NCERT Solutions for Class 11 History Confrontation Of Cultures [Old Book]
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Page 1
NCERT
SOLUTIONS
CLASS - 11th
aglase .co
SOLUTIONS
CLASS - 11th
aglase .co
Page 2
Book : Themes in World History Ncert Solutions | Chapter - 8 Social Science History
Class : 11th
Subject : History
Chapter : 8
Chapter Name : Confrontation Of Cultures
Q1 Compare the civilisation of the Aztecs with that of the Mesopotamians.
Answer. The civilisation of the Aztecs :
→ Society was hierarchical.
→ The nobility included those who were nobles by birth, priests, and others who had been
awarded the rank.
→ The nobles choose among them a supreme leader who ruled till his death.
→ The king was regarded as the representative of the sun on earth.
→ Warriors, priests and nobles were the most respected groups, but traders also enjoyed many
privileges and often served the government as ambassador and spies. Talented artisans,
physicians and wise teachers were also respected.
The civilisation of Mesopotamians :
→ It is known as 'cradle of civilisation'.
→ They had fertile lands and food grains were grown.
→ They had schools and students used cuneiform tablets.
→ They had canals for irrigation.
→ They worshipped many gods and goddesses.
Page 1 of 4
Class : 11th
Subject : History
Chapter : 8
Chapter Name : Confrontation Of Cultures
Q1 Compare the civilisation of the Aztecs with that of the Mesopotamians.
Answer. The civilisation of the Aztecs :
→ Society was hierarchical.
→ The nobility included those who were nobles by birth, priests, and others who had been
awarded the rank.
→ The nobles choose among them a supreme leader who ruled till his death.
→ The king was regarded as the representative of the sun on earth.
→ Warriors, priests and nobles were the most respected groups, but traders also enjoyed many
privileges and often served the government as ambassador and spies. Talented artisans,
physicians and wise teachers were also respected.
The civilisation of Mesopotamians :
→ It is known as 'cradle of civilisation'.
→ They had fertile lands and food grains were grown.
→ They had schools and students used cuneiform tablets.
→ They had canals for irrigation.
→ They worshipped many gods and goddesses.
Page 1 of 4
Page 3
Book : Themes in World History Ncert Solutions | Chapter - 8 Social Science History
Q2 What were the new developments helping European navigation in the fifteenth century?
Answer. The new developments were :
→ The magnetic compass was brought into use which helped in locating cardinal points.
→ Larger ships were built which helped in carrying huge cargo and equipment to defend
themselves if attacked the enemy ships.
→The circulation of travel literature and books on cosmography and geography created
widespread interest among the people.
Q3 Give reasons for Spain and Portugal being the first in the fifteenth century to venture across
the Atlantic.
Answer. The Spanish and Portuguese were the first in the fifteenth century to venture across
the Atlantic because of three reasons economic, religious and political :
→ Economic :
The European economy went through a decline from mid-fourteenth centuries. Plague and wars
led to depopulation in Europe and there was a shortage of gold and silver, used for making
European coins.
→ Religious :
The possibility that many more people could be brought into the fold of Christianity made many
devout Christian Europeans face adventure.
→ Political :
The Crusades against the Turks began as religious wars, but they increased Europe's trade with
Asia and created a taste for the products of Asia, especially spices. If trade could be followed by
political control, with European countries establishing colonies in regions with a warmer climate,
they would benefit further.
Page 2 of 4
Q2 What were the new developments helping European navigation in the fifteenth century?
Answer. The new developments were :
→ The magnetic compass was brought into use which helped in locating cardinal points.
→ Larger ships were built which helped in carrying huge cargo and equipment to defend
themselves if attacked the enemy ships.
→The circulation of travel literature and books on cosmography and geography created
widespread interest among the people.
Q3 Give reasons for Spain and Portugal being the first in the fifteenth century to venture across
the Atlantic.
Answer. The Spanish and Portuguese were the first in the fifteenth century to venture across
the Atlantic because of three reasons economic, religious and political :
→ Economic :
The European economy went through a decline from mid-fourteenth centuries. Plague and wars
led to depopulation in Europe and there was a shortage of gold and silver, used for making
European coins.
→ Religious :
The possibility that many more people could be brought into the fold of Christianity made many
devout Christian Europeans face adventure.
→ Political :
The Crusades against the Turks began as religious wars, but they increased Europe's trade with
Asia and created a taste for the products of Asia, especially spices. If trade could be followed by
political control, with European countries establishing colonies in regions with a warmer climate,
they would benefit further.
Page 2 of 4
Page 4
Book : Themes in World History Ncert Solutions | Chapter - 8 Social Science History
Q4 What new food items were transmitted from South America to the rest of the world?
Answer. The new food items transmitted from South America to the rest of the world are :
→ Sugarcane
→ Cacao
→ Tobacco
→ Potato
→ Rubber
→ Chillies
Q5 Write an account of the journey of an African boy of seventeen captured and taken to Brazil
as a slave.
Answer. Boys were captured and sold and were sent to Brazil as slaves. Slaves were subjected
to very harsh treatment, many of them died on the way and many committed sucide by jumping
into the ocean. Their working conditions were horrific but the Spanish regarded the exploitation
as essential to their economic gains.
Page : 184 , Block Name : Long Answer
Page 3 of 4
Q4 What new food items were transmitted from South America to the rest of the world?
Answer. The new food items transmitted from South America to the rest of the world are :
→ Sugarcane
→ Cacao
→ Tobacco
→ Potato
→ Rubber
→ Chillies
Q5 Write an account of the journey of an African boy of seventeen captured and taken to Brazil
as a slave.
Answer. Boys were captured and sold and were sent to Brazil as slaves. Slaves were subjected
to very harsh treatment, many of them died on the way and many committed sucide by jumping
into the ocean. Their working conditions were horrific but the Spanish regarded the exploitation
as essential to their economic gains.
Page : 184 , Block Name : Long Answer
Page 3 of 4
Page 5
Book : Themes in World History Ncert Solutions | Chapter - 8 Social Science History
Q6 How did the 'discovery' of South America lead to the development of European colonialism?
Answer. The 'discovery' of South America led to the development of European colonialism in
following ways :
→ The influx of gold and silver helped further expansion of international trade and
industrialisation.
→ Between 1560 and 1600, a hundred ships each year carried silver from South American
mines to Spain. But it was not Spain and Portugal that benefitted. They did not invest huge
income in further trade, or in building up a merchant navy. Instead, it was the countries
bordering the Atlantic, particularly England, France, Belgium and Holland, that took advantage
of 'discoveries'.
→ The merchants formed joint stock companies and sent out trading expeditions, established
colonies and introduced Europeans to the products of the New World including tobacco, potato,
sugarcane, cacao and rubber.
Page : 184 , Block Name : Long Answer
Page 4 of 4
Q6 How did the 'discovery' of South America lead to the development of European colonialism?
Answer. The 'discovery' of South America led to the development of European colonialism in
following ways :
→ The influx of gold and silver helped further expansion of international trade and
industrialisation.
→ Between 1560 and 1600, a hundred ships each year carried silver from South American
mines to Spain. But it was not Spain and Portugal that benefitted. They did not invest huge
income in further trade, or in building up a merchant navy. Instead, it was the countries
bordering the Atlantic, particularly England, France, Belgium and Holland, that took advantage
of 'discoveries'.
→ The merchants formed joint stock companies and sent out trading expeditions, established
colonies and introduced Europeans to the products of the New World including tobacco, potato,
sugarcane, cacao and rubber.
Page : 184 , Block Name : Long Answer
Page 4 of 4
Document Details
| Board / Org | NCERT |
| Exam | Class 11 |
| Type | Solution |
| Pages | 5 |
| Updated | 22 Jul 2026 |