NCERT Solutions Class 4 English Chapter 9 Hekko

F R E E S T U D Y M AT E R I A L F O R E V E R Y S T U D E N T

CLASS 4 · ENGLISH

NCERT Solutions

Chapter 9: Hekko

NCERT Textbook — Santoor

BOOK PAGES SECTIONS QUESTIONS MEDIUM

89 – 102 13 40 English

Solutions, notes, sample papers & more at 40 pages

Class 4 English Chapter 9 Hekko AglaSem · NCERT Solutions

CLASS 4 · ENGLISH · SANTOOR

NCERT Solutions — Chapter 9: Hekko
Chapter 9 of Santoor closes Unit 3, Fun with Games. Hekko is not a story but a short piece of information
about a real game played by the people of the Mokokchung district of Nagaland. The word comes from two
Naga words — hek (to challenge) and ko (tiger) — so Hekko means “Challenging the tiger.” A folk story of
Nagaland about Aami (The Man) and Aakho (The Tiger) gave the game its name. The exercises take you from
the game into homophones, sound-alike words, animal sounds, the past simple with -ed, five traditional
Indian games and a game of your own.

TEXTBOOK BOOK PAGES

Santoor (Class 4) 89 – 102

SECTIONS QUESTIONS

13 40

MEDIUM

English

Let us Read — Pages 89–92
Hekko

LET US READ

Read Let us Read — Hekko. Read the passage and find out what the word “Hekko”
means and how the game is played.

This chapter is not a story. It tells you about a real game played in Nagaland. Here is everything
the passage says, in order.
1. What the name means. ‘Hek’ means to challenge. ‘Ko’ means tiger. Put them together and
Hekko means “Challenging the tiger.”
2. The folk story behind the name. There is a folk story in Nagaland about “Aami” (The Man)
and “Aakho” (The Tiger). Once upon a time humans and animals lived together. They had a
disagreement about their superiority — that is, about who was greater. The humans challenged
Aakho. That challenge came to be known as Hekko.
3. Where it is played. The people in the Mokokchung district of Nagaland play Hekko. It is a
well-known sport today. The strongest people in the village are identified through this game.
4. The teams. Hekko is played as a team game between two teams, Aakho and Aami. There are
11 players in each team. The toss before the game decides which team will be called Aami and
which will be called Aakho.
5. How it is played.

Page 1 of 40

Class 4 English Chapter 9 Hekko AglaSem · NCERT Solutions

A circle is drawn on the ground.
The Aami team has to stay inside the circle by making a human chain.
The Aakho team stays outside the circle.
At first two members of the Aakho team enter the circle and try to push the Aami players
out. A pushed-out Aami player is out and cannot come in again.
The Aami team tries to catch the Aakho players by surrounding them. A caught Aakho
player is not released until he says “Joko”, which means surrender.
When one player is caught and surrenders, another player of the Aakho team enters the
circle.
Whenever a team gets a player of the other team out, it gains points.

Aakho team (red) Aakho team (red)

Aami team (blue)

the circle drawn on the ground

How the ground is set for Hekko, as the picture on page 91 shows it: one big circle drawn on the
ground, the Aami team inside it and the Aakho team outside. Two Aakho players have come in.

6. How the game ends. It gets over when any one of these three things happens:

1. All the members of the Aakho team get caught.
2. All the members of the Aami team are pushed out of the circle.
3. The time runs out.

The team with the maximum points wins the game.
7. The two titles. The fastest player of the Aami team is given the title “Khozuba”. The
strongest player of the Aakho team is given the title “Khotiba”.

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Class 4 English Chapter 9 Hekko AglaSem · NCERT Solutions

Why the game has this name: In the folk story the man challenged the tiger. In the
game one team is still called Aami (The Man) and the other Aakho (The Tiger). So
every match repeats that old challenge. That is why it is called “Challenging the
tiger”.

Tip — the word decide: The passage says the toss “decides” which team is which.
When you decide something, you make up your mind. The thing you make up your
mind about is called your decision. The toss gives the decision.

New Words — Page 92
declared · superiority · disagreement · surrender

NEW WORDS

NW New Words: declared, superiority, disagreement, surrender. Find out what each
new word means.

These are the four new words the book puts in the New Words box on page 92. Each one is
used in this very chapter.

WORD WHAT IT MEANS WHERE IT COMES IN THE CHAPTER

declared said something out loud, so that “Aakho declared that the tigers had the first right on
all could hear all the things.” (page 96)

superiority being better or greater than “They had a disagreement about their superiority.”
others (page 89)

disagreement not agreeing with one another “They had a disagreement about their superiority.”
(page 89)

surrender to give up and accept that you “he says ‘Joko’ (surrender).” (page 91)
have lost

Sentences of my own, to show how they are used:

The umpire declared our team the winner.
The lion behaves as if he has superiority over all the animals.
The two friends had a small disagreement about the score.
The caught player had to surrender and leave the circle.

Page 3 of 40

as e
Class 4 English Chapter 9 Hekko
a g l AglaSem · NCERT Solutions

co m
m.
Why disagreement looks long: Break it up — dis + agree + ment. Agree means to

as e
com l
say yes together. Dis- turns a word into its opposite. -ment makes it the name of a
thing. So .disagreement a g
m
is the name for not agreeing.

l a se
ag

co m
ag
Let us Think — Page 93
m .
A. Answer the following.
as e
LET US THINK a g l

co m
em.
What does the word ‘Hekko’ mean?

as
A.1

m l
.co a g
a s em
l word ‘Hekko’ means “Challenging the tiger.”

agThe
s
The book tells us how the word is built:
m a
m .co agl
se
‘Hek’ means to challenge.
‘Ko’ means tiger.
g l a
a
Join the two parts and you get Hek + ko = Hekko, “Challenging the tiger”.

co m
m .
e
Why the game got this name: In the old folk story of Nagaland, the humans
m l as
.co g
challenged Aakho, the tiger. That challenge itself came to be known as Hekko. So the

em a
s
name keeps the old story alive.
l a
ag
se m
om called?
What are the two teams in thecgame g l a
. a
em
A.2

a s
ANSWER agl
The two teams are called Aami and Aakho.
co m
m .
Aami means The Man. This team stays inside the circle.
m as e
.co
Aakho means The Tiger. This team stays outside the circle.
a g l
a s emThe book says, “it is played as a team game between two teams: Aakho and Aami.”
agl
.c
s e m
m a
e m . co agl
g l as
a

co m
m .
m ase
.co


a g l Page 4 of 40

Class 4 English Chapter 9 Hekko AglaSem · NCERT Solutions

Aakho team (red) Aakho team (red)

Aami team (blue)

the circle drawn on the ground

How the ground is set for Hekko, as the picture on page 91 shows it: one big circle drawn on the
ground, the Aami team inside it and the Aakho team outside. Two Aakho players have come in.

Why these two names: The names come straight from the folk story about “Aami”
(The Man) and “Aakho” (The Tiger). Every game is like the man and the tiger
challenging each other again.

Tip: No team is Aami or Aakho from the start. A toss before the game decides which
team gets which name.

A.3 How many players are there in each team?

There are 11 players in each team.
The book says plainly, “There are 11 players in each team.” So 11 play for Aami and 11 play for
Aakho.

Page 5 of 40

Class 4 English Chapter 9 Hekko AglaSem · NCERT Solutions

Players in the Aami team = 11

Players in the Aakho team = 11

Players on the ground in all = 11 + 11 = 22

Why so many are needed: The Aami team has to make a human chain right round
the inside of the circle. A chain of only three or four children would leave big gaps.
Eleven players make a chain strong enough to hold.

A.4 What do the players in the Aami team do inside the circle?

The Aami players stay inside the circle by making a human chain — they hold on to one another
so that nobody can be pulled away easily.
Inside the circle they do two jobs:

1. They hold the chain and try not to be pushed outside. If an Aami player is pushed out, he is
out and cannot enter again.
2. They catch the Aakho players by surrounding them. A caught Aakho player is not released
until he says “Joko”.

Aakho team (red) Aakho team (red)

Aami team (blue)

the circle drawn on the ground

Page 6 of 40

Class 4 English Chapter 9 Hekko AglaSem · NCERT Solutions

How the ground is set for Hekko, as the picture on page 91 shows it: one big circle drawn on the
ground, the Aami team inside it and the Aakho team outside. Two Aakho players have come in.

Why a chain and not one player alone: Two Aakho players come in to push. One
child alone is easy to push out. Eleven children holding on to one another are hard
to move, because a push on one is shared by all. That is the whole idea of the chain.

A.5 Why do you think the Aakho team (Tiger) must say “Joko” when they are caught?

Because “Joko” means surrender. It is the word by which a caught player admits that he has
lost. Until he says it, the Aami team does not let him go.
The word does three useful things:

It is a clear signal. Everybody hears one word and knows the player has given up. Nobody
has to argue.
It keeps the game safe. The moment the word is said, the holding stops, so no one gets
hurt.
It keeps the game moving. Once a player surrenders, the next Aakho player can enter the
circle.

This question begins with “Why do you think…”, so you may give your own reason. Any of the
three above is a good answer.

Page 7 of 40

Class 4 English Chapter 9 Hekko AglaSem · NCERT Solutions

Aakho team (red) Aakho team (red)

Aami team (blue)

the circle drawn on the ground

How the ground is set for Hekko, as the picture on page 91 shows it: one big circle drawn on the
ground, the Aami team inside it and the Aakho team outside. Two Aakho players have come in.

Sample answer: I think the Aakho player must say “Joko” because that word means
surrender. It tells the Aami team that he has given up. Then they let him go and the
next Aakho player can come in. Without this word the players would keep holding
each other and someone could get hurt.

Something to notice: Many games have such a word. In kho-kho and kabaddi the
referee’s whistle does the same job. One agreed signal stops the play at once, and
everyone obeys it.

Let us Think — Page 93

Page 8 of 40

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Class 4 English Chapter 9 Hekko
a g l AglaSem · NCERT Solutions

B. Think and discuss.
co m
e m.
m as
THINK AND DISCUSS

.co a g l
s m were playing the game Hekko, would you prefer to be in the Aami or Aakho
eyou
gl aIf
a
B.1
team? Why?

co m
e m . ag
g l as
This is your own choice, so either answer is right. What matters is the reason you give.
How to answer: a
1. Name the team you would choose — Aami or Aakho.
co m
em.
as
2. Say what that team has to do in the game.
m l
.co
3. Say why that job would suit you.
a g
a s em
a glTEAM WHAT YOU WOULD HAVE TO DO WHAT IT NEEDS FROM
YOU

m a s
Aami (The
m .co
Stay inside the circle, hold the human chain, catch the Team work and a strong grip
agl
Man) Aakho players.
l a se
Aakho (The a g
Enter the circle and push the Aami players out. Strength and quick feet

m
Tiger)

. co
e m
m l as
m .co a g
l a se Aakho team (red) Aakho team (red)

ag
se m
com g l a
m . a
ase
agl
Aami team (blue)

co m
m .
m as e
.co a g l
se m
g l a
a c
m .
m a s e
m . co agl
l a se the circle drawn on the ground
ag

co m
m .
m as e
.co


a g l Page 9 of 40

Class 4 English Chapter 9 Hekko AglaSem · NCERT Solutions

How the ground is set for Hekko, as the picture on page 91 shows it: one big circle drawn on the
ground, the Aami team inside it and the Aakho team outside. Two Aakho players have come in.

Sample answer 1: I would like to be in the Aami team. I like holding hands with my
friends and working together. In the Aami team nobody plays alone. If we all hold
the chain tightly, no one can push us out.

Sample answer 2: I would like to be in the Aakho team. Only two players go inside
at a time, so everybody watches them. I run fast, so I would try to push a player out
and come back quickly.

Why there is no wrong answer here: The two teams need different skills. One
needs holding together, the other needs pushing and speed. A good team has both
kinds of players.

B.2 If you could add a new rule to the game, what would it be? What would be the
benefit of the new rule?

A good new rule should make the game safer, fairer or more fun. Say the rule in one sentence,
then say its benefit in one more.
What a good answer must have:

the rule, said clearly in one line;
who it applies to;
one plain benefit — how the game gets better.

Some rules you could think about:

Page 10 of 40

Class 4 English Chapter 9 Hekko AglaSem · NCERT Solutions

A NEW RULE YOU COULD ADD THE BENEFIT

No one may pull another player’s clothes or hair. Nobody gets hurt, and no clothes are torn.

An Aami player who is pushed out may come back once, if the A player who slips by mistake is not out for the
whole team agrees. whole game.

Three Aakho players may enter instead of two in the last five The end of the game becomes more exciting.
minutes.

Girls and boys must be in the same team, in equal number. Everybody gets a chance to play.

A player who says “Joko” must sit out for one minute. Teams take more care, so fewer players get
caught.

Sample answer: My new rule would be that no player may pull another player’s
clothes or hair. They may push only with open hands. The benefit is that nobody gets
hurt and no clothes get torn. Then even small children can play Hekko safely.

Why rules matter in a game: A rule tells everybody the same thing before the
game starts. Then nobody can argue in the middle of the play. Good rules keep a
rough game safe.

Let us Learn — Pages 94–95
A. Choose the correct option to complete the sentence.

LET US LEARN

A.1 A. Choose the correct option to complete the sentence.
1. their/there
◆ ……………… (their/there) is a beautiful park in my neighbourhood.
◆ They completed ……………… (there/their) work very fast.

The answers:

There is a beautiful park in my neighbourhood.
They completed their work very fast.

The rule that decides it:

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Class 4 English Chapter 9 Hekko AglaSem · NCERT Solutions

WORD WHAT IT DOES HOW TO TEST IT

there points to a place, or starts a sentence as There is / Can you say here instead? Then it is
There are there.

their shows belonging — something belongs to them Can you ask whose? Then it is their.

In the first sentence nothing belongs to anybody. The sentence only tells us that a park exists.
English begins such a sentence with There is. It also begins the sentence, so it takes a capital T.
In the second sentence, ask “whose work?” — their work. So the belonging word their is right.

Why the two get mixed up: They sound exactly the same when you say them. Only
the spelling and the meaning are different. Notice that their has the word heir
hidden in it — a person — and people own things.

My own sentences:
There is a big neem tree outside our school gate.
The children left their bags under the bench.

A.2 A. Choose the correct option to complete the sentence.
2. two/too
◆ ……………… of my friends participated in the poster-making competition.
◆ I was ……………… tired after playing.

The answers:

Two of my friends participated in the poster-making competition.
I was too tired after playing.

The rule that decides it:

WORD WHAT IT DOES HOW TO TEST IT

two the number 2 Can you write the figure 2 in its place? Then it is two.

too means more than needed, or also Can you say very much or as well? Then it is too.

In the first sentence we are counting friends. Put 2 in the blank and it still makes sense — 2 of
my friends. So the answer is Two, with a capital T because it starts the sentence.
In the second sentence nothing is being counted. The sentence says I was tired more than usual.
That is too.

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Class 4 English Chapter 9 Hekko AglaSem · NCERT Solutions

An easy way to remember: too has one extra o. That extra letter reminds you of
“extra, more than needed”. two has a w in it, like twins and twice — all about the
number 2.

My own sentences:
Two crows were sitting on our wall.
The tea was too hot to drink.
(And with the other meaning: I want a mango too.)

A.3 A. Choose the correct option to complete the sentence.
3. through/threw
◆ The bowler ……………… the ball towards the batsman.
◆ I can see the clouds ……………… my window pane.

The answers:

The bowler threw the ball towards the batsman.
I can see the clouds through my window pane.

The rule that decides it:

WORD WHAT IT DOES HOW TO TEST IT

threw a doing word — the past of throw Can you change it to throws? Then it is threw.

through from one side of something to the Can you say across or from one end to the other? Then it
other side is through.

In the first sentence the bowler does something with the ball. It is an action that already
happened, so we need the past of throw — threw.
In the second sentence my eyes go from one side of the glass to the other side. That is through.

Why this pair is tricky: through has the letters ough, which say nothing here at all —
the word is simply said as “throo”. So the two sound alike but look very different.

My own sentences:
Ravi threw the ball to Meena at the boundary.
The train went through a long, dark tunnel.

Page 13 of 40

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Class 4 English Chapter 9 Hekko
a g l AglaSem · NCERT Solutions

co m
m.
A. Choose the correct option to complete the sentence.
se
A.4

o m
4. caught/cot
c
◆ My.mother g l a
m
……………… me eating an ice-cream at night. a
a◆seI sleep on a ……………… when I am at my grandmother’s village.
agl
m

. co ag
m
The answers:

as e
a g l
My mother caught me eating an ice-cream at night.
I sleep on a cot when I am at my grandmother’s village.

co m
m.
The rule that decides it:

m IT DOES as e
WORD
.co
WHAT
a g l
HOW TO TEST IT

se m
g l a
a
caught a doing word — the past of catch. It also means “found Can you change it to catches?
someone doing something”. Then it is caught.

m a s
.co agl
cot a naming word — a small light bed, often a charpai Can you put a or the before it?

m
ase
Then it is cot.

agl
In the first sentence the mother did something — she found me eating. A doing word is needed,

m
so it is caught.

. co
m
In the second sentence the word comes right after “a”. Only a naming word can come after a, so

m as e
.co l
it is cot.
a g
s m
eWhy
gl a this pair is in the chapter: The word caught is used in the Hekko passage itself
a — “When an Aakho player is caught…”. The book wants you to notice that the same

se m
com a
sound can belong to two very different words.
. a g l
m
gl ase
a
Do note: caught and cot are not a perfect sound-alike pair in careful English —
caught has a longer “aw” sound. In the way most of us speak, though, they sound
very close, and that is why the book puts them together.
co m
m .
as e
omown sentences:
.cMy a g l
se m The fielder caught the ball with one hand.
g l a
a c
.
Dadi keeps a wooden cot on the veranda.

s e m
m a
e m . co agl
g l as
a

co m
m .
m ase
.co


a g l Page 14 of 40

Class 4 English Chapter 9 Hekko AglaSem · NCERT Solutions

A.5 A. Choose the correct option to complete the sentence.
5. right/write
◆ While crossing the road, look to your ………………, then left, then right again and
then cross the road.
◆ ……………… in a neat and legible handwriting.

The answers:

While crossing the road, look to your right, then left, then right again and then cross the
road.
Write in a neat and legible handwriting.

The rule that decides it:

WORD WHAT IT DOES HOW TO TEST IT

right the side opposite to left (it can also Can you say left in its place and still make sense?
mean correct) Then it is right.

write a doing word — to put words on paper Can you add with a pen after it? Then it is write.

The first sentence names sides of the road. The word left comes just after, so the blank must be
the other side — right.
The second sentence is an order given to you. It tells you what to do with your handwriting.
That is Write, and it takes a capital W because it begins the sentence.

A picture for your memory: write begins with a silent w, just like wrist — and you
write with your wrist. That little link keeps the two spellings apart.

My own sentences:
Turn right at the post office and you will see our school.
Write your name on the top line of the page.

All ten blanks of Exercise A together:

Page 15 of 40

Class 4 English Chapter 9 Hekko AglaSem · NCERT Solutions

SENTENCE ANSWER

______ is a beautiful park in my neighbourhood. There

They completed ______ work very fast. their

______ of my friends participated in the poster-making competition. Two

I was ______ tired after playing. too

The bowler ______ the ball towards the batsman. threw

I can see the clouds ______ my window pane. through

My mother ______ me eating an ice-cream at night. caught

I sleep on a ______ when I am at my grandmother’s village. cot

While crossing the road, look to your ______, then left… right

______ in a neat and legible handwriting. Write

Tip for the whole exercise: Words like these sound the same but are spelt
differently and mean different things. Never choose by the sound. Read the whole
sentence, ask what the blank is doing — naming, doing, or pointing — and then pick
the spelling.

Let us Learn — Page 95

Page 16 of 40

Class 4 English Chapter 9 Hekko AglaSem · NCERT Solutions

B. Look at the pictures and write their names. One has been done for you.

LET US LEARN

B.1 B. Look at the pictures and write their names. One has been done for you.
Box st — (Stairs is already written for you.)

GLUE

The six pictures printed on page 95. The picture of the stairs has already been named
for you in the book.

The st box takes the picture names that begin with the sound st.

Stairs — already done for you. It is the picture of the child going up the steps.
Star — the yellow five-pointed shape.

Why these two go together: Say stairs and star slowly. Both begin with the same
two letters said as one sound — st. Two letters working as one sound like this are
called a blend.

Note about the box: The book prints three lines in each box, but only two pictures
belong to each sound. You may use the third line to add one more word of your own.

More st words you could add: stone, stick, stamp, station, star fruit, stool.

Page 17 of 40

Class 4 English Chapter 9 Hekko AglaSem · NCERT Solutions

B.2 B. Look at the pictures and write their names. One has been done for you.
Box ch

GLUE

The six pictures printed on page 95. The picture of the stairs has already been named
for you in the book.

The ch box takes the picture names that begin with the sound ch.

Chair — the green armchair with wooden arms and legs.
Charger — the grey cable with the small plug that has a lightning mark on it.

Why these two go together: Say chair and charger. Both start with the same single
sound — ch, as in chalk and cheese. Here the two letters c and h make one brand-
new sound. That is called a digraph.

Tip: Look carefully at the picture of the charger before you name it. It is the only one
in the set that has a wire.

More ch words you could add: chalk, cheese, chick, church, chapati, cherry.

Page 18 of 40

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Class 4 English Chapter 9 Hekko
a g l AglaSem · NCERT Solutions

co m
m.
B. Look at the pictures and write their names. One has been done for you.
e
B.3

m l as
.co
Box gl

a g
se m
g l a
a
m
coGLUE
e m . ag
g l as
a

co m
e m.
m l as
m .co a g
l a se
a g
m a s
coyou
.for agl
The six pictures printed on page 95. The picture of the stairs has already been named

se m in the book.

g l a
a

co m
.

e m
com as
The gl box takes the picture names that begin with the sound gl.

. a g l
s e m
Glass — the clear tumbler.
a
agl
Glue — the bottle with a nozzle, marked GLUE.

se m
com quickly. That is a blend, just like st. a
Why these two go together: Say glass and glue. You can still hear the g and the l
separately, but they run into each.other a g l
a s em
gl
The whole exercise at onealook:

ST CH
. coGLm
e m
m l as
.co a g
Stairs (given) Chair Glass

a s em Star
agl
Charger Glue

.c
s e m
m a
co agl
More gl words you could add: glove, globe, glad, glitter.
m .
ase
a g l
Let us Learn — Page 96
co m
m .
m ase
.co


a g l Page 19 of 40

Class 4 English Chapter 9 Hekko AglaSem · NCERT Solutions

C. Match the animals with their sound.

LET US LEARN

C C. Match the animals with their sound.

I II

1. Tiger coos

2. Horse trumpets

3. Elephant roars

4. Dove neighs

5. Goat whoops

6. Monkey bleats

The two columns as the book prints them on page 96. They are not in matching order.

Here are the six correct pairs.

ANIMAL (I) ITS SOUND (II) HOW WE USE IT

1. Tiger roars The tiger roars in the forest.

2. Horse neighs The horse neighs when it sees its rider.

3. Elephant trumpets The elephant trumpets and lifts its trunk.

4. Dove coos The dove coos softly on the roof.

5. Goat bleats The goat bleats for its kid.

6. Monkey whoops The monkey whoops from the branch.

Why each animal gets its own word: English gives a separate word to each
animal’s voice. Many of these words copy the sound itself. A dove really does say
something like “coo… coo”, and the elephant’s call is loud and sharp like a trumpet,
so we say it trumpets.

Page 20 of 40

Class 4 English Chapter 9 Hekko AglaSem · NCERT Solutions

Link with this chapter: Hekko means “Challenging the tiger”. The tiger in the story
is Aakho. If Aakho were really there, he would roar.

Tip: Do the easy ones first — tiger and elephant. Then only four are left, and the rest
become simpler.

Let us Learn — Page 96
D. Read the following sentences. Notice the underlined words.

LET US LEARN

D D. Read the following sentences. Notice the underlined words.
Once upon a time, humans and animals lived together. Aakho declared that the tigers
had the first right on all the things. The humans challenged Aakho.

The four underlined parts are Once upon a time, lived, declared and challenged.
What they tell us: every one of them shows that the events happened some time ago, in the
past. The story is not happening now.
The rule: In the past simple tense, you can add -ed to a verb to make this form.

VERB (NOW) ADD -ED PAST SIMPLE

live live + d lived

declare declare + d declared

challenge challenge + d challenged

Why these three take only -d: live, declare and challenge already end in the letter e.
So we add only a d, not -ed. If a verb does not end in e — like jump or want — we add
the full -ed: jumped, wanted.

Notice this too: Once upon a time is not a verb. It is a group of words that tells us
when. Words like yesterday, last week and long ago do the same job, and they always
go with the past tense.

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Class 4 English Chapter 9 Hekko AglaSem · NCERT Solutions

Careful — not every verb takes -ed: The book warns you on page 97. Some verbs
change completely: came, drank, drove, saw. These are called irregular verbs, and you
must learn them one by one.

My own sentences in the past simple:
Our team played Hekko on the school ground.
The teacher explained the rules to us.

Let us Learn — Page 97
E. Fill in the blanks using -ed.

LET US LEARN

E.1 E. Fill in the blanks using -ed.
Last week, we ……................... (visit) the park for a while.

Last week, we visited the park for a while.
How it is made: visit + ed = visited. The verb ends in t, so we simply add the whole -ed.

Why the past is needed here: The sentence begins with Last week. That already tells
us the visit is over. When the time words point to the past, the verb must be in the
past too.

Say it aloud: after a t or a d, the ending -ed is said as an extra beat, “id” — vi-si-tid.

My own sentence: We visited our grandparents during the holidays.

E.2 E. Fill in the blanks using -ed.
My mother ……................... (point) at the children playing kabbadi.

My mother pointed at the children playing kabbadi.
How it is made: point + ed = pointed. Nothing is doubled and no letter is dropped.

Page 22 of 40

Class 4 English Chapter 9 Hekko AglaSem · NCERT Solutions

Why pointed and not points: The whole paragraph is about last week. Once a story
starts in the past, every verb in it stays in the past.

A book error to notice: The book prints the game’s name as kabbadi here and again
later on the same page. The usual English spelling is kabaddi — with one b and two
ds. Write kabaddi in your own work, but copy the sentence as your book prints it.

My own sentence: The guide pointed at the big fort on the hill.

E.3 E. Fill in the blanks using -ed.
On our way home, my sister ……................... (jump) in a puddle and muddied
everyone’s clothes.

On our way home, my sister jumped in a puddle and muddied everyone’s clothes.
How it is made: jump + ed = jumped.

Why we do not double the p: We double the last letter only when a short word
ends in one vowel and one consonant, like spot. Jump ends in two consonants, m and
p, so nothing is doubled.

Say it aloud: after a sound like p, k or sh, the -ed is said like a soft t — jumpt. It is still
written -ed.

My own sentence: The frog jumped into the pond with a splash.

E.4 E. Fill in the blanks using -ed.
I ……................... (enjoy) my visit to the park.

I enjoyed my visit to the park.
How it is made: enjoy + ed = enjoyed. The y stays as it is.

Why the y does not change: In enjoy the letter before the y is a vowel, o. When a
vowel comes before the y, the y stays — enjoy → enjoyed, play → played. Only when
a consonant comes before the y does it change to i — cry → cried, carry → carried.

Page 23 of 40

as e
Class 4 English Chapter 9 Hekko
a g l AglaSem · NCERT Solutions

My own sentence: We enjoyed the school picnic very much.
co m
e m.
m l as
.co
m in the blanks using -ed. a g
a s eFill
gl My sister ……................... (want) to go to the pond but I ……................... (decide) to
E.5 E.

a
stay and watch the game of kabbadi. (first blank)

com
e m . ag
as

a
My sister wanted to go to the pond…g l
How it is made: want + ed = wanted.

. com
Why the ending sounds like an extra beat: Want ends in t. After aetm
m
o the ending quickly, so it becomes a whole new beat a s or a d we
l wan-tid. The same
. csay a g—
em in visited and pointed.
cannot

a s
gl
happened
a
s
My own sentence: Anu wanted one more slice of watermelon.
m a
m .co agl
l a se
E.6 a g
E. Fill in the blanks using -ed.
My sister ……................... (want) to go to the pond but I ……................... (decide) to

co m
.
stay and watch the game of kabbadi. (second blank)

e m
m l as
.co a g
em I decided to stay and watch the game of kabbadi.

a s
gl
…but
a How it is made: decide already ends in e, so we add only a d — decide + d = decided. We do not

se m
com a
write “decideed”.

. a g l
m
ase
agl
The rule in one line: If a verb ends in e, drop the extra e from -ed and add just d.
You saw this in exercise D too — live → lived, declare → declared, challenge →
challenged.
co m
m .
m as e
.co g l
Tip from the Note to the Teacher (page 93): The word decide is close to the word
a
s e m decision. When you decide, you make a decision. In Hekko, the toss makes the
agla decision about which team is Aami.
.c
s e m
m a
co agl
My own sentence: We decided to plant a sapling near the gate.

m .
ase
a g l

co m
m .
m ase
.co


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Class 4 English Chapter 9 Hekko AglaSem · NCERT Solutions

E.7 E. Fill in the blanks using -ed.
I ……................... (watch) the game for a while and then ……................... (join) my
mother and sister. (first blank)

I watched the game for a while…
How it is made: watch + ed = watched. Nothing is dropped and nothing is doubled.

Why it is spelt with -ed even though we say a t: We say wocht, but English keeps
one spelling for the past ending so that you can always see it. Spelling shows the
rule; the tongue shortens it.

My own sentence: I watched the kabaddi match from the school wall.

E.8 E. Fill in the blanks using -ed.
I ……................... (watch) the game for a while and then ……................... (join) my
mother and sister. (second blank)

…and then joined my mother and sister.
How it is made: join + ed = joined.

Why the two actions are both in the past: The word then shows that one thing
happened after the other. Both are over now, so both take -ed — first watched, then
joined.

My own sentence: Rahul joined our team just before the match.

E.9 E. Fill in the blanks using -ed.
I ……................... (spot) a goldfish and my sister ……................... (notice) two tadpoles
in the pond. (first blank)

I spotted a goldfish…
How it is made: spot + t + ed = spotted. The last letter is doubled.

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Class 4 English Chapter 9 Hekko AglaSem · NCERT Solutions

Why the t is doubled: Spot is a short word with one vowel sound, and it ends in one
vowel + one consonant (o + t). In such words we double the last letter before -ed.
That is why we write spotted, stopped, clapped and hugged — but jumped and pointed,
which end in two consonants, are not doubled.

Check it yourself: Say the word without doubling — “spoted”. It would be read as
“spo-ted”, with a long o. The double t keeps the o short.

My own sentence: Meera spotted a squirrel on the branch.

E.10 E. Fill in the blanks using -ed.
I ……................... (spot) a goldfish and my sister ……................... (notice) two tadpoles
in the pond. (second blank)

…and my sister noticed two tadpoles in the pond.
How it is made: notice ends in e, so add only d — notice + d = noticed.

Why noticed and spotted look so different: They follow two different spelling rules.
Spot is short and ends in a vowel + a consonant, so the t is doubled. Notice already
ends in e, so only a d is added.

All ten blanks of Exercise E together:

Page 26 of 40

Class 4 English Chapter 9 Hekko AglaSem · NCERT Solutions

VERB GIVEN PAST SIMPLE SPELLING RULE USED

visit visited just add -ed

point pointed just add -ed

jump jumped just add -ed

enjoy enjoyed vowel before y, so y stays

want wanted just add -ed

decide decided ends in e, so add only -d

watch watched just add -ed

join joined just add -ed

spot spotted short word, so double the last letter

notice noticed ends in e, so add only -d

Remember: Not all verbs take -ed. Verbs like came, drank, drove and saw change
their whole shape. The book calls them irregular verbs.

My own sentence: I noticed a new bird nest in our neem tree.

Let us Listen — Pages 98–99
Listen to the description of some traditional games of India. Identify each game and write its name in the
space given below.

LET US LISTEN

L.1 1. In this game, we stack seven stones on top of each other. The first team throws a
ball to knock them down. After the stones are knocked down, the members of the
first team hurriedly rearrange the stack while the opponent team catches the ball
to quickly hit the members of the first team before the stones are restacked. If you
are hit by the ball, you are out. Can you guess the name of the game?

The game is Lagori. It is also called Seven Stones, and in many places Pittu or Lingocha.
The clues that give it away:

seven stones stacked one on top of another;

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Class 4 English Chapter 9 Hekko AglaSem · NCERT Solutions

a ball thrown to knock the stack down;
one team rebuilding the stack while the other team tries to hit them with the ball;
a player hit by the ball is out.

You have met it before: Chapter 8 of this very unit is called The Lagori Champions.
So this game should feel familiar.

How to do a listening question like this: Do not try to guess from the first line.
Listen for the special detail — here it is the number seven and the word stack. No
other Indian game uses a stack of seven stones.

L.2 2. In this game, there are two teams. One player from the first team crosses into
the second team’s side while chanting the name of the game continuously without
taking a breath! The goal is to tag as many players as possible and return to their
side before being caught. If the player is caught, the other team scores. Can you
guess the name of this game?

The game is Kabaddi.
The clues that give it away:

two teams, each with its own side;
one player crosses over and keeps chanting the name of the game — “kabaddi, kabaddi,
kabaddi” — without taking a breath;
he tries to tag players and run back;
if he is caught, the other team scores.

Why the chanting matters: The chant is really a way of checking the breath. A
player may stay on the other side only as long as one breath lasts. The moment the
chanting stops, he must be back on his own side.

Spelling note: The correct English spelling is kabaddi. On page 97 your book prints
it as kabbadi. Use kabaddi when you write it yourself.

Page 28 of 40

as e
Class 4 English Chapter 9 Hekko
a g l AglaSem · NCERT Solutions

co m
m.
3. This game is played with two wooden sticks—a short one and a longer one. The
se
L.3

o m l a
goal is to hit the shorter stick and make it jump in the air, then strike it again to
g to score points.
send .itcflying. Players measure how far the shorter stick travels
m a
l a se
a g

m
The game is Gilli-danda.
. co ag
The two sticks have their own names:
e m
g l as
a
the gilli — the short stick, pointed at both ends;
the danda — the longer stick you hold and hit with.

co m
m.
The clues that give it away: two wooden sticks of different sizes, the short one flicked up into

m
the air, then struck again, and the distance measured to score points.
as e
.co a g l
a s emthe short stick jumps up: The gilli is pointed at both ends. When the danda
gl
Why
a taps one pointed end on the ground, that end is pushed down and the whole stick

s
flips up into the air. Only then can the player hit it hard.
m a
m .co agl
l a se
g
Did you know? Gilli-danda is played in villages all over India and goes by many
names in different states. a

co m
m .
m as e
.co a g l
4. In this game, two children form an arch with their arms while others walk under
m it, singing a song. When the song ends, the arch drops, and the player caught joins
L.4

l a se
ag in. It’s a fun and rhythmic game played in many parts of India.

se m
com g l a
. a

m
ase
The game is Poshampa.

agl
The clues that give it away: two children making an arch with their raised arms, the others
walking under it in a line, everyone singing, and the arch dropping at the end of the song to
catch one player.
co m
m .
m as e
.co a g l
Why the caught player joins in: The song always ends at the same place, so the

se m arch always falls on somebody. That player then becomes part of the arch or stands
g l a
a aside. Slowly the line of walkers grows shorter and the game comes to an end by
c
m .
e
itself.
m a s
e m . co agl
g l as
a

co m
m .
m ase
.co


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Class 4 English Chapter 9 Hekko AglaSem · NCERT Solutions

Did you know? The song most children sing is “Poshampa bhai poshampa…”. That
first word is what gives the game its name. In English-speaking countries a very
similar game is called London Bridge.

L.5 5. In this game, children use a small round shaped glass object, aiming to knock out
other glass round objects placed in a circle. Players flick the glass object with their
fingers, trying to hit the target objects and win them. This is a popular outdoor
game played in many parts of India.

The game is Marbles. In India it is also called kancha, goli or goti.
The clues that give it away: small round glass balls, a circle drawn on the ground with the
target marbles inside it, and the player flicking his marble with a finger to knock them out and
win them.

Why the thumb does the work: The player holds the marble against a bent finger
and shoots it out with the thumb. A flick like this sends the marble in a straight line
along the ground, which is much more accurate than throwing it.

Notice the circle: Marbles and Hekko both use a circle drawn on the ground. In
marbles, the aim is to knock things out of the circle — and in Hekko, to push players
out of the circle!

All five games together:

NO. THE GIVE-AWAY CLUE THE GAME

1 seven stones stacked, ball, players hit Lagori (Seven Stones / Pittu)

2 chanting the game’s name in one breath Kabaddi

3 a short stick and a long stick Gilli-danda

4 an arch of arms and a song Poshampa

5 glass balls flicked out of a circle Marbles (kancha / goli)

Let us Speak — Page 100

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Class 4 English Chapter 9 Hekko AglaSem · NCERT Solutions

A. Look at the pictures and identify the games being played.

LET US SPEAK

S.1 A. Look at the pictures and identify the games being played.
Name the game shown in each of the four pictures.

1. 2.

3. 4.

The four pictures printed on page 100 of your book.

Here are the four games, in the order the book prints them.

NO. WHAT THE PICTURE SHOWS THE GAME

1 Two children swing a long rope while a third jumps over it in the Skipping
middle.

2 A boy runs along, pushing an old tyre in front of him with a stick. Tyre rolling (rolling the
wheel)

3 A child holds a string, and a kite is up in the sky. A friend watches. Kite flying

4 A boy balances a small red top on his palm. A girl holds its string. Spinning top (lattu)

How to name a game from a picture: Look for the thing in their hands first — a
rope, a stick, a string, a top. That one object nearly always names the game.

Page 31 of 40

Class 4 English Chapter 9 Hekko AglaSem · NCERT Solutions

Other names you may know: The spinning top is called lattu in Hindi, bambaram in
Tamil and bhavra in some places. Kite flying is patang udana. All of these are correct.

S.2 A. Look at the pictures and identify the games being played.
• Have you played any of these games before?

1. 2.

3. 4.

The four pictures printed on page 100 of your book.

This is about you, so your own answer is the right one. Nobody can answer it for you.
How to answer:

1. Say yes or no first.
2. Name the game or games you have played.
3. Say where and with whom you played.

Two or three sentences are enough. Speak loudly and clearly.

Sample answer: Yes, I have played two of these games. I play skipping with my
friends in the school ground during the lunch break. Last Makar Sankranti I flew a
kite with my brother from our terrace. I have never rolled a tyre, but I have watched
boys doing it near our field.

If your answer is no: That is fine too. You could say, “I have not played any of these
games yet, but I would like to learn kite flying. My uncle has promised to teach me.”

Page 32 of 40

Class 4 English Chapter 9 Hekko AglaSem · NCERT Solutions

S.3 A. Look at the pictures and identify the games being played.
• Discuss with your partner about the games you recognise.

1. 2.

3. 4.

The four pictures printed on page 100 of your book.

This is a speaking task. You do it with the friend sitting next to you.
What to do:

1. Point at one picture and say which game it is.
2. Say one thing you need to play it — a rope, a stick, a string, a top.
3. Say one rule of that game.
4. Now let your partner take a turn with another picture.
5. Listen while your partner speaks. Do not talk at the same time.

What a good talk has: the name of the game, what you need for it, and one rule or one way to
win.

Sample conversation:
You: Picture 1 is skipping. We need a long rope and three players.
Partner: Two of them swing the rope and one jumps. If your foot touches the rope,
you are out.
You: Picture 4 is the spinning top. You wind the string round it and throw it hard.
Partner: Yes! The top that spins the longest wins. I have a red one at home.

Page 33 of 40

as e
Class 4 English Chapter 9 Hekko
a g l AglaSem · NCERT Solutions

co m
m.
Why we talk about games in an English class: When you explain a game you

as e
comway to practise speaking a new language. l
already know, you do not have to think about the idea — only about the words. That
. a g
em
is the easiest
a s
agl

co m
ag
A. Look at the pictures and identify the games being played.
.
S.4

e m
as
• Which one is your favourite? Why do you enjoy playing it?

a g l
1. 2.

co m
em.
m l as
m .co a g
l a se
a g
3. 4.

m a s
m .co agl
l a se
ag

co m
.
The four pictures printed on page 100 of your book.

e m
m l as
.co a g
a s em
a gl

m
Choose one game and give a reason. The reason is the important part of this answer.

a se
com l
How to answer:
. a g
m
ase
1. Name your favourite game from the four pictures.

a gl
2. Give one reason why you enjoy it.
3. Add one small detail — when you play it, or whom you play it with.

. c om
s e m play it with my
Sample answer: My favourite is skipping. I enjoy it because I can

. cfriends glafresh afterwards. I skip
om and also alone. It makes me jump and run, so aI feel
a s em every day in the games period, and I can now skip fifty times without stopping.
agl c
m .
m
What these games do for you: All four need body strength as well as a quick mind.
a s e
m . co
Skipping means jumping, and jumping makes your bones strong. Rolling a tyre gives
agl
l a se
you balance and makes you run. Kite flying teaches your fingers and eyes to work
g needs a steady hand and careful aim.
together. A spinningatop

co m
m .
m ase
.co


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Class 4 English Chapter 9 Hekko AglaSem · NCERT Solutions

Why a reason makes a better answer: “I like kite flying” tells your friend almost
nothing. “I like kite flying because I can make the kite go higher than my brother’s”
tells them what you enjoy and why. Always add the because.

Let us Write — Page 101
A. Write about a new game that you would like to play.

LET US WRITE

W.1 A. You read how the people of Nagaland made the game of Hekko. Use the space
given below to write about a new game that you would like to play.
Game: ........ Time: ........ Number of players: ........ Material needed: ........ Rules: ........
Foul: ........

Game: ........................................

Time: ..................

Number of players: ..........

Material needed: .........................................................................

Rules: (five lines)

Foul: (four lines)

The blank form printed on page 101, which you have to fill in.

This is your own invention, so there is no single right answer. But the form has six headings, and
each one asks for something particular.

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Class 4 English Chapter 9 Hekko AglaSem · NCERT Solutions

HEADING WHAT TO WRITE THERE

Game A short name for your game. One or two words.

Time How long one match lasts — for example, 10 minutes.

Number of players How many on each side, and how many in all.

Material needed The things you must have — a ball, chalk, a rope, nothing at all.

Rules How to start, how to score, and how to win. Write one rule on each line.

Foul What a player must not do, and what happens if he does it.

Before you write, copy the way Hekko is built: it has a circle, two teams of a fixed size, one
clear way to get a player out, and three clear ways for the game to end. Give your game all four
of those things and the rules will be easy to write.

Model answer:
Game: Ring Rescue
Time: 10 minutes
Number of players: 8 — 4 in each team
Material needed: Chalk, one soft ball, four small stones
Rules:
1. Draw a big circle with chalk. Put the four stones in the middle.
2. Team A stands inside the circle and guards the stones.
3. Team B stands outside and rolls the ball to knock a stone over.
4. Team B gets one point for every stone knocked over.
5. After five minutes the teams change places.
6. The team with more points wins the game.
Foul:
1. No player may throw the ball above the knee.
2. No player may pull or push another player.
3. A player who commits a foul must sit out for one minute.

Why every game needs a “foul” list: Rules tell you how to win. Fouls tell you what is
not allowed while you try. Without them a strong player could simply push everyone
away, and the game would stop being fun.

Check your work: Read your rules to a friend who has never heard of your game. If
your friend can play it after one reading, your rules are clear enough.

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Class 4 English Chapter 9 Hekko AglaSem · NCERT Solutions

Let us Explore — Page 101
Nagaland is a land of festivals.

LET US EXPLORE

X.1 Nagaland is a land of festivals. Hornbill is one of the festivals to promote the
culture of the state. Find out more about it.

Your book gives you only the name. The rest you must find out yourself — that is what this box
is for.
Where to look:

1. Your school library — an atlas or a book about the states of India.
2. Your Social Science or The World Around Us textbook, in the part about the North-East.
3. Ask a teacher or an elder at home.
4. Look at photographs of Naga dresses, dances and houses.

What to find out — write one line on each:

Why the festival is named after the hornbill.
When it is held, and where.
Who takes part in it.
What people do there — dances, songs, food, games, crafts.
Why the state government started it.

Sample answer (check the details in your library book): The Hornbill festival is
held every year in Nagaland in the month of December. It takes place at the Naga
Heritage Village at Kisama, near the capital city Kohima. It is named after the
hornbill, a large bird with a big curved beak. The hornbill is loved in Naga folk songs
and stories, and its feathers are used in the traditional headgear. All the tribes of
Nagaland come together at the festival. They perform their own dances and songs,
wear their own dresses, cook their own food and show their crafts. Traditional
games and wrestling are also held. The festival is often called the “Festival of
Festivals” because so many festivals come together in one place.

Why the state holds it: Nagaland has many tribes, and each one has its own dress,
dance and language. At the Hornbill festival they all meet on one ground. Visitors
from other states see this culture, and the young people of Nagaland learn it from
their elders. That is what the book means by “to promote the culture of the state”.

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Class 4 English Chapter 9 Hekko AglaSem · NCERT Solutions

Link with this chapter: Hekko too is a part of Naga culture. A traditional game and
a traditional festival do the same job — they carry the old ways of a people to the
next generation.

Tip: Always write down where you found each fact. Then you can check it again later,
and your teacher can see that you really explored.

Chapter at a glance
What the word means. ‘Hek’ means to challenge and ‘ko’ means tiger. So Hekko means
“Challenging the tiger.”
The folk story. Long ago humans and animals lived together. They had a disagreement
about their superiority. The humans challenged Aakho (The Tiger), and that challenge came
to be known as Hekko.
Where it is played. The people of the Mokokchung district of Nagaland play Hekko. It is a
well-known sport today, and the strongest people in the village are found through this
game.
The two teams. Hekko is played between two teams, Aami and Aakho, with 11 players in
each. A toss before the game decides which team is Aami and which is Aakho.
How it is played. A circle is drawn. The Aami team stays inside it by making a human chain;
the Aakho team stays outside. Two Aakho players enter and try to push the Aami players
out. A pushed-out Aami player is out for good. A caught Aakho player is held until he says
“Joko” (surrender).
How it ends. The game is over when all the Aakho players are caught, or all the Aami
players are pushed out, or the time runs out. The team with the maximum points wins. The
fastest Aami player is called “Khozuba” and the strongest Aakho player is called “Khotiba”.
The rest of the chapter. Let us Think asks about the game. Let us Learn does sound-alike
words (their/there, two/too), words that begin with st, ch and gl, animal sounds, and the
past simple with -ed. Let us Listen has five traditional Indian games to name. Let us Speak has
four game pictures. Let us Write asks you to invent a game, and Let us Explore sends you to
find out about the Hornbill festival.

Page 38 of 40

as e
Class 4 English Chapter 9 Hekko
a g l AglaSem · NCERT Solutions

co m
m.
Quick revision
m l a se
m .coWHAT IT MEANS agA SENTENCE OF YOUR
ase
WORD WHERE IT COMES IN THE

agl
CHAPTER OWN

Hekko “Challenging the tiger” — “the word ‘Hekko’ means We watched a game of

m
.co ag
the name of the game. ‘Challenging the tiger.’” (page 89) Hekko in the village

sem
ground.

a
Aami The Man — the team that
stays inside the circle.
agl “Aami” (The Man) (page 89) The Aami team made a
strong chain.

. com
emthe circle.
Aakho The Tiger — the team that “Aakho” (The Tiger) (page 89) Two Aakho players ran

a s
com l
stays outside the circle. into

e m . ag
s
gla
Joko Surrender — what a caught “he is not released until he says He shouted “Joko” and

a
Aakho player must say. ‘Joko’” (page 91) they let him go.

a s
com
Khozuba The title given to the “awarded the title of ‘Khozuba’” Our captain was made the

. agl
fastest player of the Aami (page 92) Khozuba this year.
m
ase
team.

Khotiba The title given to the agl “the title of ‘Khotiba’” (page 92) The Khotiba pushed three
strongest player of the players out of the circle.

co m
.
Aakho team.

m
se The two boys had a
m l a
.co their superiority.” (page 89) ag
disagreement When people do not agree “They had a disagreement about

sem
with each other. disagreement about the

a
agl
last run.

se m
superiority Being better or higher than “a disagreement about their The lion claimed
others.
com
superiority” (page 89) superiority over all the
g l a
m . a
e
animals.

a s
declared
agl
Said something out loud,
for everyone to hear.
“Aakho declared that the tigers
had the first right” (page 96)
The teacher declared our
team the winner.

. omtired player had to
cThe
m surrender.
surrender To give up and accept that “he says ‘Joko’ (surrender)” (page

as e
com
you have lost. 91)

. chain a g l
e m
as
human A line or ring of people “stay within the circle by making a We made a human chain

agl
holding on to one another. human chain” (page 91) around the school tree.

.c
toss A coin thrown up to decide “The toss before the game decides Our captain won the toss
s e m
m a
.co (page 90) agl
something before a game. which team will be called Aami” and chose to bat.

a s em
Mokokchung
l
ofgNagaland
The districta “The people in the Mokokchung Mokokchung is a district
where Hekko is played. district of Nagaland” (page 90) in the state of Nagaland.

co m
m .
m as e
.co


a g l Page 39 of 40

Class 4 English Chapter 9 Hekko AglaSem · NCERT Solutions

WORD WHAT IT MEANS WHERE IT COMES IN THE A SENTENCE OF YOUR
CHAPTER OWN

Hornbill A festival of Nagaland that “Hornbill is one of the festivals to We saw Naga dances at
shows the culture of the promote the culture of the state.” the Hornbill festival.
state. (page 101)

Page 40 of 40