation. Marks-06 Periods-14
C. Assam- Land, People and Economy Marks-10 Periods-13
Unit-XI Physiography, Drainage, Climate
Unit-XII Composition of Population, Distribution and density.
D. Practical work in Geography Part-II Marks-30 Periods-40
Unit I : Types and sources of data Primary, Secondary and other sources.
Tabulation and Processing of data calculation of averages measures of Central
Tendency.
Representation of data-Construction of diagrams: Marks-15 Periods-20
Bars, Circles and Flow Charts; Thematic maps,
construction of dots, Choropleth and I sopleth maps
Unit II : Spatial Information Technology
 Introduction to GIS Hardware requirement and Software modules; data formats, Roster
and vector data, data input, editing and topology building; data analysis; overlay and
operation.
Or
FIELD STUDY Marks-10 Periods-20
 Field visit and study; observation, preparation of sketch map, Population, land use,
Flood impacts Environment may be taken for the study Questionnaire survey may be
adopted for data collection: Tabulation and analyses with diagrams and maps.
Unit III : Practical Note Book and Viva-Voce Marks-05
Grand total with Practical Marks-100 Periods-220

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Prescribed Books:

1. Fundamental Of Human Geography, (English) Published by NCERT.
2. India People And Economy, (English) Published by NCERT.
3. Practical Work In Geography, (English) Published by NCERT
4. Manab Bhugular Maulik Tatta, (Assamese) Published by ASSEB DIV-II.
5. Bhugul Bigyanar Babaharik Karjya, (Assamese) Published by ASSEB DIV-II
6. Bharator Janashankya Aru Arthoniti,(Assamese) Published by ASSEB DIV-II.

Note: The above textbooks are also available in Bangla and Bodo Medium.

Study Materials
Notes

Model Papers Class 6 Notes

Sample Papers Class 7 Notes
Half Yearly Sample Papers Class 8 Notes

Class 9 Notes
Important Resources
Class 10 Notes
Periodic Table
Class 11 Notes
Writing Skills / Formats

Maps of India / World Class 12 Notes

Books and Solutions

NCERT Books
NCERT Book Solutions
HC Verma Chapter Wise Solutions
RD Sharma Solutions
CGBSE Solutions