CBSE Class 12 Question Paper 2023 Solution Sociology

e s t i o n P a p er
Qu
Solu t i o n
2023

Marking Scheme
Strictly Confidential
(For Internal and Restricted use only)
Senior School Certificate Examination, 2023
SUBJECT NAME SOCIOLOGY
(SUBJECT CODE P06239)
(PAPER CODE 62)

General Instructions: -
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assessment of the candidates. A small mistake in evaluation may lead to serious problems
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3 Evaluation is to be done as per instructions provided in the Marking Scheme. It should not
be done according to one‟s own interpretation or any other consideration. Marking Scheme
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answers which are based on latest information or knowledge and/or are innovative,
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These value points are in the nature of Guidelines only and do not constitute the complete
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Question Paper) has to be used. Please do not hesitate to award full marks if the answer
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every day and evaluate 20 answer books per day in main subjects and 25 answer books per
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Examiner in the past:-
● Leaving answer or part thereof unassessed in an answer book.
● Giving more marks for an answer than assigned to it.
● Wrong totaling of marks awarded on an answer.
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● Wrong question wise totaling on the title page.
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● Wrong transfer of marks from the answer book to online award list.
● Answers marked as correct, but marks not awarded. (Ensure that the right tick mark is
correctly and clearly indicated. It should merely be a line. Same is with the X for
incorrect answer.)
Half or a part of answer marked correct and the rest as wrong, but no marks awarded.
14 While evaluating the answer books if the answer is found to be totally incorrect, it should be
marked as cross (X) and awarded zero (0)Marks.
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concerned, it is again reiterated that the instructions be followed meticulously and
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16 The Examiners should acquaint themselves with the guidelines given in the “Guidelines for
spot Evaluation” before starting the actual evaluation.
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the title page, correctly totaled and written in figures and words.
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of the prescribed processing fee. All Examiners/Additional Head Examiners/Head
Examiners are once again reminded that they must ensure that evaluation is carried out
strictly as per value points for each answer as given in the Marking Scheme.
SECTION A
1 The measure of comparing the portion of a population which is composed of dependents
with the portion that is the working population is : 1
a. Age structure of the population
b. Sex ratio
c. Dependency ratio
d. Growth rate of population

Ans. (c ) Dependency Ratio
2 Assertion (A): Caste groups are endogamous, i.e. marriage is restricted to members of the
group. 1
Reason (R): Membership in a caste involves strict rules about marriage.
a. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R ) are true and Reason (R ) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A) .

b. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R ) are true, but Reason (R ) is not the correct
explanation of Assertion (A) .
c. Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R ) is false
d. Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R ) is true.

Ans. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R ) are true and Reason (R ) is the correct explanation
of Assertion (A)
3 In every society, some people have a greater share of valued resources- money, property,
education, health and power – than others. These social resources can be divided into three 1
forms of capital.
Which of the following is not a form of capital?
a. Economic b. Cultural c. Social d. Educational
Ans.
(d) Educational
4 Castes also involve sub-divisions within themselves, i.e. Castes almost always have sub- 1
castes and sometimes sub-castes may also have sub-sub castes. This is referred to as a
____________.

a. Class b. Division c. Kinship d. Segmental division

Ans. (d) Segmental Division

5 Which of the following features is not an element of the policy of Apartheid? 1

a. Denial of ownership of land
b. Denial of South African citizenship
c. Permission for mixed marriages
d. Denial of formal voice in government.

Ans. (c ) Permission for mixed marriages
6 A nation is a peculiar sort of community. Choose the incorrect statement about the nation. 1
a. Hard to describe
b. Hard to define
c. Based on shared religion, language, culture
d. It is a community of communities

Ans. (a) Hard to describe
7 To assert a single national identity by attempting to eliminate ethno-national and cultural 1
differences from the public and political arena will be considered as a/an __________
policy.
a. Assimilationist b. Dominant group c. State d. Diversity

Ans. (a) Assimilationist
8 Which of the following is true for a model of South Asian colonial city?
a. Recreational facilities were not available 1
b. Unplanned streets
c. Civic amenities were accessible in the European towns of the South Asian colonial city
d. Cramped bungalows

Ans. (c) Civic amenities were accessible in the European towns of the South Asian colonial city
9 Assertion (A): Urbanization in the colonial period saw the prosperity of indigenous 1
industries.
Reason (R): There was emergence of new colonial cities.
a. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A) .
b. Both assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
c. Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R ) is false
d. Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R ) is true
Ans.
10 Assertion (A): The government has passed a number of laws to regulate the working
conditions in coal mines. 1
Reason (R) : Many contractors maintain proper register of workers and take responsibility
for accidents giving all possible benefits.
a. Both assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
b. Both assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
c. Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false
d. Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

Ans. (c ) Assertion (A) is true , but Reason (R ) is false
11 What is not true for globalization and liberalization in rural society?
a. Non-participation in WTO 1
b. Free international trade
c. Opening of Indian markets to imports
d. Competition from the global market

Ans. (a) Non-participation in WTO
12 Which of the following statements is true in the scenario of a high fertility rate?
a. It takes more time to reach the replacement level. 1
b. It takes less time to reach the replacement level
c. It does not impact the replacement level
d. The impact on replacement level cannot be determined

Ans. (a) It takes more time to reach the replacement level
13 Assertion (A): To call a strike is a difficult decision.
1
Reason (R): Managers may try to use substitute labour. Workers also find it hard to sustain
themselves without wages.
a. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A) .
b. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A) .
c. Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false
d. Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R ) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Ans. assertion (A)
14 In terms of positive characteristics, tribes have been classified according to their
„permanent‟ and „acquired‟ traits. Which one of the following is a permanent trait? 1
a. Region, language b. Physical characteristics c. Ecological habitat d. All of the above
Ans.
(d) All of the above
15 The sociological importance of contract farming does not include which of the following?
a. It disengages people from the production process 1
b. Indigenous knowledge of agriculture becomes irrelevant
c. It caters primarily to the production of elite items.
d. It is ecologically sustainable

Ans. (d) It is ecologically sustainable
16 Assertion(A) : Social movements are directed towards some broad goals.
Reason (R): It involves long and continuous social effort and action by people. 1
a. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R ) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A) .
b. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R ) are true, but Reason (R ) is not the correct
explanation of Assertion (A) .
c. Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R ) is false
d. Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

Ans. (d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R ) is true
17 ______________ social movements strive to change the existing social and political
arrangements through gradual incremental steps. 1
a. Reformist b. Redemptive c. Revolutionary d. Relative deprivation
Ans. (a) Reformist
18 Which of the following is true for caste system?
I. Hierarchy 1
II. Achieved status
III. Segmental division
a. I is false b. I, II are true c. I, III are true d. I, II, III are true

Ans. (c) I and III are true
19 Which of the following makes dominant caste dominant?
a. Land rights granted by land reforms 1
b. Intermediate caste identity
c. Large numbers converting to political power
d. All of the above

Ans. (d) All of the above
20 Which term is applicable to foreigners, slaves and conquered people?
1
a. Panchama b. Brahman c. Kshatriya d. Jati

Ans. (a) Panchama
SECTION-B

21 Several profound transformations in the nature of social relations in rural areas took place in
the post-independence period, especially in those regions that underwent the Green 1+1=2
Revolution. Name any two transformations.

Ans. i. an increase in the use of agricultural labour as cultivation became more intensive
ii. a shift from payment in kind (grain) to payment in cash
iii. a loosening of traditional bonds or hereditary relationships between farmers or
landowners and agricultural workers (known as bonded labour)
iv. the rise of a class of „free‟ wage labourers
(Any two)
22 How has liberalization impacted the employment patterns in India? Mention any two ways.
1+1=2

Ans. The government is trying to sell its share in several public sector companies through
disinvestment. Many government workers are scared of losing their jobs.

More and more companies are reducing the number of permanent employees and
outsourcing their work to smaller companies or even workers. This is done in order to get
cheap labour.

(Any other relevant points)
23 (a). Social movements also develop distinct modes of protest. Write the names of any two
distinct modes of protest. 1+1=2

Ans. Candle and torch light processions, use of black cloth, street theatres, songs, poetry.
(Any other relevant modes of protest)
(Any two)
OR
(b)At the time of Independence, we had the two most classical cases of peasant movements.
Write the names of the two peasant movements.

(b)Tebhaga movement and Telangana movement
24 (a). Write the meaning of the term “circulation” in the concept of circulation of labor.
1*2=2
Ans.  Wealthy farmers often prefer to employ migrant workers for harvesting and other
such intensive operations rather than the local working class. Hence, local landless
labourers move out of their home villages in search of work in peak agricultural
seasons, while migrant workers are brought in from other areas.
 These migrant workers have been named „footloose labour‟.
 Migrants are easily exploited because they are paid low wages. Workers circulate
between their home villages and more prosperous area where there is more demand
for labour and higher wages.
OR

(b). In the first phase of the Green Revolution in the 1960s and 1970s, the introduction of
new technology seemed to be increasing inequalities in rural society.

Ans. Mention two ways by which inequalities increased.
1+1=2
 The introduction of machinery led to the displacement of the service caste groups.

 It increased the pace of rural-urban migration.
 Well-to-do farmers who had access to land, capital, technology, and know-how
could increase production and earn more money.
 Through the process of differentiation, rich farmers became richer and the landless
and marginal holders‟ condition became worse.
 Worsening of regional inequalities.
(Any Two)
25 States are often doubtful of cultural diversity. State two reasons for the given statement.
1+1=2
Ans. o Most states feared that the recognition of such differences would lead to social
fragmentation and prevent the creation of a harmonious society.
o Accommodating these differences is politically challenging so states either suppress
these diverse identities or ignore them on the political domain.
o Cultural diversity can present tough challenges because cultural identities are very
powerful.
o Cultural identities can arouse intense passion and mobilise large number of people.
o Cultural differences are often accompanied by economic and social inequalities which
further complicate things.
(Any Two)
26 Very often family is a site of bitter conflicts. Give two reasons to justify the statement.
1+1=2
Ans. 1. Sometimes we assume the interferences and the overbearing ways of family members.
2. female infanticide
3. Violent conflicts between brothers over property

(Any other relevant point)
27 Identify the two sets of principles used to understand the caste system. Define any one set.
1+1=2
Ans. -Wholism and Hierarchy; Difference and Separation.

-Wholism and Hierarchy- These different and separated castes do not have individual
existence. They exist only in relation to the larger whole. This whole is a hierarchical rather
than an egalitarian system. Each individual caste occupies a distinct place and an ordered
rank. This is based on purity and pollution.

-Difference and Separation-Each caste is supposed to be different from and is therefore
strictly separated from every other caste. Many of the scriptural rules of caste are designed
to prevent the mixing of castes-rules ranging from marriage, food sharing and social
interaction to occupation.
(Define any one set)
28 Explain the two types of Demography.
1+1=2
Ans. Formal Demography- is a largely quantitative field. Concerned with measurement and
analysis of components of population change with highly developed mathematical
methodology.

Social Demography-focuses on the social, economic and political aspects of population.
Enquires into the wider causes and consequences of population structures and change.

29 (a). Define work in the organized sector.
2
Ans. It consists of units employing 10 or more people throughout the year.They have to be

registered with the government to ensure that their employees get proper salaries, pension
and other benefits.
(Any other relevant point)
OR
(b). What is the basic task of a manager?
The basic task of manager is to- 1+1=2
Ans. i. Control workers
ii. Get more work out of them. (Any other relevant point)

SECTION-C
30 (a). Sanskritisation seems to justify a model that rests on inequality and exclusion. Explain
this model. 1*4=4

Ans.  It appears to suggest that to believe in purity and pollution of groups of people is
justifiable or all right.
 Therefore, to be able to look down on some groups just as the upper caste looked
down on the lower caste is a mark of privilege.
 It shows how such discriminatory ideas become a way of life. Discrimination seek to
give their own meaning to their excluded status.
 They aspire to be in a position from where they can in turn look down on other people.
This reflects an essentially undemocratic vision.
 Erosion of Dalit culture
 Adoption of upper caste rites and rituals leading to practices of secluding girls and
women.
(Any four points)
OR
(b). Explain the phenomenon of Modernity as given by Rudolph and Rudolph.
1*4=4
Ans.  Modernity assumes that local ties and parochial perspectives give way to universal
commitments and cosmopolitan attitudes;
 That the truths of utility, calculation, and science take precedence over those of the
emotions, the sacred, and the non-rational;
 That the individual rather than the group be the primary unit of society and politics;
 That the associations in which men live and work be based on choice not birth;
 that mastery rather than fatalism orient their attitude toward the material and human
environment;
 That identity be chosen and achieved, not ascribed and affirmed;
 That work be separated from family, residence, and community in bureaucratic
organization.
(Any four points)
31 Discuss the phenomenon of “Time slavery” in the I.T. sector.
1*4=4
Ans.  10–12 hours is an average work day and it is not uncommon for employees to stay
overnight in the office, when faced with a project deadline. Long working hours are
central to the industry‟s „work culture‟.
 Overwork is built into the structure of outsourced projects: project costs and
timelines are usually underestimated in terms of man-days, based on an eight-hour

day, engineers have to put in extra hours and days in order to meet the deadlines.
 Extended working hours are legitimised by the common management practice of
„flexi-time‟, which in theory gives an employee freedom to choose his or her
working hours. But which in practice, means that they have to work as long as
necessary to finish the task at hand.
 Even when there is no real work pressure, they tend to stay late in office either due
to
peer pressure or because they want to show the boss that they are working hard.
32 Discuss the impact of land reforms during the colonial period.
2+2=4
Zamindari System:
Ans.  In this system zamindars were given more control over land than they had before.
Since the colonisers also imposed heavy land revenue on agriculture, zamindars
extracted as much produce or money as they could out of the cultivators.
 As a result, agriculture production stagnated or declined during much of the period
of British rule.
Raiyatwari System:
 The actual cultivators rather than the zamindars were responsible for paying the
taxes because the colonial government dealt directly with the farmers or landlords,
rather than through the overlords, the burden of taxation was less and cultivators had
more incentive to invest in agriculture.
 As a result, these areas became more productive and prosperous.
33 (a). How were labourers recruited and appointed by the colonial administrators in the tea 1*4=4
gardens?
Ans.
 Colonial government often used unfair means to hire and forcibly keep labourers.
 Colonial government acted on behalf of the British planters.
 Colonial administrators were clear that harsh measures were taken against the
labourers to make sure they benefited the planters.
 Colonial administrators were also fully aware that the laws of a colonised country
did not have to stick to the democratic norms that the British back home had to
follow in Britain.
(Any other relevant point)
OR
Ans. (b). How did the planters in the tea plantations live?
 They had lived lives of luxury. Huge, sprawling bungalows, set on sturdy wooden 1*4=4
stilts to protect the inmates from wild animals, were surrounded by velvety lawns
and jewel bright flower beds.
 They had trained a large number of malis, bawarchis and bearers to serve them to
perfection. Their wide verandahed houses gleamed and glistened under the
ministrations of this army of liveried servants.
 Of course, everything from scouring powder to self-raising flour, from saftey pins
to
silverware, from delicate Nottingham lace tablecloths to bath salts.
 Even the large cast-iron bathtubs that were invitingly placed in huge bathrooms,
tubs which were filled every morning by busy bistiwallahs carrying buckets up
from the bungalow‟s well.

34 Who wrote the book “Sultana‟s Dream”? Why is this a remarkable story? 1+3=4
Ans.  Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain
 It is the earliest example of science fiction writing in India, and among the first by a
woman author anywhere in the world.
 In her dream, Sultana visits a magical country where the gender
roles are reversed.
 Men are confined to the home and observe „purdah‟ while women are busy
scientists vying with each other at inventing devices that will control the clouds and
regulaterain, and machines that fly.
35 The women‟s questions arose in modern India as part of 19th century middle-class social 1*4=4
reform movements. These reformers used a mix of ideas. Explain these ideas.
 They were often inspired by the democratic ideals of the modern west and by a deep
Ans.
pride in their own democratic traditions of the past. Many used both these resources
to fight for women‟s rights.
 For example- Anti-Sati campaign led by Raja Ram Mohan Roy in Bengal, the
Widow Remarriage Movement in the Bombay Presidency by Ranade.
 Raja Ram Mohun Roy attacked the practice of sati on the basis of both appeals to
humanitarian and natural rights doctrines as well as Hindu shastras.
 Ranade‟s writings entitled The Texts of the Hindu Law on the Lawfulness of the
Remarriage of Widows and Vedic Authorities for Widow Marriage elaborated the
shastric sanction for remarriage of widows.
 The content of new education was modernising and liberal. The literary content of
the courses in the humanities and social sciences was drawn from the literature of
the European Renaissance, Reformation and Enlightenment. Its themes were
humanistic, secular and liberal.
 Sir Syed Ahmed Khan‟s interpretation of Islam emphasised the validity of free
enquiry (ijtihad) and the alleged similarities between Koranic revelations and the
laws of nature discovered by modern science.
 Kandukiri Viresalingam‟s The Sources of Knowledge reflected his familiarity with
navya-nyaya logic. At the same time he translated the works of Julius Huxley, an
eminent biologist.
(Any four points)
SECTION-D
36 (a). “Malthus‟s theory of population growth was a rather pessimistic one. It was challenged 1*6=6
by theorists.” Justify the statement.

Ans. i. Malthus argued that human population tends to grow at a much faster rate than the rate at
which the means of human subsistence can grow.
ii. Therefore, humanity is condemned to live in poverty forever, because the growth of
agricultural production will always be overtaken by population growth.
iii. It was also challenged by theorists who claimed that economic growth could outstrip
population growth.
iv. The patterns of population growth begin to change in the later half of 19th century and
by the end of the first quarter of 20th century, these changes were quiet dramatic.
v. Birth rates had declined and outbreaks of epidemic diseases were being controlled.
vi. Malthus‟s prediction was proved false because both food production and standards of
living continued to rise despite the rapid growth of population.
vii. Malthus was also criticised by liberal and Marxist scholars for asserting that poverty

was caused by population growth. The critics argued that problems like poverty and
starvation were caused by the unequal distribution of economic resources rather than by
population growth. An unjust social system allowed a wealthy and privileged minority to
live in luxury while the vast majority of the people were forced to live in poverty.
(Any six points)
OR
Ans. “Sometimes the city may be preferred for social reasons”. Enumerate these social reasons. 1*6=6
i. Mass media and communication channels are bringing images of urban lifestyles and
patterns of consumption into the rural areas. Hence, urban norms and standards are
becoming well-known in remote villages creating new desires and aspirations for
consumption.
ii. Mass transit and mass communication are bridging the gap between rural and urban
areas.
iii. Rural areas are closely getting integrated into the consumer market.
iv. The fact that urban life involves interactions with strangers can be advantage for varied
reasons.
v. Socially oppressed groups like SC and STs may get some partial protection from daily
humiliation unlike in villages where caste identity is prominent.
vi. Anonymity of the city allows the poorer sections of the socially dominant rural groups
to engage in low status work which they won‟t otherwise engage in, in the village.
vii. Decline in common property resources.
viii. Job opportunities, health, education
(Any six points)
37 “The main criteria for inclusion in civil society are that the organization should not be 1*6=6
State-controlled, and it should be a purely commercial profit-making entity.” Discuss the
given statement at length.
Ans.
i. Civil society is the name given to the broad arena which lies beyond the private domain
of the family but outside the domain of both state and market.
ii. Civil society is the non-state non-market part of the public domain in which individuals
get together voluntarily to create institutions and organisations.
iii. It consists of voluntary associations, organisations or institutions formed by group of
citizens.
iv. It includes political parties, media institutions, trade unions, non-governmental
organisations (NGOs), religious organisations, and other kinds of collective entities.
v. The main criteria for inclusion in civil society are that the organsiation should not be
State controlled and it should not be a purely commercial profit-making entity.
vi. Today the activities of civil society organisations have an even wider range including
advocating and lobbying activities with National and International agencies as well as
active participation in various movements.
vii. Civil liberty organizations have been particularly important in keeping watch on the
State and forcing it to obey the law.
(Any six points)

38 Read the passage given and answer the questions: 2+2+2=6

Ans. The following observations were made by G.B. Pant during a speech that moved the
constitution of the Advisory Committee on fundamental rights, minorities, etc. We have
to take particular care of the Depressed Classes, the Scheduled Castes and the Backward
Classes… We must do all we can to bring them up to the general level…The strength of
the chain is measured by the weakest link of it and so until every link is fully revitalised,
we will not have a healthy body politic. Recent years have seen renewed debate about
the States‟ decision on reservation to this section.
1+1=2
(a). Based on the passage, who are referred to as the weakest link of the society?
2
(b). Why should and how can this weakest link be fully revitalized?
2
(c). Define „secularisation of caste‟.
a. The weakest link of society are the Depressed classes, the Scheduled Castes and
Backward Classes.
(Any two points)
(Any other relevant point)
b.
i. We have to take particular care of the Depressed Classes, the Scheduled Castes and the
Backward Classes.
ii. The strength of the chain is measured by the weakest link of it and so until every link
is fully revitalised, we will not have a healthy body politic.
iii. In 2019, the Government of India introduced 10% reservation in education and
Government jobs for economically weaker sections among upper castes.
iv. Recent years have seen a renewed debate about the state‟s decision on reservations
for the depressed classes.
(Any two points)
(Any other relevant point)
c.
 Caste began to lose its ritual content and became more and more secularized for
political mobilization.
 It often functions as a political pressure group.
 Contemporary India has seen such formation of caste associations and caste-
based political parties.
 They seek to press upon the state their demands.
(Any two points)