Class 12 Pre-Board Sample Paper 2025 Economics

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Pre-Board Exam 2025 Sample Question Paper

ECONOMICS
TIME: 3:00 Hours CLASS-XII MM-80
सामान्य निर्देश:
निम्नलिखित निर्देशों को ध्यानपर्व ू क पढ़ें और उनका पालन करें :
(i) इस प्रश्न पत्र में 34 प्रश्न हैं । सभी प्रश्न अनिवार्य हैं ।
(ii) इस प्रश्न पत्र में दो खंड हैं:
खंड-‘अ’ व्यापक अर्थशास्त्र
खंड-‘ ब’ भारतीय आर्थिक विकास
(iii) इस पेपर में 1 अंक के 20 बहुविकल्पीय प्रश्न हैं।
(iv) इस पेपर में 3 अंकों के 4 लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न टाइप-I प्रश्न हैं, जिनमें से प्रत्येक का
60 से 80 शब्दों में उत्तर दें ।
(v) इस पेपर में 4 अंकों के 6 लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न प्रकार-II प्रश्न हैं, जिनमें से प्रत्येक का
80 से 100 शब्दों में उत्तर दें ।
(vi) इस पेपर में 6 अंकों के 4 दीर्घ उत्तरीय प्रश्न हैं, जिनमें से प्रत्येक का 100 से 150
शब्दों में उत्तर दें ।
(vii) किसी प्रश्न के सभी भागों को एक साथ हल करें ।
General Instructions:
Read the following instructions carefully and follow them:
(i) This Question Paper contains 34 questions. All questions are compulsory.
(ii) This Question Paper contains two sections:
Section A Macro Economics
Section B Indian Economic Development
(iii) This paper contains 20 Multiple Choice Questions type questions of 1 mark each.
(iv) This paper contains 4 Short Answer Questions type-I questions of 3 marks each to be
answered in 60 to 80 words.
(v) This paper contains 6 Short Answer Questions type-Il questions of 4 marks each to be
answered in 80 to 100 words.
(vi) This paper contains 4 Long Answer Questions type questions of 6 marks each to be
answered in 100 to 150 words.
(vii) Attempt all parts of a question together.

खंड-‘अ’(SECTION-A)
व्यापक अर्थशास्त्र(MACRO ECONOMICS)
QN Questions M
1 निम्नलिखित में से कौन सा स्टॉक है : 1
(ए) बचत (बी) उत्पादन (सी) स्थिर पंज
ू ी का उपभोग (डी) पंज
ू ी

Which of the following is a stock:
(A) Savings (B) Production (C) Consumption of fixed capital (D) Capital

1 |12_ECO_XII

2 जैसे-जैसे सीमांत बचत प्रवत्ति
ृ (एमपीएस) बढ़ती है , निवेश गण ु क का 1
मल्
ू य__________होता है । (सही विकल्प का चयन करें )
(ए) बढ़ता है (बी) घटता है (सी) शन्
ू य हो जाता है (डी) नहीं बदलता है
As the Marginal Propensity to Save (MPS) increases, the value of the investment
multiplier______________. (Choose the correct alternative)
(A) increases (B) decreases (C) becomes zero (D) does not change
3 निम्नलिखित कथनों को ध्यानपर्व
ू क पढ़ें : 1
कथन 1: उपभोग फलन मानता है कि, आय में परिवर्तन के साथ उपभोग
स्थिर दर से बदलता है ।
कथन 2: स्वायत्त उपभोग कुल उपभोग (C) और कुल आय (Y) का अनप ु ात
है ।
दिए गए कथनों के आलोक में निम्नलिखित में से सही विकल्प चन
ु ें:
(ए) कथन 1 सत्य है और कथन 2 गलत है ।
(बी) कथन 1 गलत है और कथन 2 सत्य है ।
(सी) कथन 1 और 2 दोनों सत्य हैं।
(डी) दोनों कथन 1 और 2 गलत हैं।
Read the following statements carefully:
Statement 1: Consumption function assumes that, consumption changes at a constant rate as
income changes.
Statement 2: Autonomous consumption is the ratio of total consumption (C) to total income
(Y).
In the light of given statements, choose the correct alternative from the following:
(A) Statement 1 is true and statement 2 is false.
(B) Statement 1 is false and statement 2 is true.
(C) Both statements 1 and 2 are true.
(D) Both statements I and 2 are false.
4 भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक _________द्वारा अर्थव्यवस्था में धन आपर्ति
ू बढ़ा 1
सकता है । (सही विकल्प का चयन करें )
(ए) मद्र
ु ा का विमद्र
ु ीकरण
(बी) सरकारी बांड खरीदना
(सी) नकद आरक्षित अनप ु ात को बढ़ाना
(डी) बैंकों को ऋण को हतोत्साहित करने के लिए राजी करना
The Reserve Bank of India can increase the money supply in the economy by____________.
(Choose the correct alternative)
(A) demonetisation of currency (B) buying government bonds
(C) increasing the cash reserve ratio (D) persuading banks to discourage loans
क्रेडिट कार्ड को धन की मात्रा के सभी मापों से बाहर रखा गया है , क्योंकि वे 1

5

वास्तव में भग ु तान का एक तरीका नहीं हैं, बल्कि भगु तान को स्थगित करने
का एक तरीका है । जब आप क्रेडिट कार्ड से भोजन खरीदते हैं, तो कार्ड जारी

2 |12_ECO_XII

करने वाला बैंक रे स्तरां को दे य राशि का भग
ु तान करता है । बाद की तारीख
में , आपको बैंक को चक ु ाना होगा, शायद ब्याज सहित। इसके लिए, आप
अपनी मांग जमा राशि में धन का उपयोग कर सकते हैं, और वह धन
अर्थव्यवस्था के धन के भंडार में शामिल किया जाता है ।
किसी अर्थव्यवस्था में क्रेडिट कार्ड के बढ़ते उपयोग से निम्नलिखित में से
क्या हो सकता है :
(ए) धन आपर्ति
ू में वद्
ृ धि (बी) धन आपर्ति
ू में कमी
(सी) पैसे की मांग में वद्
ृ धि (डी) पैसे की मांग में कमी
Credit cards are excluded from all measures of the quantity of money, because they are not
really a method of payment, but a method of deferring payment. When you buy a meal with a
credit card, the bank that issued the card pays the restaurant the amount that is due. At a later
date, you will have to repay the bank, perhaps with interest. For this, you might use the
money in your demand deposits, and that money is included in the economy's stock of
money.
Which of the following can happen with an increased use of credit cards in an economy:
(A) Increase in money supply (B) Decrease in money supply
(C) Increase in money demand (D) Decrease in money demand

3 |12_ECO_XII

6 लप्ु त संख्याएं ज्ञात कीजिए और सही विकल्प चनि
ु ए: 1

चक्र जमा ऋण (90%) आरक्षित अनप
ु ात
(10%)
I 1000 900 100
II 900 (i) 90
III - - -
- - - -
TOTAL (ii) (iii) (iv)

(ए) (i) 810 (ii) 10000 (iii) 9000 (iv) 1000
(बी) (i) 810 (ii) 1000 (iii) 900 (iv) 100
(सी) (i) 90 (ii) 1000 (iii) 900 (iv) 100
(डी) (i) 720 (ii) 10000 (iii) 9000 (iv) 1000
Find the missing figures and choose the correct alternatives:
ROUND DEPOSITS LOANS(90%) RESERVE
RATIO(10%)
I 1000 900 100
II 900 (i) 90
III - - -
- - - -
TOTAL (ii) (iii) (iv)
(A) (i) 810 (ii) 10000 (iii) 9000 (iv) 1000
(B) (i) 810 (ii) 1000 (iii) 900 (iv) 100
(C) (i) 90 (ii) 1000 (iii) 900 (iv) 100
(D) (i) 720 (ii) 10000 (iii) 9000 (iv) 1000

4 |12_ECO_XII

7 निम्नलिखित में से किससे घरे लू मद्र ु ा की सराहना होगी: 1
पी: विदे शी मद्र
ु ा की बढ़ती मांग
क्य:ू विदे शी मद्र
ु ा की मांग में कमी
आर: विदे शी मद्र ु ा की आपर्ति
ू में वद्
ृ धि
एस: विदे शी मद्र ु ा की आपर्ति
ू में कमी
(ए) पी और आर (बी) पी और एस (सी) क्यू और आर (डी) क्यू और एस
Which of the following will lead to an appreciation of domestic
currency:
P: Increased demand for foreign exchange
Q: Decreased demand for foreign exchange
R: Increased supply of foreign exchange
S: Decreased supply of foreign exchange
(A) P and R (B) P and S (C) Q and R (D) Q and S
8 जब सीमांत उपभोग प्रवत्ति
ृ (एमपीसी) 0.1 है तो निवेश गणु क का मल्
ू य क्या 1
है ?
(ए) 10 (बी) 1.1 (सी) 0.01 (डी) 100
What is the value of investment multiplier, when the Marginal Propensity to consume (MPC)
is 0.1?
(A) 10 (B) 1.1 (C) 0.01 (D) 100
9 कुल उपभोग और निवेश वक्र यहां दिए गए हैं: 1

पहचानें कि निम्नलिखित में से कौन सा "स्वायत्त
उपभोग" का प्रतिनिधित्व करता है
(ए) ओ आर (बी) आर सी (सी) आर वाई
(डी) आर आई
The total consumption and investment curves are given here:
Identify which of the following represents "Autonomous Consumption"
(A) OR (B) RC (C) RY (D) RI
10 दो मित्र मीरा और सिंधु विनिमय दर प्रणालियों पर चर्चा कर रहे थे। 1

'इस प्रणाली के तहत, विनिमय दरें मांग और आपर्ति
ू की बाजार शक्तियों
द्वारा निर्धारित की जाती हैं। हालाँकि, सक्षम प्राधिकारी द्वारा विनिमय दरों
को एक विशिष्ट सीमा के भीतर रखने के लिए जानबझ
ू कर प्रयास किए जाते

हैं।'

5 |12_ECO_XII

उपरोक्त बयान सिंधु ने दिया था. पहचानें कि वह किस प्रकार की विनिमय
दर प्रणाली के बारे में बात कर रही थी?
(ए) निश्चित विनिमय दर (बी) फ्लोटिंग विनिमय दर
(सी) प्रबंधित फ्लोटिंग विनिमय दर (डी) प्रबंधित निश्चित
विनिमय दर
TWO friends Mira and Sindhu were discussing the exchange rate systems.
'Under this system, the exchange rates are determined by the market forces of demand
and supply. However, deliberate efforts are made by the competent authority to keep the
exchange rates within a specific range'.
The above-mentioned statement was given by Sindhu. Identify the type of exchange rate
system she was talking about?

(A) Fixed Exchange Rate (B) Floating Exchange Rate

(C) Managed Floating Exchange Rate (D) Managed Fixed Exchange Rate

11 उद्यम पँज ू ी से तात्पर्य निवेशकों द्वारा विकास की प्रबल संभावना वाले छोटे 3
या स्टार्ट-अप व्यवसायों को प्रदान की जाने वाली फंडिंग से है । उपरोक्त कथन
के आलोक में , किसी मद्र ु ा के अवमल्ू यन की प्रक्रिया प्रत्यक्ष विदे शी निवेश या
पोर्टफोलियो निवेश को कैसे प्रभावित करती है ?
Venture capital refers to the funding provided by investors to small or start-up businesses with
strong potential for growth. In light of the above statement, how does the process of
devaluation of a currency affect Foreign Direct Investment or Portfolio investment?

12 नीचे दी गई तालिका का अध्ययन करें जिसमें एक अर्थव्यवस्था की दो फर्मों 3
के बारे में जानकारी है ।
फर्म मजदरू ी (₹ में ) लाभ (₹ में ) ब्याज (₹ में ) किराया (₹ में )
फर्म -A 50 150 100 100
फर्म -B 90 210 100 100
(i) विदे श से शद्ु ध कारक आय (-) ₹ 20 है
(ii) फर्म ए और फर्म बी द्वारा सामाजिक सरु क्षा कोष में कर्मचारी का
योगदान क्रमशः 5 और 10 है । राष्ट्रीय आय की गणना करें ।
Study the table given below which has information about two firms of an economy.
Firm Wages (in ₹) Profits (in ₹) Interest (in ₹) Rent (in ₹)
Firm-A 50 150 100 100

Firm-B 90 210 100 100
(i) Net Factor Income from Abroad is (-) ₹ 20
(ii) Employee's contribution to the social Security Fund by Firm A and Firm B is 5 and
10 respectively.
Calculate the National Income.
6 |12_ECO_XII

OR 1
निम्नलिखित को परिभाषित कीजिए| 1
(i) मल्ू यवर्धन 1
(ii) सकल घरे लू उत्पाद
(iii) प्रवाह चर
Define the following
(i) Value Addition (ii) Gross Domestic Product (iii) Flow Variables
(ii)
13 एक अर्थव्यवस्था में , प्रारं भिक आय ₹ 1000 करोड़ थी जो ₹ 2,500 करोड़ बढ़ 4
गई। MPS = 0.3, स्वायत्त उपभोग = ₹ 500 दिया गया है , आय के बढ़े हुए
स्तर पर निवेश व्यय की गणना करें ।
In an economy, the initial income was ₹ 1000 crore which increased by ₹ 2,500 crore. Given
MPS = 0.3, Autonomous Consumption = ₹ 500, calculate the investment expenditure at the
increased level of income.

14 'मौद्रिक उपाय किसी अर्थव्यवस्था में मद्र
ु ास्फीति अंतर की समस्या का वैध 2+2
समाधान प्रदान करते हैं।' दिए गए कथन को सही ठहराने के लिए किन्हीं दो
मौद्रिक उपायों को बताएं और उन पर चर्चा करें ।
'Monetary measures offer a valid solution to the problem of Inflationary gap in an economy'.
State and discuss any two monetary measures to justify the given statement.
OR
4
26 दिसंबर, 2021 को द इकोनॉमिक टाइम्स में प्रकाशित निम्नलिखित
समाचार के अनस ु ार: 'भारतीय रिजर्व बैंक ने अत्यधिक तरलता को खत्म
करने के लिए पिछले चार हफ्तों में द्वितीयक बाजार में ₹ 8,710 करोड़ की
सरकारी प्रतिभति
ू यां बेची हैं, संभावित कारण की पहचान करें और रिज़र्व बैंक
की इस प्रकार की कार्ययोजना के पीछे क्या परिणाम होंगे।
As per the following news published in The Economic Times on 26th December, 2021:
'Reserve Bank of India has sold government securities worth ₹ 8,710 crore in the secondary
market, over the last four weeks, to drain out excessive liquidity, identify the likely cause and
the consequences behind this type of action plan of the Reserve Bank.

15 विस्तार से बताएं कि केंद्रीय बैंक 'बैंक दर' के माध्यम से धन आपर्ति
ू को कैसे 4
स्थिर करता है ।
Elaborate, how does a Central Bank stabilise money supply through 'Bank Rate'.

7 |12_ECO_XII

16 (ए) दी गई जानकारी से, गणना करें : (i) राजस्व प्राप्तियां (में ) राजकोषीय 2+2
घाटा और (iii) प्राथमिक घाटा +1
विवरण (₹ करोड़ में )
(i) राजस्व घाटा 6,000
(ii) राजस्व व्यय 11,000
(iii) पंजीगत व्यय
ू 14,000
(iv) गैर-ऋण सजन पंजीगत प्राप्तियां
ृ ू 8,000
1
(v) ब्याज भगु तान 7,000

(बी)सरकारी कर्मचारियों को वेतन भग ु तान किस प्रकार का व्यय है और
क्यों?
(A) From the given information, calculate: (i) Revenue Recepits (ii) Fiscal Deficit and
(iii) Primary Deficit
Particulars (₹ In Crore)
(i) Revenue Deficit 6,000
(ii) Revenue Expenditure 11,000
(iii) Capital Expenditure 14,000
(iv) Non-debt Creating Capital Receipts 8,000
(v) Interest Payments 7,000
(B) Which types of expenditure is payment of salaries to government employees and
3
why?
OR 3
(ए) "राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग एक निजी वस्तु है क्योंकि यह करों द्वारा वित्त पोषित
है ।" दिए गए कथन का वैध तर्कों से बचाव या खंडन करें ।
(बी) आय की असमानताओं को कम करने के लिए बजटीय नीति का उपयोग
कैसे किया जा सकता है ?
(A) "National highway is a private good because it is funded by taxes." Defend or refute the
given statement with valid arguments.
(B) How can budgetary policy be used to reduce inequalities of income?
17 (ए) "उच्च सकल घरे लू उत्पाद (जीडीपी) का अर्थ है अर्थव्यवस्था में प्रति 3
व्यक्ति वस्तओ ु ं की अधिक उपलब्धता।" क्या आप दिए गए कथन से सहमत
हैं? अपने उत्तर के समर्थन में वैध कारण दीजिये। 3
(बी) मान लीजिए कि तंबाकू के सेवन पर प्रतिबंध लगा दिया गया है । इसके
संभावित प्रभावों की जाँच करें :
(i) सकल घरे लू उत्पाद; और (ii) कल्याण
(A) "Higher Gross Domestic Product (GDP) means greater per capita availability of goods in

the economy." Do you agree with the given statement? Give valid reason in support of your
answer.
(B) Suppose a ban is imposed on consumption of tobacco. Examine its likely effects on:
(i) Gross domestic product; and (ii) Welfare

8 |12_ECO_XII

खंड-‘ ब’ (SECTION-B)
भारतीय आर्थिक विकास(INDIAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT)
18 1905 में अंग्रेजों के खिलाफ शरू ु हुए स्वदे शी आंदोलन में , भारतीयों ने 1
भारतीय उत्पादों के लिए ब्रिटिश वस्तओ ु ं को छोड़ना शरू
ु कर दिया।
निम्नलिखित में से कौन सा आंदोलन का संभावित प्रभाव रहा होगा?
(i) कच्चे माल के आयात में वद् ृ धि
(ii) ब्रिटे न से आयात में गिरावट
(iii) भारत में वस्तओ ु ं के उत्पादन में वद्
ृ धि
(iv) निर्यात शल् ु क में वद्
ृ धि।
(ए) केवल (i) और (iii) (बी) केवल (i) और
(iv) (सी) केवल (ii) और (iii)
(डी) केवल (iii) और (iv)
In the Swadeshi Movement against the British, started in 1905, Indians started ditching
British goods for Indian products.
Which of the following would have been the likely impact of the movement?
(i) Rise in import of raw materials
(ii) Fall in imports from Britain
(iii) Rise in production of goods in India
(iv) Rise in export tariffs.
(A) only (i) and (iii) (B) only (i) and (iv)
(C) only (ii) and (iii) (D) only (iii) and (iv)
19 निम्नलिखित में से किस दे श ने वर्ष 1991 में आर्थिक सध
ु ार की प्रक्रिया शरू
ु 1
की:
(ए) पाकिस्तान (बी) भारत (सी) रूस (डी) चीन
Which of the following countries initiated its process of Economic Reforms in the year 1991:
(A) Pakistan (B) India (C) Russia (D) China
20 निम्नलिखित घटनाओं को सही कालानक्र ु मिक क्रम में व्यवस्थित करें : 1
(सही व्यवस्था चन ु ें)
(i) महान विभाजन का वर्ष
(ii) टाटा आयरन एंड स्टील कंपनी (TISCO) की स्थापना
(iii) अंग्रेजों द्वारा भारत में रे लवे की शरू
ु आत
(iv) स्वेज नहर का खल ु ना
विकल्प:

(ए) (iv), (ii), (i), (iii) (बी) (i), (iv), (iii), (ii)
(सी) (ii), (iii), (iv), (i) (डी) (iii), (iv), (ii), (i)
Arrange the following events in the correct chronological order:
(Choose the correct arrangements)
9 |12_ECO_XII

(i) The year of great divide
(ii) Establishment of Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO)
(iii) Introduction of Railways in India by the British
(iv) Opening of Suez Canal
Alternatives:
(A) (iv), (ii), (i), (iii) (B) (i), (iv), (iii), (ii)
(C) (ii), (iii), (iv), (i) (D) (iii), (iv), (ii), (i)
21 दी गई छवि में दिखाए गए रोजगार क्षेत्र के प्रकार को 1
पहचानें।
(ए) औपचारिक क्षेत्र (बी) अनौपचारिक क्षेत्र
(सी) दोनों (ए) और (बी) (डी) उपरोक्त में से कोई नहीं
Identify the type of employment sector shown in the
given image.
(A) Formal sector (B) Informal sector
(C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None of the above
22 निम्नलिखित कथन पढ़ें : कथन (ए) और कारण (आर)। नीचे दिए गए 1
विकल्पों में से सही विकल्प चन
ु ें:
कथन (ए): लघु उद्योगों को पंज ू ी की कमी का सामना करना पड़ता है ।
कारण (आर): सरकार उन्हें कोई सहायता और ऋण प्रदान करने में
अनिच्छुक है ।
(ए) कथन (ए) और कारण (आर) दोनों सत्य हैं, और कारण (आर) कथन (ए)
का सही स्पष्टीकरण है ।
(बी) कथन (ए) और कारण (आर) दोनों सत्य हैं, लेकिन कारण (आर) कथन
(ए) का सही स्पष्टीकरण नहीं है ।
(सी) कथन (ए) सत्य है , लेकिन कारण (आर) गलत है ।
(डी) कथन (ए) गलत है , लेकिन कारण (आर) सत्य है ।
Read the following statements: Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Choose the correct alternative
from those given below:
Assertion (A): Small Scale Industries face a shortage of capital.
Reason (R): The government is reluctant in providing them any assistance and loans.
Alternatives:
(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).
(C) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(D) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
23 चीन में 'ग्रेट लीप फॉरवर्ड' (जीएलएफ) का मख्
ु य उद्दे श्य _________ की 1
तीव्र वद्
ृ धि सनि ु श्चित करना था।
(ए) कृषि (बी) उद्योग (सी) सेवाएं

(डी) निर्यात
The main aim of 'Great Leap Forward' (GLF) in China was to ensure rapid increase of_____.
(A) agriculture (B) industries (C) services (D) exports

10 |12_ECO_XII

24 सश्रु ी रमनप्रीत ने एक नया व्यवसाय उद्यम शरू ु किया है , वह अपने 1
कर्मचारियों को काम पर लगाने से पहले उनके 'ऑन-द-जॉब प्रशिक्षण' पर
एक बड़ी राशि खर्च करने का इरादा रखती हैं। यह मानव पंज ू ी निर्माण की
दिशा में सही कदम को दर्शाता है ।
सश्र
ु ी रमनप्रीत द्वारा बताया गया है कि निम्नलिखित में से कौन मानव
पंज
ू ी निर्माण की प्रक्रिया में सीधे योगदान नहीं दे ता है :
(ए) कौशल और विशेषज्ञता जोड़ता है (बी) दक्षता में सध ु ार
करता है
(सी) लैंगिक समानता सनि ु श्चित करता है (डी) आउटपट ु
उत्पादकता बढ़ाता है
Ms.Ramanpreet has started a new business venture, she intends to spend a huge amount
towards ‘on-the-job training’ of her workers before putting them to work. It exhibits the right
step in the direction of Human Capital Formation.
Spot which of the following does not directly contributes to the process of human capital
formation by Ms Ramanpreet:
(A) Adds skills and expertise (B) Improves efficiency
(C) Ensures gender equity (D) Increases output productivity

25 निम्नलिखित में से गलत कथन को पहचानें: 1
(ए) कृषि क्षेत्र में विविधीकरण ग्रामीण आबादी को स्थायी आजीविका
विकल्प प्रदान करता है ।
(बी) विविधीकरण में फसल पैटर्न में बदलाव, कृषि से अन्य संबद्ध
गतिविधियों और गैर-कृषि क्षेत्र में कार्यबल का स्थानांतरण शामिल है ।
(सी) नए कृषि मार्गों (गैर-कृषि गतिविधियों) में निवेश का उद्दे श्य ग्रामीण
आबादी के लिए वित्तीय जोखिम बढ़ाता है ।
(डी) विविधीकरण ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में बेरोजगार आबादी के अनप
ु ात को काफी
हद तक कम कर दे ता है ।
Identify the incorrect statement from the following:
(A) Diversification in agriculture sector provides sustainable livelihood options to rural
population.
(B) Diversification includes change in cropping pattern, shift of workforce from agriculture
to other allied activities and non-agriculture sector.
(C) Objective of investment in new agricultural avenues (non-farm activities) increases
financial risks for the rural population.
(D) Diversification reduces the proportion of unemployed population in the rural areas to
considerable limits.
26 निम्नलिखित कथन को ध्यानपर्व ू क पढ़ें : 1
कथन 1: सतत विकास का लक्ष्य भविष्य की पीढ़ियों की अपनी जरूरतों को
परू ा करने की क्षमता से समझौता किए बिना वर्तमान की जरूरतों को परू ा

करना है ।
कथन 2: सतत विकास विकास के सामाजिक, आर्थिक और पर्यावरणीय
पहलओ ु ं पर एकीकृत तरीके से विचार करता है ।
11 |12_ECO_XII

दिए गए कथनों के आलोक में निम्नलिखित में से सही विकल्प चनि
ु ए:
(ए) कथन 1 सत्य है और कथन 2 गलत है (बी) कथन 1 गलत
है और कथन 2 सत्य है
(सी) कथन 1 और 2 दोनों सत्य हैं। (डी) कथन 1 और 2
दोनों गलत हैं।
Read the following statement carefully:
Statement 1: Sustainable development aims to meet the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Statement 2: Sustainable development considers the social, economic, and environmental
aspects of development in an integrated manner.
In the light of the given statements, choose the correct alternatives from the following:
(A) Statement 1 is true and Statement 2 is false (B) Statement 1 is false and Statement 2 is true
(C) Both Statements 1 and 2 are true. (D) Both Statements 1 and 2 are false.
27 निम्नलिखित में से कॉलम A और कॉलम B में सही सम
ु ेलित जोड़ी को 1
पहचानें:
Identify the correctly matched pair in Column A and Column B from the following:
Column A Column B

भारत (a) 1997 में आर्थिक सध
ु ार
India
(1) Economic reforms in 1997
(2) पाकिस्तान
Pakistan
(b) 1991 में आर्थिक सध
ु ार
Economic reforms in 1991
(3) चीन
China
(c) 1978 में आर्थिक सध
ु ार
Economic reforms in 1978
(4) भारत
India
(d) सीएसटी 1999 में शरू
ु हुआ
CST rolled out in 1999
(A) 1-(a) (B) 2-(b) (C) 3-(c) (D) 4-(d)
28 आज़ादी के समय भारत में कृषि उत्पादन को बड़ा झटका लगा। असफलता के 3
मख्
ु य कारणों पर चर्चा करें ।
At the time of independence, agricultural production in India received a major setback.
Discuss the main reasons of the setback.
OR

"योजना के उद्दे श्य के रूप में आधनि
ु कीकरण रोजगार सज
ृ न के साथ एक
द्वंद्व दर्शाता है ।" कथन का औचित्य सिद्ध कीजिए।
"Modernisation as a planning objective shows a dichotomy with employment generation."
Justify the statement.
29 "प्रधानमंत्री ने गैर-कृषि गतिविधियों को बढ़ाकर ग्रामीण आय बढ़ाने का 3
आग्रह किया।" बताएं कि किस प्रकार गैर-कृषि गतिविधियों से ग्रामीण क्षेत्र में
लोगों की आय में वद् ृ धि हो सकती है ।

"The Prime Minister urged to increase the rural income by increasing non-farm activities."
Explain how non-farm activities can lead to rise in income of people in rural sector.

12 |12_ECO_XII

30 अगर हम वैश्विक आबादी पर नजर डालें तो इस दनि ु या में रहने वाले हर छह 4
लोगों में से एक भारतीय और दस
ू रा चीनी है । अपने उत्तर के समर्थन में वैध
तर्कों के साथ दिए गए कथन की पष्टि
ु करें ।
If we look at the global population, out of every six persons living in this world, one is an
Indian and another a Chinese. Justify the given statement with valid arguments in support of
your answer.
31 'यदि संसाधन निष्कर्षण की दर पन ु र्जनन की दर से अधिक है , तो इससे 4
पर्यावरण की वहन क्षमता में कमी आती है ।' दिए गए कथन के औचित्य पर
वैध कारणों के साथ चर्चा करें ।
'If the rate of resource extraction exceeds the rate of regeneration, it leads to reduction in
carrying capacity of the environment." Discuss the rationale of the given statement with valid
reasons.
OR 2
2
(ए) "मानव विकास मानव पंज ू ी की तल
ु ना में एक व्यापक अवधारणा है ।"
व्याख्या करें ।
(बी) बताएं, 'मानव पंज
ू ी में निवेश' किसी अर्थव्यवस्था के विकास में कैसे
योगदान दे ता है ।
(A) "Human development is a broader concept than human capital." Explain.
(B) Explain, how does 'Investment in Human Capital' contribute to growth of an economy.

32 दिए गए चित्र में दिए गए बेरोजगारी के प्रकार को 4
पहचानें और समझाएं।
इस प्रकार के रोजगार के लिए कौन से कारक
जिम्मेदार हो सकते हैं? किन्हीं दो कारकों की व्याख्या
करें ।
Identify and explain the type of unemployment given in the given
image.
What factors might have led to this type of employment? Explain
any two factors.

33 (ए) "विदे शी मद्र
ु ा संकट उदारीकरण, निजीकरण और वैश्वीकरण की आर्थिक 3
नीतियों का आधार था।" औचित्य सिद्ध कीजिए ।
3
(बी) "हाल ही में भारत सरकार ने बढ़ते घाटे के कारण एमटीएनएल और
बीएसएनएल का विलय करने का निर्णय लिया है ।" भारत सरकार द्वारा
उठाये गये कदम को उचित ठहरायें।
(A) "Foreign exchange crisis was the basis of economic policies of liberalisation,
privatisation and globalisation." Justify.

(B) "Recently the Government of India has decided to merge MTNL and BSNL on account
of rising losses." Justify the step taken by the Government of India.
अथवा/OR 3

13 |12_ECO_XII

(ए) "कुछ अर्थशास्त्रियों का मानना है कि आर्थिक सध ु ारों ने भारत में कृषि 3
क्षेत्र पर प्रतिकूल प्रभाव डाला है ।" क्या आप दिए गए कथन से सहमत हैं?
वैध कारण सहित अपने उत्तर की पष्टि ु करें ।
(बी) भारत को अक्सर दनि ु या का 'आउटसोर्सिंग गंतव्य' कहा जाता है । भारत
को यह नाम दिए जाने के प्रमख ु कारणों पर चर्चा करें ।
(A)"Some economists believe that the economic reforms have adversely affected the
agriculture sector in India." Do you agree with the given statement? Justify your answer with
valid reason.
(B) India is often called as 'Outsourcing Destination' of the world. Discuss the prime reasons
for this name given to India.
34 निम्नलिखित पाठ को ध्यानपर्व ू क पढ़ें :
शीर्षक: "सतत विकास हासिल करना: वैश्विक अर्थव्यवस्थाओं के लिए एक
प्रमख ु चन ु ौती"
हाल के वर्षों में , सतत विकास दनि ु या भर की सरकारों, संगठनों और
व्यक्तियों के लिए एक महत्वपर्ण ू फोकस के रूप में उभरा है । जैसे-जैसे
अर्थव्यवस्थाएँ बढ़ती जा रही हैं, विकास प्रथाओं की दीर्घकालिक व्यवहार्यता
के बारे में चिंताएँ सामने आ गई हैं। सतत विकास का लक्ष्य भविष्य की
पीढ़ियों की अपनी जरूरतों को परू ा करने की क्षमता से समझौता किए बिना
वर्तमान की जरूरतों को परू ा करना है ।
सतत विकास हासिल करने में मख् ु य चनु ौतियों में से एक आर्थिक
विकास और पर्यावरण संरक्षण के बीच संतल ु न बनाना है । पारं परिक विकास
मॉडल ने अक्सर पर्यावरणीय गिरावट की कीमत पर आर्थिक विकास को
प्राथमिकता दी है । हालाँकि, इस दृष्टिकोण को लंबे समय में अस्थिर माना
जा रहा है । सरकारें और व्यवसाय अब अपनी विकास रणनीतियों में
पर्यावरणीय विचारों को एकीकृत करने के महत्व को महसस ू कर रहे हैं।
इसके अलावा, सतत विकास प्राप्त करने के लिए गरीबी जैसे सामाजिक
मद् ु दों को संबोधित करना आवश्यक है ; असमानता, और बनि ु यादी सेवाओं
तक पहुंच। स्थायी भविष्य सनि ु श्चित करने के लिए अकेले आर्थिक विकास
पर्याप्त नहीं है । यह सनिु श्चित करना आवश्यक है कि विकास लाभ समाज
के सभी सदस्यों के बीच समान रूप से वितरित किए जाएं और हाशिए पर
रहने वाले समह ू पीछे न रहें ।
इसके अलावा, सतत विकास के लिए नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा स्रोतों और कुशल
संसाधन प्रबंधन की ओर बदलाव की आवश्यकता है । इसमें जीवाश्म ईंधन
3
पर निर्भरता कम करना, स्वच्छ प्रौद्योगिकियों को बढ़ावा दे ना और कृषि 3
और विनिर्माण जैसे उद्योगों में टिकाऊ प्रथाओं को लागू करना शामिल है ।
निम्न-कार्बन अर्थव्यवस्था में परिवर्तन न केवल पर्यावरण के लिए

फायदे मंद है बल्कि रोजगार सज ृ न और नवाचार के संदर्भ में आर्थिक अवसर
भी प्रस्तत ु करता है ।

14 |12_ECO_XII

कुल मिलाकर, सतत विकास के लिए एक समग्र दृष्टिकोण की आवश्यकता
होती है जिसमें आर्थिक, पर्यावरणीय और सामाजिक आयाम शामिल हों। यह
विकास रणनीतियों पर मौलिक पन ु र्विचार करने और सभी स्तरों पर टिकाऊ
प्रथाओं को अपनाने का आह्वान करता है । केवल इस आदर्श बदलाव को
अपनाकर ही हम आने वाली पीढ़ियों के लिए एक समद् ृ ध और लचीला
भविष्य सनिु श्चित कर सकते हैं।
दिए गए पाठ और सामान्य समझ के आधार पर निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के
उत्तर दीजिए:
(ए) सतत विकास की अवधारणा को स्पष्ट करें और वर्तमान वैश्विक
परिदृश्य में इसे महत्वपर्ण
ू क्यों माना जाता है ।
(बी) सतत विकास प्राप्त करने में मख् ु य चनु ौतियाँ क्या हैं? पर्यावरण संरक्षण
के साथ आर्थिक विकास को संतलि ु त करने की आवश्यकता पर चर्चा करें

Read the following text carefully:
Title: "Achieving Sustainable Development: A Key Challenge for Global Economies"
In recent years, sustainable development has emerged as a crucial focus for
governments, organizations, and individuals around the world. As economies continue to
grow, concerns about the long-term viability of development practices have come to the
forefront. Sustainable development aims to meet the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
One of the main challenges in achieving sustainable development lies in striking a
balance between economic growth and environmental conservation. Traditional development
models have often prioritized economic growth at the expense of environmental degradation.
However, this approach is increasingly being recognized as unsustainable in the long run.
Governments and businesses are now realizing the importance of integrating environmental
considerations into their development strategies.
Furthermore, achieving sustainable development requires addressing social issues such as
poverty; inequality, and access to basic services. Economic growth alone is not sufficient to
ensure a sustainable future. It is essential to ensure that development benefits are distributed
equitably among all members of society and that marginalized groups are not left behind.
In addition, sustainable development necessitates a shift towards renewable energy
sources and efficient resource management. This involves reducing reliance on fossil fuels,
promoting clean technologies, and implementing sustainable practices in industries such as
agriculture and manufacturing. Transitioning to a low-carbon economy is not only beneficial
for the environment but also presents economic opportunities in terms of job creation and
innovation.
Overall, sustainable development requires a holistic approach that encompasses
economic, environmental, and social dimensions. It calls for a fundamental rethinking of
development strategies and the adoption of sustainable practices at all levels. Only by
embracing this paradigm shift can we ensure a prosperous and resilient future for generations
to come.

On the basis of the given text and common understanding, answer the following questions:
(A) Explain the concept of sustainable development and why it is considered crucial in
the current global scenario.

15 |12_ECO_XII

(B) What are the main challenges faced in achieving sustainable development?
Discuss the need to balance economic growth with environmental conservation

16 |12_ECO_XII

ECONOMICS
TIME: 3:00 Hours CLASS-XII MM-80
MARKING SCHEME
खंड-‘अ’(SECTION-A)
व्यापक अर्थशास्त्र(MACRO ECONOMICS)
QN Questions M
1 (D) Capital 1
2 (B) decreases 1
3 (C) Both statements 1 and 2 are true.
1
4 (B) buying government bonds
1
5 (D) Decrease in money demand
1
6 (A) (i) 810 (ii) 10000 (iii) 9000 (iv) 1000 1
7 (C) Q and R 1
8 (B) 1.1 1
9 (A) OR 1
10 (C) Managed Floating Exchange Rate 1
11 The process of currency devaluation can have several effects on both Foreign Direct
Investment (FDI) and Portfolio Investment. Here's how devaluation can impact these types of
investments:
1
(i) Trade: Currency devaluation can make a country's exports relatively cheaper in
inter-national markets. This can lead to increased demand for domestic goods, potentially
resulting in higher trade volumes and a trade or vloe surplus (exports exceeding imports). A
trade surplus can attract FDI as foreign investors seek to capitalize on the country's
competitive exports.
(ii)Receipts and Payments: Devaluation can affect the balance of payments. A devalued
currency means that receipts from exports will increase brwhen converted into the domestic
currency. visnostAt the same time, payments for imports may [S] become more expensive.
1
This can lead to a 1900 er positive impact on the balance of payments, loolis vloer attracting
FDI and portfolio investment.
(iii) Employment: Increased demand for domestic goods resulting from devaluation can lead
to higher employment opportunities. As exports become more competitive, domestic
businesses may need to expand their operations, hire more workers, and invest in scaling up 1
production. Investments: Devaluation can make a country more attractive for investments. A
devalued currency can enhance the competitiveness of Ho gruilse the country's exports,
potentially increasing узлом revenue for businesses.

(iv) Market Competitiveness: Currency devaluation can make domestic goods more
competitive in international markets. This can lead to a more competitive market
environment, driving businesses to innovate, adopt advanced technologies, and optimize
resource utilization to maintain or improve their market position

12 NDP (factor cost) = 50 + 150 + 90 + 210 + 100 + 100 + 100 + 100 = ₹ 900
National Income= Net National Product (factor cost) = Net Domestic Product (factor
cost) + Net Factor Income from Abroad
NI=NNP (factor cost) =₹ 900 + (-)₹20 = ₹ 880
OR
(i) Value Addition: It is the excess of value of output over the value of intermediate
consumption.
(ii) Gross Domestic Product: It is the money value of all final goods and services
produced in an economy during an accounting year.
(iii) Flow Variables: Flow Variables are those economic variables which can be
measured over a period of time, e.g., national income, money creation, etc.

13 4

14 (i) An increase in Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) may reduce the credit creation capacity of the
commercial banks in the economy. This may lead to a fall in the borrowings from banks
causing a fall •in Aggregate Demand in the economy, and helps to correct the inflationary
gap in the economy.
(ii) Sale of Government Securities in the open market by the Central Bank will adversely affect
the ability of the Commercial Banks to create credit in the economy. As a result, Aggregate
Demand in the economy may fall and correct the inflationary gap in the economy.
OR
The given instance where, Reserve Bank of India has sold government securities in the
secondary market indicates towards inflation as a possible cause behind the action taken by
RBI. By selling off the government securities, RBI withdraws money from circulation and
thereby reducing the lending capacity of the commercial banks. In this process, the economy
will experience contraction of credit, leading to reduction in consumption and investment
demand. Consequently, the inflationary pressure in the economy will get eased out.
15 Bank rate is the rate of interest at which Central Bank lends money to Commercial Banks to
meet their long-term needs. An increase in bank rate may force commercial banks to increase
their lending rate. It will make borrowings costlier to general public. This leads to
discouraging people to borrow and will thus restrict money supply in the economy or vice-
versa.

16 (A) (i) Revenue receipts = Revenue expenditure Revenue deficit = ₹11,000 - ₹ 6,000
= ₹ 5,000
(ii) Fiscal deficit = Revenue deficit + (Capital expenditure — Non debt creating capital
receipts) = ₹ 6,000 +(₹ 14,000 - ₹ 8,000) = ₹ 6,000 + ₹ 6,000 = ₹ 12,000
(iii) Primary deficit Fiscal deficit — interest payments = ₹ 12,000 - ₹ 7,000 = ₹ 5,000

(B) Expenditure on payment of salaries to government employees is a revenue expenditure as
it neither creates any liability nor it reduces the assets.
OR
(A) The given statement that "National highway is a private good because it is funded by
taxes" is incorrect. National highways are considered public goods rather than private
goods. Public goods, such as national highways, are characterized by non-excludability
and non-rivalry in consumption. They are accessible to all individuals and their use by
one person does not diminish their availability for others. National highways are funded
by taxes and serve the general public by facilitating transportation, trade, and economic
development. They are not owned or controlled by private entities and cannot be
restricted to certain individuals. Therefore, national highways do not possess the
characteristics of a private good and are correctly classified as public goods.
(B) Budgetary policy can be utilized to address income inequalities by implementing
progressive taxation policies. Under this approach, individuals with higher incomes are
subject to higher tax rates, while those with lower incomes face lower rates or no direct
taxes at all. The revenue generated from these welfare programs, subsidies, and free
public services like healthcare and education, primarily benefiting lower-income
groups. By redistributing wealth through taxation and targeted spending, budgetary
policy can help narrow income gaps and promote a more equitable distribution of
resources within society.

17 "Higher Gross Domestic Product (GDP) means greater per capita availability of goods in the
economy." This statement is not true.
(i) If the rate of population growth is more than the rate of growth of GDP, the per capita availability
of goods and services will fall.
(ii) GDP doesn't account for changes in inequalities in distribution of income. If the rising GDP is
concentrated in a few hands, per capita availability of goods in the economy might not increase.

B (i) Ban on consumption of tobacco will bring down the production of tobacco. Since it is counted in
GDP, it will fall.
(ii) The ban will improve the health in general. It will thus, increase welfare.
खंड-‘ ब’ (SECTION-B)
भारतीय आर्थिक विकास(INDIAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT)
18 (C) only (ii) and (iii) 1
19 (B) India 1
20 (D) (iii), (iv), (ii), (i) 1
21 (B) Informal sector 1
22 (C) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false. 1
23 (B) industries 1
24 (C) Ensures gender equity 1
25 (C) Objective of investment in new agricultural avenues (non-farm activities) increases 1
financial risks for the rural population.
26 (C) Both Statements 1 and 2 are true. 1
27 (C) 3-(c) 1
28 (i) Land Tenure System 3
(ii) Outdated Agricultural Practices

(iii) Lack of Infrastructure and Technology
OR
The given statement is appropriate. Modernisation implies use of advanced technology to
enhance Explanation: By providing on-the job training to the productivity at a faster pace.
With application of workers, it leads to addition to human capital by modern technology,
higher output is obtained at a relatively lower cost. However, in a labour abundant country

like India modernisation may lead to an increase in unemployment as modern technology
require lesser labour per unit of output.
29 Non-farm activities (agro-processing industries, poultry, craft. handloom) provide 3
alternative avenues for sustainable livelihood and may raise the level oi income as the
risks due to fluctuations tn production and market prices is generally less. Agriculture in
India is mainly a seasonal occupation, however. during off seasons, it becomes difficult to
find employment and stabilize farmer's income. Thus, Prime Minister has urged
appropriately in the best interest of the farmers of the rural India.
30 The statement that one out of every six persons living in the is an Indian and another is 4
Chinese can be justified based on population statistics. India and China are the two most
populous countries globally, with a combined population of over 2.7 billion

To verify the statement, we can compare this combined population with the estimated global
population of around 7.9 billion. When we divide the global population by six, we get
approximately I -32 billion. This aligns with the claim that one out of every six individuals
in the world is an Indian, and another is Chinese.
The large populations of India and China contribute significantly to their representation in
the globalisation Moreover, their substantial size gives them a notable impact on various
aspects, including economics politics, and culture. The demographics of these two countries
shape global trends and influence international relations.
In summary, the high populations of India and China support the statement that out of every
six persons living in the world, one is an Indian and another is Chinese. Their demographic
weight plays a crucial role in the global population distribution and has far-reaching
implications for various global dynamics.
31 When the rate of resource extraction exceeds the rate of regeneration, it reduces the carrying 4
capacity of the environment. This is due to resource depletion, ecological imbalance, and
environmental degradation Firstly, excessive extraction without sufficient regeneration
depletes resources. For instance, overfishing leads to reduced fish stocks, limiting the
availability oi this resource, Such depletion reduces the environment's ability to sustain the
same level of productivity and diversity.
Secondly, overexploitation disrupts ecological balance. Resources within an ecosystem are
interconnected, and the overuse of one resource affects another This disrupts species
interactions ecosystem. Consequently, the carrying capacity of the environment is
diminished.
Lastly, unsustainable extraction practices cause environmental degradation. Activities like
mining result in soil erosion, water pollution, and habitat destruction. These negative impacts
degrade the environment's quality, making it less capable of supporting life and reducing
carrying capacity.
To summarize, exceeding the rate of resource regeneration leads to resource depletion,
ecological imbalance, and environmental degradation. As a result, the carrying capacity of
the environment is reduced. To ensure sustainability, it is essential to adopt practices that
promote regeneration, maintain ecological balance, and prevent environmental degradation.
OR
(A) Human development encompasses a wider range of factors than human capital. While
human capital focuses on the economic aspects of individuals, such as their skills and
productivity, human development takes a more comprehensive approach. It considers aspects
like education, healthcare, social wellbeing, and opportunities for individuals to lead
fulfilling lives. Human development recognizes that people's overall well-being and progress
are influenced by various dimensions beyond just economic productivity, highlighting the

broader scope of this concept compared to the narrower focus of human capital.
(B) Investment in human capital contributes to the growth of an economy by enhancing the
skills, knowledge, and productivity of individuals. When resources are allocated to
education, training, and healthcare, individuals acquire valuable human capital. This leads to
a more skilled and productive workforce, which can drive innovation, increase efficiency,
and stimulate economic growth. Investing in human capital improves the quality of the

labour force, increases the adaptability to technological advancements, and fosters a
competitive advantage. Ultimately, the development of human capital strengthens the
foundation for sustained economic growth and prosperity.
32 Disguised unemployment refers to a situation where more people are engaged in a particular 4
activity or occupation than necessary, resulting in underutilization of labour. It is commonly
found in the agricultural sector where individuals appear to be employed but their
contribution to production is minimal or redundant. Several factors can contribute to
disguised unemployment:
(i) Technological limitations
(ii) Limited alternative employment opportunities.
(iii) Fragmented landholdings
(iv) Lack of skill development and education
(v) Insufficient infrastructure and market link
(vi) Cultural and social factors

33 (A) (i) Balance of Payments Crisis 3
(ii) Opening upto Global Markets
(iii) Encouraging FDI
(B) (i) Efficiency and cost Reduction
(ii) Enhanced Competitive Position 3
(iii) Strengthening Public Sector Telecom
OR
(A) (i) Shift in Govt priorities
(ii) Reduced Govt Support 3
(iii) Increased Global Competition
(B) (i) Cost Effectiveness
(ii) Skilled Workforce 3
(iii) Govt Support and infrastructure
34 (A) The concept of sustainable development refers to meeting the present needs of society
3
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It is
considered crucial in the current global scenario due to several reasons. Firstly, as economies
continue to grow, there is a growing concern about the long-term viability of development
practices that heavily rely on finite resources and cause environmental degradation.
Sustainable development aims to ensure that economic progress is achieved while
minimizing negative impacts on the environment. Secondly, with the increasing recognition
of climate change and its potential consequences, there is a need to transition towards
sustainable practices that reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote resilience to
environmental challenges. Lastly, sustainable development recognizes the interconnectedness
between economic, environmental, and social aspects, emphasizing the need to address social
issues such as poverty, inequality, and access to basic services. Overall, sustainable
development is crucial for ensuring a prosperous and resilient future for both current and
future generations.

(B) One of the main challenges faced in achieving sustainable development is striking a
balance between economic growth and environmental conservation. Traditional development
models often prioritize economic growth without considering the long-term environmental 3
consequences. However, this approach is increasingly recognized as unsustainable.
Balancing economic growth with environmental conservation involves adopting sustainable
practices that minimize resource depletion, reduce pollution, and mitigate climate change

impacts. This requires a shift towards renewable energy sources, efficient resource
management, and the promotion of clean technologies. Another challenge is the need to
address social aspects to achieve sustainable development. This includes ensuring equitable
distribution of development benefits, addressing poverty and inequality, and providing access
to basic services for all members of society. Economic growth alone is insufficient because it

may exacerbate social inequalities, result in environmental degradation, and lead to the
depletion of resources, ultimately undermining the prospects for long-term development.

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