CBSE Class 12 Question Paper 2025 Solution Knowledge Tradition and Practices of India

Marking Scheme
Strictly Confidential
(For Internal and Restricted use only)
Senior Secondary School Certificate Examination, 2025
SUBJECT NAME KNOWLEDGE TRADITIONS AND PRACTICES OF INDIA (Q.P. CODE 39)

General Instructions: -

1 You are aware that evaluation is the most important process in the actual and correct
assessment of the candidates. A small mistake in evaluation may lead to serious problems
which may affect the future of the candidates, education system and teaching profession.
To avoid mistakes, it is requested that before starting evaluation, you must read and
understand the spot evaluation guidelines carefully.
2 “Evaluation policy is a confidential policy as it is related to the confidentiality of the
examinations conducted, Evaluation done and several other aspects. Its’ leakage to
public in any manner could lead to derailment of the examination system and affect
the life and future of millions of candidates. Sharing this policy/document to
anyone, publishing in any magazine and printing in Newspaper/Website, etc. may
invite action under various rules of the Board and IPC.”
3 Evaluation is to be done as per instructions provided in the Marking Scheme. It should not
be done according to one’s own interpretation or any other consideration. Marking
Scheme should be strictly adhered to and religiously followed. However, while
evaluating, answers which are based on latest information or knowledge and/or are
innovative, they may be assessed for their correctness otherwise and due marks be
awarded to them. In class-XII, while evaluating two competency-based questions,
please try to understand given answer and even if reply is not from marking scheme
but correct competency is enumerated by the candidate, due marks should be
awarded.
4 The Marking scheme carries only suggested value points for the answers
These are in the nature of Guidelines only and do not constitute the complete answer. The
students can have their own expression and if the expression is correct, the due marks
should be awarded accordingly.
5 The Head-Examiner must go through the first five answer books evaluated by each
evaluator on the first day, to ensure that evaluation has been carried out as per the
instructions given in the Marking Scheme. If there is any variation, the same should be
zero after delibration and discussion. The remaining answer books meant for evaluation
shall be given only after ensuring that there is no significant variation in the marking of
individual evaluators.
6 Evaluators will mark( √ ) wherever answer is correct. For wrong answer CROSS ‘X’ be
marked. Evaluators will not put right (✓)while evaluating which gives an impression that
answer is correct and no marks are awarded. This is most common mistake which
evaluators are committing.
7 If a question has parts, please award marks on the right-hand side for each part. Marks
awarded for different parts of the question should then be totaled up and written in the left-
hand margin and encircled. This may be followed strictly.
8 If a question does not have any parts, marks must be awarded in the left-hand margin and
encircled. This may also be followed strictly.

39 1 P.T.O.

9 If a student has attempted an extra question, answer of the question deserving more
marks should be retained and the other answer scored out with a note “Extra Question”.
10 No marks to be deducted for the cumulative effect of an error. It should be penalized only
once.
11 A full scale of marks __________(example 0 to 80/70/60/50/40/30 marks as given in
Question Paper) has to be used. Please do not hesitate to award full marks if the answer
deserves it.
12 Every examiner has to necessarily do evaluation work for full working hours i.e., 8 hours
every day and evaluate 20 answer books per day in main subjects and 25 answer books
per day in other subjects (Details are given in Spot Guidelines).This is in view of the
reduced syllabus and number of questions in question paper.
13 Ensure that you do not make the following common types of errors committed by the
Examiner in the past:-
● Leaving answer or part thereof unassessed in an answer book.
● Giving more marks for an answer than assigned to it.
● Wrong totaling of marks awarded on an answer.
● Wrong transfer of marks from the inside pages of the answer book to the title page.
● Wrong question wise totaling on the title page.
● Wrong totaling of marks of the two columns on the title page.
● Wrong grand total.
● Marks in words and figures not tallying/not same.
● Wrong transfer of marks from the answer book to online award list.
● Answers marked as correct, but marks not awarded. (Ensure that the right tick mark
is correctly and clearly indicated. It should merely be a line. Same is with the X for
incorrect answer.)
● Half or a part of answer marked correct and the rest as wrong, but no marks awarded.
14 While evaluating the answer books if the answer is found to be totally incorrect, it should
be marked as cross (X) and awarded zero (0)Marks.
15 Any unassessed portion, non-carrying over of marks to the title page, or totaling error
detected by the candidate shall damage the prestige of all the personnel engaged in the
evaluation work as also of the Board. Hence, in order to uphold the prestige of all
concerned, it is again reiterated that the instructions be followed meticulously and
judiciously.
16 The Examiners should acquaint themselves with the guidelines given in the “Guidelines
for Spot Evaluation” before starting the actual evaluation.
17 Every Examiner shall also ensure that all the answers are evaluated, marks carried over to
the title page, correctly totaled and written in figures and words.
18 The candidates are entitled to obtain photocopy of the Answer Book on request on
payment of the prescribed processing fee. All Examiners/Additional Head Examiners/Head
Examiners are once again reminded that they must ensure that evaluation is carried out
strictly as per value points for each answer as given in the Marking Scheme.

39 2

Set 4 >

$
MARKING SCHEME
KNOWLEDGE TRADITIONS AND PRACTICES OF INDIA

SECTION I
Q. Question Mark Chapter
No. Name and
Number
1. Study the picture and answer the question that follows : 1
CH 4-
Educational
Practices &
systems

Which of the following option best describes the given
picture ?
(A) A partial view of the university of Taxila.
(B) Traditional educational institute in India.
(C) An ancient structure for Buddhists in India.
(D) A series of interconnected residences at Dholavira.
Answer : (A)
2. Choose the correct option. 1
Kulls, kunds, ahars, pokhars, khadins, arakere, kolas, CH 1-
surangam, tadagams, eris. This set of vocabulary is Agriculture : A
related to _____. Survey
(A) a variety of water structures
(B) intercropping methods

39 3 P.T.O.

(C) a variety of manures
(D) a variety of seed storage methods
Answer : (A)
3. Match the items in Column A with that of Column B : 1
Column A Column B CH 5-Ethics
1. First stage of i. Cosmic order
āśramas
2. Buddhist Ethics ii. Hundred verses on
ethics
3. Rigveda iii Eight fold path
.
4. Nīti Śatakam iv Brahmacarya
.
Options :
(A) 1-ii, 2-i, 3-iv, 4-iii
(B) 1-iii, 2-ii, 3-iv, 4-i
(C) 1-iv, 2-i, 3-ii, 4-iii
(D) 1-iv, 2-iii, 3-i, 4-ii
Answer : (D)
4. Study the picture and answer the question that follows : 1
CH 6-Martial
Arts

Which of the following options best signifies this
particular martial art called Gadka ?
(A) It is a training in remote resistance of or attack on
an enemy.
(B) The practice of this martial art form requires
training with dangerous weapons dagger, mace,
sword.
(C) The training involved encircling the pillar with

39 4

twisting movements.
(D) A wooden stick and a shield are usually used in the
match.
Answer : (D)
5. In India, the manuscripts were traditionally written on 1
_____ and _____. CH 8-Other
a. palm leaves Technologies
b. stone slates
c. bhūrjapattra
d. wood panels
Options :
(A) b and c
(B) b and d
(C) a and b
(D) a and c
Answer : (D)
Note : In questions 6 – 13, there are two statements marked as Assertion (A)
and Reason (R). Mark your answer as per the codes provided below :
6. Assertion (A) : Uniform seeds produce excellent results. 1
Reason (R) : One should (therefore) put in maximum CH 1-
effort to procure and preserve these seeds. The origin of Agriculture - a
plentiful yield is the seed. survey
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct
explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct
explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true, (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false, (R) is true.
Answer : (A)
7. Assertion (A) : The teacher, the guru, the acarya, was 1
highly honoured. CH 4-
Reason (R) : The teacher was seen as the guide who Educational
helped students escape the darkness of ignorance and Practices &
attain the light of knowledge. systems
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct
explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct
explanation of (A).

39 5 P.T.O.

(C) (A) is true, (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false, (R) is true.
Answer : (A)
8. The Dhanurveda, an ancient treatise on the science of 1
archery and the art of warfare, enumerates the rules of CH 6-Martial
archery, rules of bow- and arrow-making and describes Arts
the uses of weapons and the training of the army.
Assertion (A) : The Dhanurveda, an ancient treatise on
the science of archery and the art of warfare.
Reason (R) : It praises those who are well versed in it.
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct
explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct
explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true, (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false, (R) is true.
Answer : (C)
9. Assertion (A) : India is blessed with a large network of 1
perennial rivers that over ages have created vast CH 1-
stretches of highly productive alluvial soil. Agriculture - a
Reason (R) : The Amarakosa, describes twelve types of Survey
lands according to the fertility of the soil, irrigation and
physical characteristics.
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct
explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct
explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true, (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false, (R) is true.
Answer : (B)
10. Assertion (A) : Examinations had a different form in the 1
ancient Indian education system. CH 4-
Reason (R) : Sometimes advanced students were often Educational
called upon to teach beginners and written exams were Practices &
conducted at the end of the session. systems

(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct
explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct

39 6

explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true, (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false, (R) is true.
Answer : (C)
11. Assertion (A) : Social ethics represents the values that are 1
needed for social order and harmony. CH 5-Ethics
Reason (R) : Social ethics has its origin in its democratic
thinking.
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct
explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct
explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true, (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false, (R) is true.
Answer : (C)
12. Valari vicu uses a kind of boomerang made of wood, ivory 1
or iron. It is a training in remote resistance of or attack on CH 6-Martial
an enemy. It was very popular in the medieval period in Arts
the southern districts of Tamil Nadu and continued to be
practiced till the late 18th century.
Assertion (A) : Valari vicu uses a kind of boomerang made
of wood, ivory or iron.
Reason (R) : It is also used for defense.
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct
explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct
explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true, (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false, (R) is true.
Answer : (A)
13. Assertion (A) : Harappan fired bricks had proportions of 1 1
× 2 × 4 (width equals two heights; length equals two CH 8-Other
widths). Technologies
Reason (R) : The walls made with these bricks were
stronger and the least quantity of bricks were used.
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct
explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct
explanation of (A).

39 7 P.T.O.

(C) (A) is true, (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false, (R) is true.
Answer : (A)
14. Two kinds of knowledge must be known. They are the 1
higher knowledge and the lower knowledge. To whom CH 4-
should the teacher impart higher knowledge, the Educational
knowledge of Brahman ? Practices &
(A) Whose mind is completely serene and whose senses systems
are controlled.
(B) Who would work exactly as the teacher says.
(C) Who is stable and can follow guidelines of the
discipline.
(D) Who is a master in Vedas, the Yajurveda, the
Sāmaveda and the Atharvaveda.
Answer : (A)
15. Study the following picture and the textual description 1
I given below and answer the question. Choose the most CH 8-Other
appropriate option. Technologies

Text material : Wells have been made in many shapes –
circular, square, vertical or horizontal – and sizes, and
with bricks, stone or terracotta rings. There is a long way
from Dholavira’s modest step well to those of classical
times, especially in Gujarat and Rajasthan, which are not
only engineering marvels but works of art.
We can infer that wells in Gujarat and Rajasthan were
(a) poorly designed
(b) engineering marvels
(c) works of art
(d) modest
Options :
(A) (a) and (d)
(B) (a) and (b)
39 8

(C) (b) and (c)
(D) (c) and (d)
Answer : (C)
OR
II. Study the text given below and answer the question. 1
Choose the most appropriate option. CH 8-Other
Text Material : Technologies
Kautilya’s Arthaś–astra pays great attention to water
management and irrigation techniques. Anyone leasing,
hiring, sharing or accepting a water-work as a pledge,
with the right to use them, shall keep them in good
condition. Owners may give water to others (in return for
a share of the produce grown in the fields, parks or
gardens). In the absence of the owner, either charitable
individuals or the people of a village acting together, shall
maintain waterworks.
We can infer that :
(a) sharing of water was done by building suitable
structures / channels.
(b) barter system was prevalent.
(c) under certain circumstance management of
water-work was done by community
(d) water-works was free.
Options :
(A) (a) and (d)
(B) (a) and (b)
(C) (b) and (c)
(D) (c) and (d)
Answer : (C)
16. Which of the following options related to Buddhist Ethics 1
is correct ? CH 5-Ethics
(A) It is composed by Vidura.
(B) It has a rich discourse on polity.
(C) It has a rich discourse on darśanaśāstra.
(D) It is based on four Noble truths.
Answer : (D)

SECTION II

39 9 P.T.O.

Q. Question Mark Chapter
No. Name and
Number
17. Every religious and every philosophical system of India 2
has a prominent ethical component. Comment on the CH 5-Ethics
statement highlighting the ethical component in
Buddhism.
Answer :
According to Buddhism, the foundation of ethics is the
pañcaśīla (five rules), which advocates refraining from
killing, stealing, lying, sexual misconduct and intoxicants.
In becoming a Buddhist, a lay person is encouraged to
take a vow to abstain from these negative actions. The
two most important ethical virtues are compassion
(karuna)
. and friendliness (maitrī). One should have deep
sympathy and goodwill for the suffering people and
should have the qualities of a good friend. The most
important ethical value is non-violence or non-injury to all
living beings.
18. What were the techniques developed by Parāśara’s and 2
Varāhamihira to predict rainfall based on ? Ch 1-
Answer : Agriculture - a
.
Krsiparāśara
.. and BrhatSamhitā
. describe such methods in survey
every season. Parāśara’s main technique was based on the
positions of the Moon and the Sun in the sky.
.
Varāhamihira in his BrhatSamhitā
. considered lunar
mansions (naksatras)
. in predicting seasonal rainfall.
19. “India even now possesses a wealth of manuscripts 2
running into many millions.” Comment on this statement CH 8-Other
by providing details about preserving of manuscripts. Technologies
Answer :
Manuscripts could rarely be preserved for more than a
few centuries; as a result, scholars regarded it as a duty to
copy old manuscripts afresh every few generations.
Traditionally, they were written on materials such as
birch bark (bhūrjapattra) and palm leaves. Birch bark
was mainly used for north Indian scripts, and the writing
was done with ink made of finely ground charcoal powder
in a medium of gum, or soot from oil lamps. With palm
leaves, there was no ink; rather, a sharp point was used to
tear the leaf’s surface film; it would then be smeared with

39 10

a paste of charcoal powder mixed in oil, and wiped off,
leaving the charcoal to adhere to the incised characters.
In both cases, considerable skills were developed to
preserve manuscripts from insects and fungi.
20. There were popular martial exercises that were practised 2
such as śastrāśrama. Give details of any four CH 6-Martial
śastrāśramas. Arts
Answer :
Dhanuhśrama, performed with the bow : pulling the bow
string several times, bending the heavy bow and fixing
the string to the bow were all considered heavy exercises.
The other exercises performed with weapons were
asiśrama (with a heavy sword), śaktiśrama (with short
spears), cakraśrama (with a weapon called cakra),
sellakalā (with heavy lances) and parśuśrama (with an
axe, parśu).
21. Define individual and social ethics. How does it impact 2
the society ? CH 5-Ethics
Answer :
Ethics is of two kinds, individual and social.
• Individual ethics is indicative of the good qualities
that are essential for individual well-being and
happiness.
• Social ethics represents the values that are needed
for social order and harmony.
• Impact on society
Any relevant point may be accepted.
22. State two features of guru-śisyaparamparā that you 2
would like to integrate in your school system. CH 4-
Answer : Educational
Students can present their views : Practices &
• Personal needs – The Guru-Shishya parampara of systems
Vedic times, the Guru was expected to become a
mentor who understood the personal needs of every
student.
• Individual learning needs – The Guru would
differentiate the education and skills taught to each
student based on individual needs.
Any other relevant opinion may be accepted.
23. If you were to introduce any one Indian traditional 2

39 11 P.T.O.

martial art form in your school, which one would that be CH 6-Martial
and why ? Arts
Answer :
Students can share their views.
Any relevant point may be accepted.

SECTION III
Q. Question Mark Chapter
No. Name and
Number
24. The accounts of classical Greek and Roman geographers 5
and historians have some useful information on Indian CH 8-Other
textiles and dress styles. Technologies
They cover their persons down to the feet with fine
muslin, are shod with sandals and coil round their heads
clothes of linen (cotton). They hang precious stones as
pendants from their ears and persons of high social rank
or of great wealth, deck their wrist and upper arm with
bracelets of gold.
Based on this textual material - What can we infer about
Indian dressing ? Draw a comparison with today’s sense of
dressing.
Answer :
The dress worn by the Indians is made of fine muslin
cloth. They wore head gears. Indians like to adorn
themselves with gold ornaments set with precious stones.
They practice everything that can beautify their
appearance and social status.
For comparison with today’s dressing sense any other
relevant opinion may be accepted.
25. (i) “Teaching was in the oral mode and students were 2
also expected to gain firsthand experience of what CH 4-
they were taught in the class.” Based on your Educational
experience, draw a comparison with current day Practices &
learning methodology. systems
Answer :
Students can share their views about
• Time management
• Process of teaching-learning
• Curriculum
39 12

• Experiential learning
Any other relevant opinion may be accepted.

(ii) Education in India was supported by the community. 2
What role did the community play ? CH 4-
Answer : Educational
Education in India was supported by the community. Practices &
A gift in support of education was seen as the systems
highest donation (dāna). All members of society
supported the cause of education by offering food,
gifts, shelter, etc. The wealthier sections of society
substantially supported education by building
hostels and making educational endowments
(adhyāyanavrttis).
.
Education was free and no fee was levied. It is
recorded that wealthy students who came to study at
the University of Nadiā in Bengal supported
themselves while the university supported those of
limited means. Kings supported the centres of
learning through grants. In the South, whole
villages, known as agrahārams, were dedicated to
learning and teaching.
(iii) How do games and recreational activities impact the 1
student’s development ? CH 4-
Answer : Educational
Physical education was important and students Practices &
participated in krīdā (games, recreational activities), systems
vyāyāmaprakāra (various types of exercises),
dhanurveda (archery, sword play etc.) for acquiring
martial skills, and yoga-sādhanā (prānāyāma, āsana,
nādīśuddhi etc.) for developing control over the sense
organs.

26. (i) “A wise man should do good – that is the treasure 3
which will not leave him.” How far do you agree with CH 5-Ethics
this statement ? Reflect on life experiences and
comment.
Answer :

39 13 P.T.O.

Any relevant opinion may be accepted.
(ii) If you were to hone / acquire one value, what would 2
that be and why ? CH 5-Ethics
Answer :
Students will share their own experiences.
Any relevant opinion may be accepted.
27. Text Extract : Lathi a polished bamboo stick is used to 5
ward off the enemy through various wielding techniques, CH 6-Martial
steps and positioning. Presenting an overview of the use Arts
of stick, express your views why this weapon had been so
popular all over India.
Answer :
The student is expected to present the answer based on
the following points :
Overview –
• Lathi as martial art
• Purpose of wielding a stick
• Reference of lathi in ancient text
• Popularity of stick combat with distinct names, style
and techniques in various parts of India
Why popular –
Inexpensive, easily available prop for training in self
defence, helped in resisting attack, display of strength
and skill, thus had also been source of entertainment.
Any other relevant points may be accepted.

SECTION IV
Q. Question Mark Chapter
No. Name and
Number
28. (i) The Indian concept of education was not focused on 3
the intellect alone : it focused on the students’ inner CH 4-
as well as outer development. What aspects of inner Educational
and outer development are being referred to ? Practices &
Answer : systems
The student can share views on
Indian education aimed at both the inner and the
outer dimension of a person.
Cultivation of inner values like

39 14

1. truth
2. patience
3. regularity
4. self mastery
5. humility
6. self denial
7. purity of self (sattvasuddhi)
Cognition of the underlying unity of life, nature
and environment, reverence for all beings were
the inner values cultivated by Indian education.
The outer goal of mastering a discipline, history, art
of debate, law, medicine, etc., was also assiduously
pursued but this ‘outer goal’ of gaining knowledge
could not be divorced from the inner dimension as all
knowledge in the tradition is ethically inflected.
Any other relevant point may be accepted.
(ii) The Chinese scholars I-tsing (Yijing) and Hsüan- 2
tsang (Xuanzang) visited Nālandā in the 7th century CH 4-
CE. What were their impressions of the Indian Educational
education system and the university ? Practices &
Answer : systems
The university had eight separate halls, 300
apartments, meditation halls and classrooms, all
surrounded by lakes and parks. Education was free
and there were more than 5,000 students and 1,500
teachers. A hundred lectures were conducted every
day and the practice of learning through debates and
discussions was highly developed. Nālandā had an
imposing library called ‘Dharmagañja’ which
consisted of three multistorey buildings,
‘Ratnasāgara’, ‘Ratnarañjaka’ and ‘Ratnodadhi’, the
last being nine-storey high; it contained lakhs of
manuscripts in the class.”

29. Explain the concept of .rta and what does it do to the 5
human society ? How is it relevant in the present time ? CH 5-Ethics
Answer :
A good answer has these points :
Ancient Indian ethical values were founded on the concept
of .rta (all pervading cosmic order). It is rta
. that makes

39 15 P.T.O.

harmony and balance in nature and in society. If we
analyze the problems of today, it can be suggested that
the very harmony and balance are missing due to the
unawareness of the cosmic order in the individual and the
society.
Relevance with the present times any other relevant
opinion may be accepted.
30. Apart from wrestling there were other exercises that were 5
recommended in order to increase physical strength as a CH 6-Martial
preparation to the mastering of martial arts. What are the Arts
other exercises recommended ? If you were to take up any
form, what would that and why ?
Answer :
These exercises were, bhāraśrama or weightlifting both by
hands and feet, bhramanaśrama,
. walking and running
and taking brisk walks in the morning, salilaśrama,
swimming in a tank, lake or river, bāhupellanakaśrama
was done to increase the strength of the grip of hands
through friction by contacting the arms with the arms of a
partner. Stambhaśrama was performed on a wooden pole
(stambha) firmly fixed on the ground; the pillar had to be
smooth and sliding, sufficiently thick for grasping and as
high as the raised arm of the wrestler. The wrestler would
grasp the pillar with his arms and legs, lift his body and
encircle the pillar with twisting movements. This pillar
exercise is prevalent even today and is known as
mallakhamba Students can present their views – Any
other relevant opinion may be accepted.
31. Text Material : 3
Agricultural practices often involve some technique of CH
irrigation. Wholly or partly irrigated crops were raised 1-Agriculture -
thanks to canals, smaller channels or reservoirs such as a survey
village tanks. Reservoirs also served the purpose of water
harvesting to cope with the dry seasons or prolonged
droughts. The simplest form of irrigation consisted in
having a pair of bullocks pull a leather bag out of a well;
the bag would tilt over the edge of the well and empty its
content into a small channel.
(i) Based on the text extract given above – Comment on
the irrigation methods practiced in ancient and
contemporary India.
Answer :
39 16

Most of the practices (Manual irrigation, flooding,
subirrigation, surface irrigation) are still carried on
in remote villages and by small farmers. Some
techniques like
 Drip irrigation
 Sprinkler irrigation or
Any other relevant point may be accepted
Text Material : 2
India has been an agricultural economy and civilization CH 1-
and has evolved a long, rich and diverse tradition of Agriculture - a
agricultural practices. In India as in every country, survey
agriculture was an integral part of popular culture and
gave rise to annual fairs, cattle melas, festivals and
rituals, all of which were occasions for celebration. Almost
every part of India had its own dates and customs for the
purpose.
(ii) Based on the text given above – Evaluate the role of
agriculture in our culture.
Answer :
India has a very vast and diverse culture. It has
always been regarded as an agricultural nation.
Agriculture plays a pivotal role in building the
foundation of our culture.
Most festivals are celebrated according to the
forming calendar.
Festivals not only helped to bond local communities
together, but have promoted national integration. So
are Holi in the same region, Lohri in Punjab and
neighbouring states, Magh Bihu in Assam, Nabanna
in Bengal, Onam in Kerala or Pongal in Tamil Nadu,
among others, most of them accompanied with
rituals honouring cows and bullocks. Economic well
being – Annual fairs, cattle melas, festivals and
rituals, all of which were occasions for celebration.
Cross cultural exchange – respect for each other’s
culture.

39 17 P.T.O.