CBSE Class 12 Sample Paper 2025 for Legal Studies

CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION

SAMPLE PAPER
CLASS 12
2025

SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER
LEGAL STUDIES
Code-074
CLASS XII
Academic Session 2024-25

Time Allotted: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 80

General Instructions:

1. The question paper contains four sections - A, B, C and D
1.1. Section A - Q.1- Q.20 - Multiple choice questions
1.2. Section B - Q.21 – Q.28. 2 Marks each. The answers should not exceed 40 words each.
1.3. Section C - Q.29 – Q.36. 3 marks each. The answers should not exceed 100 words each.
1.4. Section D - Q.37 – Q.40. 5 marks each. The answers should not exceed 140 words each.

2. Internal choice is given in the paper, there is no overall choice.

SECTION A

1 Anil Gopal Swamy has been appointed to a legal office in India under Article 76 of the 1
Constitution. He enjoys all the privileges and immunities available to a Member of
Parliament. Identify the position held by Anil Gopal Swamy.
A. Chief Justice of India
B. Advocate General
C. Attorney General
D. Solicitor General

2 Which among the following is NOT an outcome of the Oleum Gas Leak Case? 1
A. Deep pocket principle
B. Principle of Absolute Liability in tort
C. Policy for the Abatement of Pollution Control
D. Introduction of lead-free petrol in the country

3 Assertion: State must respect all the legal rights that are owed to a person and confirm 1
to the norms of fairness, liberty etc.
Reason: Independence of judiciary is vital for the respect of due-process of law
A. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of Assertion (A)
B. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of Assertion (A)
C. Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false
D. Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true

1

4 Raj signs a contract with Suman, agreeing to sell his laptop for Rs. 30,000. Suman is 17 1
years old. They both agree on the terms, and Suman promises to pay the amount in two
weeks. However, before the payment is made, Suman decides to cancel the deal.
Which of the following is the most accurate regarding the validity of the contract?
A. The contract is valid because both parties agreed to the terms.
B. The contract is void because Suman is a minor.
C. The contract is valid because it involves the sale of goods.
D. The contract is invalid because the payment was not made in advance.

5 Mr. Gupta owns an apartment building where several families reside as tenants. He 1
decides to store a large quantity of petrol in the basement of the building for his personal
use, for fueling his collection of vintage cars.
A month later, a minor leakage from the petrol containers led to a fire outbreak in the
basement. Although the fire is quickly controlled and no one is hurt, the incident causes
significant panic and stress among the residents.
Is Mr. Gupta liable for causing harm to the tenants?
A. Mr. Gupta is not liable since he did not intend to cause harm to his tenants.
B. Mr. Gupta cannot be held liable because the fire did not result in any physical
injuries.
C. Mr. Gupta is liable for negligence as he breached his duty of care by storing a
hazardous substance in the basement.
D. Mr. Gupta is only liable if the tenants had previously warned him about the risk of
fire.

6 Saloni inherits a property under a will that also imposes certain obligations on her 1
regarding maintaining another property. She decides to accept the inheritance but refuses
to fulfill the maintenance obligations. Identify the legal principle that would apply to the
given situation.
A. ‘ut lite pendent nihil innoveteur’
B. ‘quod approbo non reprobo’
C. stare decisis
D. audialterampartem

7 Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates the importance of registering a 1
trademark for a business?
A. A local bakery wants to ensure that its unique recipe for sourdough bread is not
copied by other bakeries.
B. A software company seeks to protect the source code of its innovative application
from being used by competitors.
C. A fashion designer wishes to secure the exclusive design pattern used in their
clothing line against replication.
D. A new coffee shop aims to protect its brand name and logo from being used by
others.

2

8 Yash owns a large farmland in the village where he decides to construct a reservoir to 1
supply water for irrigation purposes. The construction work was done by an independent
contractor who was negligent in his work. Due to this negligence, the water escaped and
flooded Manya’s neighboring house and crops, This resulted in heavy losses to her.
Under what legal principle is Yash liable for causing damage to Manya’s property?

A. Negligence
B. Strict liability
C. Trespass to land
D. Nuisance

9 During a neighborhood dispute, Kabir verbally threatens Veer with immediate physical 1
harm while holding a hockey stick in a threatening manner. Kabir is within striking distance
of Veer, causing Veer to fear for his safety. There is no physical contact between them
during this incident.
In the above scenario, Kabir is guilty of committing which Tort?

A. Tort of Battery
B. Invasion of privacy
C. Tort of Assault
D. Unlawful Harassment

10 Which statement best reflects the application of the doctrine of lis pendens? 1

A. A property owner can freely sell a property under litigation, and the new owner will
not be affected by the outcome of the litigation.
B. The doctrine of lis pendens allows any dispute over property to be resolved quickly
by the courts without any impact on the property's status.
C. When a property is under litigation, the doctrine ensures that if any right of an
immovable property is in question, such property cannot be transferred by any
party to the suit so as to affect the rights of any other party.
D. The doctrine only applies to properties that have been explicitly mentioned in a
will or other legal document before a dispute arises.

11 Nita Industries Ltd. went through an arbitration process with Mira Ltd. to resolve a dispute 1
over the supply of raw materials. The Arbitrator was the former CEO of Mira Ltd. Nita
Industries Ltd. was not satisfied with the arbitral award.
What remedy is available to Nita Industries Ltd.?

A. No remedy as an arbitral award is binding
B. Nita Industries Ltd. can file an appeal before the Supreme Court of India
C. Nita Industries Ltd. can ask for setting aside the arbitral award
D. Nita Industries Ltd. has no reason to doubt the arbitrator, so it will have to accept
the award.

3

12 The Supreme Court of India in its judicial decision in Afcons Infrastructure Ltd. v. Cherian 1
Varkey Construction Co. (P) Ltd., has expressly clarified the ambit of mediation.
Who among the following falls within the purview of mediation?

A. Representative suits
B. Election disputes
C. Criminal offenses
D. Cases involving International mercantile community

13 Aadarsh, a young and dedicated police officer known for his competence and integrity, 1
was assigned to a district plagued by a low literacy ratio and controlled by an education
mafia involved in extorting money from students for facilitating cheating in exams.

He initiated stringent measures against them and conducted raids to dismantle the illegal
operations. In one of the raids, he caught the exanimation in charge of the school leaking
the exam paper for money. He was arrested. Aadarsh also arrested a head constable for
taking bribes to allow the students to cheat in the examination. Unaccustomed to such
resistance, the mafia became alarmed, with some office employees tipping them off about
Aadarsh's determination to eradicate bribery and cheating in the district.
Against whom can an action be taken under the Lokpal and Lokayukta Act 2013?

A. Examination in charge of the school
B. Mafia
C. Head Constable
D. Employees of his office

14 Statement 1: Under Article 253 of the Constitution of India, the Parliament and the Union 1
of India have the power to implement treaties and can even interfere in the powers of the
state government to give power to provisions of an international treaty.

Statement 2: In the case of Magan Bhai Patel v Union of India, the court held that India
had ratified conventions regarding the protection of children and this placed an obligation
on the State Government to implement these principles.

Choose the correct statement

A. Both Statements are correct
B. Both statements are incorrect
C. Statement 1 is correct but statement 2 is not correct
D. Statement 2 is correct but Statement 1 is not correct

15 Assertion (A): ‘Ambulance Chasing’ is not representative of professional practice in India 1
Reason (R): ‘Ambulance Chasers’ are a class of lawyers who solicit business by lurking
around hospitals or by ads in newspapers and Yellow Pages with toll-free numbers and
“free” consultations.

4

A. Both (A) and (R) are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both (A) and (R) are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true, R is false
D. A is false, R is true

16 Rashi did her LLB from the University of London, UK after schooling in India. She applied 1
for registration to the Delhi State Bar Council for enrollment as an Advocate. She is 20
years old with a Gold Medal in her LLB. Her application for registration was rejected. What
could be the probable reason for the same?

A. Rashi did not clear the All India Bar Examination
B. Rashi does not possess an LLM degree
C. Rashi has not done her LLB from India
D. Rashi hasn’t attained 21 years of age

17 Assertion (A): Lawyers trained in other jurisdictions will have to requalify to practice in 1
foreign jurisdictions.

Reason (R): Countries have different legal systems and laws are framed according to the
social, political, and civil conditions of the country.

A. Both (A) and (R) are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both (A) and (R) are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true, R is false
D. A is false, R is true

18 Which among the given statements is TRUE for Permanent Lok Adalat? 1

A. Permanent Lok Adalats are established under Legal Services Authorities Act,
1987.
B. The Permanent Lok Adalat shall, while conducting conciliation proceedings or
deciding a dispute on merit, be bound by the Code of Civil Procedure, and the
Indian Evidence Act.
C. The award of Permanent Lok Adalat shall be final and deemed to be a decree of
a civil court.
D. The Permanent Lok Adalat shall conduct arbitration proceedings to resolve the
disputes independently and impartially.

19 In the case of State vs. Bhuvan, the accused Bhuvan was convicted under Section 302 1
of the IPC for the murder of his wife, Jaya. The conviction was primarily based on the
dying declarations made by Jaya. A police officer recorded these declarations and were
subsequently also recorded by a Metropolitan Magistrate who visited Jaya in the hospital.
Can Bhuvan be convicted of murder based on Jaya's dying declaration?

5

A. Bhuvan cannot be convicted solely based on Jaya's dying declaration, as dying
declarations are not admissible evidence under the Indian Evidence Act.
B. Bhuvan can be convicted solely based on Jaya's dying declaration, provided the
declaration is found to be true, voluntary and made in a fit state of mind.
C. Bhuvan can only be convicted if there is corroborative evidence in addition to
Jaya's dying declaration, as dying declarations alone are insufficient for conviction
under Section 302 of the IPC.
D. The conviction of Bhuvan based solely on Jaya's dying declaration is valid only if
the dying declaration was made in writing and signed by Jaya.

20 Analyse the two statements given below, and select the correct option; 1

Statement 1: The physical element of crime needs to be complemented by the mental
element.
Statement 2: “Mens rea by necessary implication can be excluded from a statute only
where it is absolutely clear that the implementation of the object of a statute would
otherwise be defeated and its exclusion enables those put under strict liability by their act
or omission to assist the promotion of the law.”

A. Both Statements are correct
B. both Statements are incorrect
C. Statement 1 is correct but statement 2 is not correct
D. Statement 2 is correct but Statement 1 is not correct

SECTION B

21 (I) Analyse the role of ‘regulators’ in aiding the Tribunals. Substantiate the answer with 2
the help of an example.
Or

(II) Explain the seniority principle in the appointment of Chief Justice of India. How is the
seniority determined?

22 Aarti Gupta and Siya Khanna approach the Secretary of their Housing Society to solve a 2
dispute regarding the common area shared by both families. The Secretary mediates and
discusses their issues. The mediator then decides on a solution for the Guptas and
Khannas and tells them to adhere to it as it is legally binding. Aarti Gupta and Siya Khanna
feel that they should have approached a Lok Adalat instead of the Secretary for mediation.

(I) Identify any two errors in the mediation process mentioned above.
(II) State the kind of cases that can be referred to a Lok Adalat.

23 (I) Judicial precedent is an important source of law in domestic legislation but not in 2
international law. The judicial precedent of ICJ is a secondary source of law. Comment.

6

Or

(II) ‘International customary law is the most disputed and discussed source of
international law’. Comment

24 (I) Why does allowing advertising by lawyers require a balancing act? 2
Or
(II) Who is a Judge Advocate General (JAG) Officer? State the role of the JAG
Department. (Any two)

25 ‘Litigation is not a luxury but it should be used as a last resort.’ Analyze the statement 2
with respect to pre litigation services.

26 Arjun offers to sell his bicycle to Bhavna for Rs. 3,000. Bhavna agrees to buy the bicycle 2
at the said price and promises to pay the amount the following week. They decide to write
down their agreement on a piece of paper, which both sign.
Identify the four essentials of a valid contract in the situation given above.

27 Tamil, Telugu, Gujarati speaking people living in Delhi are among the many minority 2
communities. What rights do they have with regard to their language and culture while
living in Delhi?

28 “The right to constitutional remedies is the most important fundamental right.” Justify the 2
given statement.

SECTION C

29 (I) Who is an amicus curiae? When can an amicus curiae be appointed in civil and criminal 3
matters?
Or
(II) State the rationale behind increasing the retirement age of judges in India.

30 (I) Give any three differences between Arbitration and Mediation as alternative dispute 3
resolution methods.
Or
(II) What are the problems confronted by the law courts in India? How can ADR help in
resolving these problems?

31 Mr. Baiju hired Mr. C. Tiwari for a land acquisition case who was enrolled as an Advocate 3
with the Bar Council of UP and has been practicing in the District Courts of UP.
Mr. Baiju won the case and the State deposited a compensation of Rs. 8118/- in the Court.
Mr. Baiju was an old, helpless, poor illiterate person. Mr. C. Tiwari withdrew the said
amount from the Court on behalf of his client and did not inform or return that amount to
him. When Mr. Baiju came to know about the withdrawal, he approached Mr. C. Tiwari for
a refund, which Mr. C. Tiwari refused on the pretext that it was adjusted against the
professional fee outstanding towards Mr. Baiju.

7

I. Is the conduct of Mr. C. Tiwari justified? Give reasons.
II. Who has the authority to initiate action against Mr. C. Tiwari, if any?
III. What can be the consequences of the act of Mr. C. Tiwari?

32 Identify and explain the type of transfer that is being done in each of the following cases: 3
I. Mr. Singh owns a piece of land and decides to sell it to Mrs. Jolly. They both agree
on a price, and the transaction is completed with a signed contract.
II. Uday has a beach house and Lalita has a small Lodge in the mountains. Uday's
dream is to own that Lodge and Lalita wants to own the beach house. They both
agree that the properties have similar values and want to fulfill their dreams.
III. Priyanka has a valuable collection of antique jewelery that she inherited from her
grandmother. She decides to give a portion of this collection to her daughter, Malti,
as a token of their bond and shared memories with their grandmother with no
monetary exchange involved.

33 (I) In the wake of Bhopal Gas Tragedy, which Act was passed by the Government of India 3
under Article 253 of the Constitution? State the main provisions of this Act.
Or
(II) Name the statutory organisation established under the Water (Prevention
and Control of Pollution) Act 1974, which works under the supervision of the Central
Pollution Control Board to implement the environmental laws. List the objectives and
functions of this statutory organisation for the protection of the environment.

34 What are Human Rights? Explain how Fundamental Rights and Human Rights are 3
important to create a better environment for people and to help them preserve their
dignity.

35 A national daily had the following news article on the plight of children in rural areas of a 3
district- “……. A daily wage earner had a big family to support. To arrange for resources
to marry his daughter he gave away his two sons, Golu and Mohan, to a bangle-making
unit in Ghosabad district.
In another instance in the same district, there have been reports of trafficking of young
girls between the ages of 5-10 years.”
I. Identify the quasi-judicial body that has jurisdiction over such matters.
II. State any four functions of this organization that aim to build an atmosphere in
favour of protecting children’s rights.

36 The Povartis pharmaceutical company was granted patent rights for the novel and 3
inventive compound “Ceritinib” used to treat non-small cell lung cancer. They came
across a product of Matco Pharma, during a pharmaceutical conference held in Delhi
about the launch of a product called “Ceritinib Capsules.”
Matco Pharma claimed that the Ceritinib molecule is neither novel nor inventive as it
comes within the broad “Markush” formula.
Povartis filed a case against Matco Pharma seeking a permanent injunction, and

8

damages, in respect of its granted patent and restraining Matco Pharma from
manufacturing and selling the “Ceritinib” capsules.
I. Could Matco Pharma launch its product- “Ceritinib” capsules? What is the purpose
of patent laws in India?
II. What requirements were fulfilled by Povartis pharmaceutical company for their idea
to qualify as a patentable matter?

SECTION D

37 (I) (a) What is a contract? 5
(b) Explain the four types of contracts based on the validity of contracts.
Or
(II) (a) What is meant by intellectual property?
(b) Explain the evolution of Indian IPR laws through any three international
conventions on IPR.

38 (I) Explain the process of constitution of the panel for providing free legal aid under the 5
NALSA Regulations 2010.
Or
(II) Explain sequentially the enactment of The Legal Services Authorities Act 1987.

39 Trepal, a mountainous country, rich in medicinal herbs, has a flourishing domestic market 5
of ayurvedic medicines. Gokushar Ltd. received a big order for its famous Guduchi Herbal
Tea from its neighboring country, Drance. This was one of the biggest orders that the
company ever received.

But the very first lot was rejected by Drance as the Herbal Tea failed the ‘stringent quality
and generic medicine test’. Drance also canceled the remaining order.

Gokushar Ltd. was very disappointed and approached the government agencies of his
country for help.

I. Which category of International law is involved in the problem stated above?
II. Which organization will be instrumental in resolving the problem between the two
countries? State the role of this organization in the modern-day scenario.

40 Ravi and Deepa decide to open a gourmet coffee shop in Bengaluru: Ravi contributes Rs. 5
150,000, and Deepa contributes Rs. 250,000 to the startup capital. They do not formalize
their business agreement in writing, instead rely on their strong personal trust and mutual
understanding. They verbally agree to share profits and losses equally. The coffee shop
thrives in the first six months, generating a substantial profit. However, disagreements
soon arise: Ravi feels he should receive a larger share of the profits to compensate for
his active day-to-day shop management. At the same time, Deepa argues that their initial
agreement to share profits equally should stand.

9

In light of the above scenario, answer the following questions:

I. Identify the type of legal entity formed by Ravi and Deepa.
II. State the salient features of this type of entity.
III. Discuss the potential issues arising from their lack of a formal written agreement
under Indian partnership law. What could have been done differently to prevent
these disputes, and how should they proceed to resolve their current
disagreement?

10

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