PSEB 12th Class Syllabus 2023 Geography

CLASS-XII Geography SYLLABUS UNIT –I  Nature and Scope of Geography and its Branches:  Geographical thought; Brief definitions of Determinism, and Possiblism, radical and postmodern Geography. The contribution of A.V Humboldt, Carl Ritter, Paul Vidal De La Blache, and E.C Sample, and Branches of Geography. UNIT-II Human Resources:  Population: distribution density and growth, Age-sex ratio, Urbanisation. Literacy  Determinants of population change, Geography of Indian Diaspora, Migration causes and consequences, Demographic transition theory.  Human development concept; selected indicators, International comparison, Punjab’s rank in national HDI  Human settlements: Rural and Urban, Urbanisation in India and its impact. Distribution of Metropolitan cities, Mega cities. Growth centres and Growth poles. UNIT –III Economic Geography Primary activities:  Concepts and changing trends; Gathering; Pastoral, Mining, Subsistence agriculture, Modern trends in agriculture with special reference to Punjab, and Organic farming.  Geographic distribution of major crops in India (Wheat, Rice, Tea, Coffee, cotton Jute, Sugarcane) Secondary activities:  Concepts, manufacturing types (Household, Small scale, large scale, agro based and mineral based industries with special reference to Punjab. Distribution of metallic (Iron ore, Copper, Bauxite, Manganese,) Non-Metallic, Conventional (Coal, Petroleum, Natural gas) Non-conventional (Solar, Wind, Tidal) and Conservation of resources.  Industries: Types, Distribution of selected industries; Iron and steel, Cotton textile, Sugar, Pharmaceutical, Petrochemical and knowledge-based industries. Industrial corridors, dedicated freight corridors. FDI and impact on Indian industries.  Tertiary activities; Quaternary, and Quinary activities.  People engaged in tertiary industries. A case study from Punjab. UNIT-IV Transport, Communication and Trade.  Land transport: roads, (North South, East -West corridors, Golden quadrilateral and Diamond Quadrilateral) New Numbering scheme of National Highways.  Railways: Trans -Continental railways. Luxury trains in India.  Water transport. Inland, Major Ocean routes of the world.  Air transport, oil and gas pipe lines (TAPI, HBJ, Indo Iranian Naharkatia-Nunmati- Barauni Pipeline, Kandla-Bhatinda Pipeline, Gas pipelines- Jamnagar Srinagar L.P.G Pipeline, Dhabol-Kakinada pipeline.

 International and National trade, Sea ports and their Hinterlands and Major airports)  International trade bases and changing patterns. International organisations with reference to India. Role of WTO in International trade. UNIT – V  Geographical Perspectives on selected issues and problems. Environmental pollution; Land, Water, Air  Geography of Superlatives in India and Punjab. UNIT-VI A. Practical work: 25 marks 1. Types of data: Primary, Secondary and other resources 2. Representation of data – construction of diagrams: Bars, circle, and flowcharts 3. Thematic maps construction of dot, Choropleth and Isopleth with base map of Punjab. 4. Data analysis and generation of diagrams graphs with the help of computers. 5. Satellite communication, Geographical information system - Definitions and Global Positioning System: Show working of GPS B. INA/Project report/BB: 05 marks. Project report in the following topics as per the convenience and resources available. 1. Growth of population. Changing patterns in agriculture, 2. Migration patterns from Punjab to foreign countries 3. Land, Water, air pollution: Meaning, causes, sources and measures to control them. 4. Changing patterns of settlements. 5. Changing patterns of transportation. 6. Superlatives of any concerned city or village. NOTE: Students may use questionnaire, interviews and observation method for data collection.