CBSE Class 12 Sociology Question Paper 2019 Set 1 Solutions

Series: BVM
STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL: (For Internal and Restricted use only)
SENIOR SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION, 2019
MARKING SCHEME - SOCIOLOGY (SUBJECT CODE - 039)
PAPER CODE – 62
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
1. You are aware that evaluation is the most important process in the actual and correct
assessment of the candidates. Small mistake in evaluation may lead to serious problems
which may affect the future of the candidates, education system and teaching
profession. To avoid mistakes, it is requested that before starting evaluation, you must
read and understand the spot evaluation guidelines carefully. Evaluation is a 10-12 days
mission for all of us. Hence, it is desired from you to give your best in this process.
2. Evaluation is to be done as per instructions provided in the Marking Schemes. It should
not be done according to one’s own interpretation or any other consideration. Marking
Schemes should be strictly adhered to and religiously followed. However, while
evaluating, answers which are based on latest information or knowledge and innovative
maybe assessed and marks be awarded to them.
3. The Head-Examiner must go through the first five answer books evaluated by each
evaluator to ensure that evaluation has been carried out as per the instructions given in
the Marking Schemes. The remaining answer books meant for evaluation shall be given
only after ensuring that there is no significant variation in the marking of individual
evaluators.
4. If a question has parts, please award marks on the right-hand side for each part. Marks
awarded for different parts of the question should then totalled up and written in the
left evaluators.
5. It a question does not have any parts, marks must be awarded in the left hand margin
and encircled.
6. If a student has attempted an extra question, answer or the question deserving more
marks should be retained and other answer scored out.
7. No marks to be deducted for the cumulative effect of an error. It should be penalised
only once.
8. A full scale of marks 1-80 has to be used. Please do not hesitate to award full marks if
the answer deserves it.
9. Every examiner should stay full working hours ie 8 hours every day and evaluate 25
answer books.
10. Avoid the following common types of errors committed by the examiner in the past:-
 Leaving answer or part thereof unassessed in an answer book:-
 Giving more marks to an answer than assigned to it.
 Wrong transfer of marks from the inside pages of the answer book to the title page.
 Wrong question totalling on the title page.

 Wrong totalling of marks of the two columns on the title page.
 Wrong grand total.
 Marks in words and figures not tallying.
 Wrong transfer of marks from the answer book to online award list.
 Answers marked as correct, but marks not awarded (ensure that the right tick mark
is correctly and clearly indicated. It should be merely be a line. Same is with the X for
incorrect answer).
 Half or a part of answer marked correct and the rest as wrong, but no marks
awarded.
11. While evaluating the answer books if the answer is found to be totally incorrect, it
should be marked as (X) and awarded zero (0) marks.
12. Any unassessed portion, non-carrying over of marks to the title page or totalling error
detected by the candidate shall damage the prestige of all the personnel engaged in the
evaluation work as also of the Board. Hence, in order to uphold the prestige of all
concerned, it is again reiterated that the instructions be followed meticulously and
judiciously.
13. The examiners should acquaint themselves with the guidelines given in the spot
evaluation before starting the actual evaluation.
14. Every examiner shall also ensure that all the answers are evaluated, marks carried over
to the title page, correctly totalled and written in figures and words.
15. As per orders of the Hon‘ble Supreme Court, the candidates are permitted to obtain
photocopy of the Answer Book on request on payment of the processing charges.
16. The Marking Scheme carries only suggested value points for the answers. These are only
guidelines and do not constitute the complete answer. The students can have their own
expression and if the expression is correct, the marks to be awarded accordingly.

17. Candidates are permitted to obtain photocopy of the Answer Book on request and on
payment of the prescribed fee. All Examiners / Head Examiners are once again reminded
that they must ensure that evaluation is carried out strictly as per value points for each
answer as given in the Marking Scheme.

18. (i) The question paper is divided into three sections.

(ii) There are 25 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.
(iii) Section A includes question No. 1 – 14. They are very short answer type questions
carrying 2 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.
(iv) Section B includes question No. 15 – 21. They are short answer type questions
carrying 4 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 80 words.
(v) Section C includes question No. 22 – 25. They are long answer type questions
carrying 6 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 200 words each.
Question No. 25 is to be answered with the help of the passage given.

SECTION A
1 What is social exclusion? 2
Social exclusion refers to ways in which individuals may become cut
off from full involvement in the wider society.
2 According to Adam Smith, what is meant by invisible hand? 2
Invisible hand refers to an unseen force at work that converts what is
good for everyone into what is good for society.
3 Why is rising dependency ratio a cause for worry in countries that 2
are facing aging population?
A rising dependency ratio is a cause for worry in countries that are
facing an aging population, since it becomes difficult for a relatively
smaller proportion of working-age people to carry the burden of
providing for a relatively larger proportion of dependents.
OR
Identify the reasons for different replacement levels found in
1+1
different states of India.
 Increased levels of prosperity exert a strong downward pull on
the birth-rate;
 Increased literacy rate;
 Growing awareness;
 Increase in the level of education;
 Acceptance of small family size.
(Any two)(Any other relevant point)
4 How do Interest groups operate in the political area? 1+1
 Different interest groups work towards influencing political
parties to pursue specific interests in the political arena.
 When certain groups feel that their interests are not being taken
up, they may move to form an alternative party.
 They form pressure groups who lobby with the government.
 These organisations are best regarded as movements until they
achieve recognition.
(Any two)(Any other relevant point)
5 What are the reasons for the growth of Indian Language 1+1
newspapers?
 Rise of Literate people;
 Introduction of local news;
 Adoption of advanced printing techniques-supplements, pull
out, etc.
 Marketing strategies—door to door surveys etc.
 Reduced prices.
(Any two) (Any other relevant point)
6 Name any two women organisations. 1+1
 The Women‘s India association(WIA)
 All India Women‘s Conference (AIWC)
 National Council for Women in India(NCWI)
(Any two) (Any other relevant point)

7 Many of our cultural practices and patterns can be traced to our 1+1
agrarian background. How?
 Most of the New Year festivals in different regions of India –
such as Pongal in Tamil Nadu, Bihu in Assam, Baisakhi in
Punjab and Ugadi in Karnataka.
 Celebrating the main harvest season and heralding the
beginning of a new agricultural season.
OR
What are the factors behind Kerala‟s mixed economy? 1+1
 Political mobilisation,
 Redistributive measures,
 linkages to an external economy
 Integration of agriculture with a wide network of retail sales and
services,
 Remittances from abroad
(Any two)
8 How can cultural diversity present tough challenges? 1+1
 They can arouse intense passions
 Able to mobilise large numbers of people.
 Sometimes cultural differences are accompanied by economic
and social inequalities.
 Inequalities or injustices suffered by one community can
provoke opposition from other communities.
 The situation becomes worse when scarce resources – like river
waters, jobs or government funds – have to be shared.
(Any two)(Any other relevant point)
OR
How are minorities politically vulnerable? 1+1
 It is always possible to convert a numerical majority into
political power through elections.
 Religious or cultural minorities – regardless of their economic
or social position – are politically vulnerable.
 They face the risk that the majority community will capture
political power and use the state machinery to suppress their
religious or cultural institutions,
 Forced to abandon their distinctive identity.
(Any two) (Any other relevant point)
9 How does mass media function as the watchdog of democracy? 1+1
Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister, called upon the
media to function as the watchdog of democracy.
 The media was expected to spread the spirit of self-reliance.
 The media was a means to inform the people of the various
developmental efforts.
 The media was also encouraged to fight against oppressive
social practices like untouchability, child marriages, and
ostracism of widows, as well as beliefs of witchcraft and faith
healing.
(Any two)

10 With what objectives did „new‟ farmers‟ movements begin in the 1+1
1970‟s?
 The basic ideology of the movement was strongly anti state and
anti-urban
 The focus was on price and related issues.

11 How is Sanskritization a process of social change? 1+1
 Sanskritisation is a process by which a ‗low‘ caste or tribe or
other group takes over the customs, ritual, beliefs, ideology and
style of life of a high and, in particular, a ‗twice-born (dwija)
caste‘.
 Its influence can be seen in language, literature, ideology,
music, dance, drama, style of life and rituals;
 Sanskritisation suggests a process whereby people want to
improve their status through adoption of names and customs of
culturally high-placed groups.
(Any Two) (Any other relevant point)
OR
New ideas of liberalism and freedom emerged in colonial India as 1+1
stated by sociologist Satish Saberwal. Identify them.
The nature of Ideas : -
 New ideas of homemaking and marriage;
 New roles for mothers and daughters,
 New ideas of self-conscious pride in culture and tradition.
 The value of education
 Crucial for a nation to become modern but also retain its ancient
heritage.
 Initiated a period of questioning, reinterpretations and both
intellectual and social growth.
(Any two)
12 How has the formation of AITUC made the colonial government 1+1
more cautious in dealing with labour?
 It attempted to grant workers some concessions in order to contain
unrest.
 The government passed the Factories Act which reduced the
working day to 10 hours.
 The Trade Unions Act was passed, providing for the registration of
trade unions and proposed some regulations.
(Any Two)

13 “Mass media is a part of our daily life”. Give two examples to 1+1
support the statement.
 People wake up only to put on the radio,
 Switch on the television,
 Look for the morning newspaper,
 Younger children may first glance at their mobile phones to check
their missed calls,
 Plumbers, electricians, carpenters, painters and sundry other
service providers in many urban centres have a mobile telephone
where they can be easily contacted,
 Many shops in cities increasingly have a small television set.
 Indians abroad keep regular touch with friends and families back
home over the internet and telephone,
 Migrants from working class population in the cities are regularly
in touch with their families in the villages over the phone.
(Any two)
14 How has English Language impacted our society? 1+1
 English is not only widely used in India but we now have an
impressive body of literary writings by Indians in English.
 This knowledge of English has given Indians an edge in the
global market.
 English continues to be a mark of privilege.
 Not knowing English is a disadvantage in the job market.
 English opens doors of opportunities for the deprived that were
formerly closed.
(Any Two)
OR
There are vital differences between empire building of pre-
1+1
capitalist times and that of capitalist times. Give reasons.
Empire building of pre-capitalist times
 Outright pillage, continuous flow of tribute benefited the pre-
capitalist conquerors and did not interfere with the economic
base.
 They simply took the tribute that was skimmed off the
economic surplus that was produced traditionally in the
subjugated areas.
(Any one)
Empire building of Capitalist times(British colonialism) --
 Directly interfered to ensure greatest profit and benefit to
British capitalism.
 Every policy was geared towards the strengthening and
expansion of British capitalism. For instance it changed the very
laws of the land.
 It meddled with the manufacturing sector and altering the way
production and distribution of goods took place.
(Any one)

SECTION B
15 Literacy varies across gender, regions and social groups. Explain. 1+1+1+1
 The literacy rate for women is almost 22% less than the literacy
rate for men.
 Regional variations are still very wide, with states like Kerala
approaching universal literacy, while states like Bihar are
lagging far behind.
 Literacy rates also vary by social group –disadvantaged
communities such as SCs and STs, have lower rates of literacy.
 Rates of female literacy within disadvantaged groups are even
lower than the male literacy while women literacy is faster than
male literacy.
16 What is a sociologist‟s view on market as a social institution? 1+1+1+1
 Sociologists view markets as social institutions that are
constructed in culturally specific ways.
 Markets are often controlled or organised by particular social
groups or classes.

 The weekly market is the major institution for the exchange of
goods as well as for social intercourse.
 Local people come to the market to sell their agricultural or
forest produce to traders and they buy essentials such as salt and
agricultural implements, and consumption items such as bangles
and jewellery.
 The primary reason to come to the market is social – to meet
kin, to arrange marriages, exchange gossip, and so on.
 As stated by Alfred Gell, the layout of the market symbolises
the hierarchical inter-group social relations in this region.
 Different social groups are located according to their position in
the caste and social hierarchy as well as in the market system.
 The wealthy and high-ranking Rajput jeweller and the middle-
ranking local Hindu traders sit in the ‗central zones‘,
 The tribal sellers of vegetables and local wares sit in the ‗outer
circles‘.
(Any four)
OR
1+1+1+1
How did the advent of colonialism in India produce a major
upheaval in the economy?
Advent of colonialism in India produced major upheaval in the
economy
 Disruptions in production, trade, and agriculture
 Demise of the handloom industry due to the flooding of the
market with cheap manufactured textiles from England.
 India became a source of raw materials and agricultural
products and a consumer of manufactured goods, earlier it was a
supplier of manufactured goods to the world market.
 British industrialization led to de-industrialization in India.

 New groups emerged to take advantage of the economic
opportunities provided by colonialism. Eg: Marwaris.
 Emergence of new business communities transformed trade,
banking, industry etc.
(Any four)
17 State the declarations of the Karachi Session of the Indian National 1+1+1+1
Congress which committed itself to women‟s equality.
The Karachi Session of the Indian National Congress declared-
- Fundamental Rights of Citizenship in India whereby it committed
itself to women‘s equality.
 All citizens are equal before the law, irrespective of religion,
caste, creed or sex.
 No disability attaches to any citizen, by reason of his or her
religion, caste, creed or sex, in regard to public employment,
office of power or honour, and in the exercise of any trade or
calling.
 The franchise shall be on the basis of universal adult suffrage.
 Woman shall have the right to vote, to represent and the right
to hold public offices.
OR

Untouchability is an extreme and vicious aspect of the caste system. 2+2
Explain the various dimensions of untouchability.
The three main dimensions of untouchability are exclusion,
humiliation-subordination and exploitation: -
 Subordination and exploitation- Untouchability is almost
always associated with economic exploitation of various kinds,
most commonly through the imposition of forced, unpaid under-
paid) labour, or the confiscation of property.
 Exclusion-Dalits experience forms of exclusion that are unique
and not practised against other groups – for instance, being
prohibited from sharing drinking water sources or participating
in collective religious worship, social ceremonies and festivals.
 Untouchability may also involve forced inclusion in a
subordinated role, such as being compelled to play the drums at
a religious event.
 Humiliation and subordination - The performance of publicly
visible acts of (self-) humiliation and subordination is an
important part of the practice of untouchability. Common
instances include the imposition of gestures of deference (such
as taking off headgear, carrying footwear in the hand, standing
with bowed head, not wearing clean or ‗bright‘ clothes, and so
on) as well as routinised abuse and humiliation.
(Any two)

18 Examine the arguments given by Dr. Ambedkar and Mahatma 2+2
Gandhi for the inclusion of Panchayati Raj in the Constitution.
 Dr. Ambedkar argued that local elites and upper castes were
well entrenched in society.
The existence of local self-government only meant a continuing
exploitation of the downtrodden masses of Indian society. The
upper castes would no doubt silence this segment of the
population further.
 Gandhiji envisaged each village as a self-sufficient unit
conducting its own affairs.
He saw gram-swarajya to be an ideal model to be continued
after independence.
19 Industrialization and Urbanization are linked processes. Discuss. 1+1+1+1
 Industrialisation refers to the emergence of machine production,
based on the use of inanimate power resources like steam or
electricity.
 Urbanisation: The development of towns and cities
 Majority of the employed population work in factories, offices
or shops rather than agriculture.
 People start migrating to towns and cities to work.
20 ―What marked these 19th century social reform attempts was the 1+1+1+1
modern context and mix of ideas”. Interpret the given statement.
What marked these 19th century social reform attempts was the modern
context and mix of ideas.
 It was a creative combination of modern ideas of western
liberalism and a new look on traditional literature.
 Ram Mohun Roy attacked the practice of sati on the basis of
both appeals to humanitarian and natural rights doctrines as well
as Hindu shastras.
 Ranade‘s writings entitled The Texts of the Hindu Law on the
Lawfulness of the Remarriage of Widows and Vedic
Authorities for Widow Marriage elaborated the shastric sanction
for remarriage of widows.
 The content of new education was modernising and liberal. The
literary content of the courses in the humanities and social
sciences was drawn from the literature of the European
Renaissance, Reformation and Enlightenment. Its themes were
humanistic, secular and liberal.
 Sir Sayed Ahmed Khan‘s interpretation of Islam emphasised the
validity of free enquiry (ijtihad) and the alleged similarities
between Koranic revelations and the laws of nature discovered
by modern science.
 Kandukiri Viresalingam‘s The Sources of Knowledge reflected
his familiarity with navya-nyaya logic. At the same time he
translated Julius Huxley.
(Any four)

OR

Sociologists have tried to define what constitutes modernization. 1+1+1+1
Elaborate.
 From the 19th and more so the 20th century the term began to
be associated with positive and desirable values.
 In the early years, modernisation referred to improvement in
technology and production processes.
 It referred to the path of development that much of west Europe
or North America has taken.
 Modernization assumes that local ties and parochial
perspectives give way to universal commitments and
cosmopolitan attitudes
 People are influenced not just by local but universal contexts.
 Work gets based on choice, not birth.
 A scientific attitude and a rational approach matters.
(Any four)
21 Mention the loop holes found in the implementation of the Land 1+1+1+1
Ceiling Act.
 Land Ceiling Act imposed an upper limit on the amount of land
that can be owned by a particular family.
 Possession of surplus land (above the ceiling limit) held by each
household, and redistribute it to landless families.
 There were many loopholes and other strategies through which
most landowners were able to escape from having their surplus
land taken over by the state.
 While some very large estates were broken up.
 In most cases landowners managed to divide the land among
relatives and others, including servants, in so-called „benami
transfers‟.
 In some places, some rich farmers actually divorced their wives
(but continued to live with them) in order to avoid the
provisions of the Land Ceiling Act, which allowed a separate
share for unmarried women but not for wives.
(Any four)
SECTION C
22 In your opinion has the Linguistic reorganisation of states helped 1+1+1+1+1+1
or harmed India‟s unity?
 Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru feared that states based on
language might hasten a further subdivision of India. Far from
undermining Indian unity, linguistic states have helped
strengthen it.
 Role of State reorganisation Commission-reframed in 1920 on
linguistic lines.
 1947-Independence and movement by Marathi and Kannada
speakers and Telugu speakers.
 1956-redrawing map of India on Linguistic lines , comparison
with Ceylon and Pakistan.
 It has proved to be perfectly consistent to be Kannadiga and
Indian, Bengali and Indian, Tamil and Indian, Gujarati and
Indian.

OR
Civil Society makes the state accountable to the Nation and its
people. Explain with reference to the RTI Act. 1+1+1+1+1+1
 Civil society is the non-state and non-market part of the public
domain in which individuals get together voluntarily to create
institutions and organisations.
 It is the sphere of active citizenship where, individuals take up
social issues, try to influence the state or make demands on it,
pursue their collective interests or seek support for a variety of
causes.
 The Right to Information Act 2005, gives Indians an access to
Government records.
 It was enacted by the Parliament of India giving any person who
may request information from a ―public authority‖, is expected
to reply expeditiously or within thirty days.
 The Act also requires every public authority to computerise
their records for wide dissemination and to proactively publish
certain categories of information so that the citizens need
minimum recourse to request for information formally.
 This law was passed by Parliament on 15 June 2005.
The Act specifies that citizens have a right to:
 Request any information,
 Take copies of documents,
 Inspect documents, works and records,
 Take certified samples of materials of work,
 Obtain information in form of printouts, diskettes,
floppies, tapes, video cassettes or in any other electronic
mode or through printouts.
 Civil liberties organisations have been keeping a watch on the
state and forcing it to obey the law.
(Any six)
23 The institution of caste underwent major changes during colonial 1+1+1+1+1+1
period. Explain
 The British administrators began by trying to understand the
complexities of caste in an effort to learn how to govern the
country efficiently
 The British undertook methodical and intensive surveys of
various tribes and castes to learn how to govern the country.
 The first such survey was carried out by H. Rishley in 1901 and
thus castes began to be counted and rewarded.
 Direct attempt to count caste and to officially record caste status
changed the institution itself.
 Land revenue settlement gave a legal recognition to the
customary rights of the upper caste.
 The Govt. of India Act 1935 gave legal recognition to the list of
‗schedules‘ of castes and tribes marked out for special treatment
by the state.
OR

Do you think tribes are primitive communities living isolated lives 1+1+1+1+1+1
untouched by civilisation? Discuss.
 Tribes are seen as secondary phenomena arising out of
exploitative and colonialist contacts.
 On the political and economic front, tribal societies were faced
with the incursion of money lenders. They were also losing their
land to non-tribal immigrant settlers.
 Many of the Rajput kingdoms of central and western India
emerged through a process of stratification among Adivasi
community themselves.
 Occupied a special trade niche – trading forest produce, salt,
and elephants.
 Capitalist economies drive exploit forest resources and minerals
to recruit cheap labour brought tribal societies into mainstream.
 There is a gradual emergence of an educated urbanised
professional class among tribal communities.
24 With the help of an example explain the impact of Globalization 1+1+1+1+1+1
and the New International Division of Labour.
 A new international division of labour has emerged in which
more and more routine manufacturing production and
employment is done in the Third World cities.
 The company grew enormously from its inception as an
importer of shoes.
 The founder Phil Knight imported shoes from Japan and sold
them at athletics meetings.
 The company grew to a multinational enterprise, a transnational
corporation.
 As costs increased production shifted to South Korea, later on to
Thailand and Indonesia.
 This flexibility of labour often works in favour of the producers.
Instead of mass production of goods at a centralised location
(Fordism), we have moved to a system of flexible production at
dispersed locations (Post-Fordism).
OR
There are many ways Globalization affects culture. Elaborate.
 Homogenisation versus Glocalization of culture.
 Globalisation will lead to the creation of not just new local 1+1+1+1+1+1
traditions but global ones too.
 Gender and Culture- in India we have been able to retain and
develop a democratic tradition and culture that allows us to
define culture in a more inclusive and democratic fashion.
 Cultural consumption (of art, food, fashion, music, tourism)
shapes to a large extent the growth of cities. Eg: shopping malls,
multiplex cinema halls, amusement parks etc.

 A dynamic corporate culture - involving company events,
rituals and traditions - is thought to enhance employee loyalty
and promote group solidarity.

 The spread of multinational companies and the opportunities
opened up by the information technology revolution has created
a class of upwardly mobile professionals working in software
firms, multinational banks, etc.
 It is also becoming a threat to many indigenous craft and
literary traditions and knowledge systems.
(Any six)
25 Gandhi on Machinery, in Hind Swaraj 1924: ―What I object to is the
craze for machinery, not machinery as such. The craze is for what they
call labour-saving machinery. Men go on ‗saving labour‘ till thousands
are without work and thrown on the open streets to die of starvation. I
want to save time and labour, not for a fraction of mankind, hut for all.
I want the concentration of wealth, not in the hands of the few, but in
the hands of all.‖
1934: ―When as a nation we adopt the spinning-wheel, we not only
solve the question of unemployment but we declare that we have no
intention of exploiting any nation, and we also end the exploitation of
the poor by the rich.‖

(a) Give an example of how machinery creates a problem for 2
workers.
Machinery creates the danger that eventually would replace
workers
concentration of wealth in the hands of the few
(Any one) (Any other example)

(b) What alterative did Gandhi have in mind? How does 1+3
adopting the spinning-wheel prevent exploitation?

Alterative: -
 Adoption of the spinning-wheel or charkha
 Establishing indigenous industries
(Any one)
Adopting the spinning-wheel prevent exploitation: -
 Generates employment
 Ends the exploitation of the poor by the rich
 Promoting self-reliance.
(Any other relevant point)